Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T18:49:46.613Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Marks of Distinction: Rock Art and Ethnic Identification in the Great Basin

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Angus R. Quinlan  and
Alanah Woody
Angus R. Quinlan
Affiliation:
15 Beech Avenue, South Wootton, King's Lynn, Norfolk, PE30 3JR, United Kingdom
Alanah Woody
Affiliation:
Nevada State Museum, 600 N. Carson Street, Carson City, NV 89701
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Great Basin ethnography contains little information concerning rock art, suggesting that much of it is pre-Numic. The presence of historic rock art, however, should permit differences between pre-Numic and Numic populations to be identified. Anthropological theory suggests pioneer groups use ritual to socialize the landscape. Rock art may also be associated with colonizing groups to secure access to new resources. Numic populations seem to have responded to pre-Numic rock art through modification of the art. Once the landscape had been re-socialized rock art was generally avoided. This explains why rock art production became sporadic, and memory of it lost.

Résumé

Résumé

La etnografía de Great Basin contiene poca información del arte rupestre, sugiriendo que mucho del este arte en roca es pre-Numic. La presencia del arte rupestre histórico debe identificar diferencias entre poblaciones pre-Numic y Numic. La teoría antropológica sugiere que grupos pioneros realizaron rituales de socialización en el paisaje. El arte rupestre estaría asociado con la colonización de grupos, para afianzar acceso a nuevos recursos. Las poblaciones Numic parecen haber respondido al arte pre-Numic a través de la modificación del arte. Una vez que el paisaje se había resocializado, el arte rupestre generalmente se evitó. Esto explica porqué la producción del arte rupestre fue esporádica, y su memoria se perdió.

Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 68 , Issue 2 , April 2003 , pp. 372 - 390
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Aikens, C. M., and Witherspoon, Y. T. 1986 Great Basin Numic Prehistory: Linguistics, Archeology, and Environment. In Anthropology of the Desert West: Essays in Honor of Jesse D. Jennings, edited by Condie, C. J. and Fowler, D. D., pp. 7–20. University of Utah Anthropological Papers No. 110. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Bahn, P. G. 1991 Where's the Beef? The Myth of Hunting Magic in Paleolithic Art. In Rock Art and Prehistory: Papers Presented to Symposium G of the AURA Congress, edited by Bahn, P. and Rosenfeld, A., pp. 1–13. Oxbow Monograph 10. Oxbow Books, Oxford.Google Scholar
Bailey, G. N. 1983 Concepts of Time in Quaternary Prehistory. Annual Review of Anthropology 12:165–192.Google Scholar
Barth, F 1987 Cosmologies in the Making: A Generative Approach to Cultural Variation in Inner New Guinea. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Bettinger, R. L. 1995 Explaining Hunter-Gatherer Intensification in Western North America. Howard Winters Memorial Lecture, New York University. Manuscript on file at Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis.Google Scholar
Bettinger, R. L., and Baumhoff, M. A. 1982 The Numic Spread: Great Basin Cultures in Competition. American Antiquity 47:485–503.Google Scholar
Bleek, W. H. I. and Lloyd, L. 1911 Specimens of Bushman Folklore. George Allen, London.Google Scholar
Bloch, M. 1977 The Past and the Present in the Present. Man (n.s.) 12:278–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, P. 1977 Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. 1991 Language and Symbolic Power. Translated by Raymond, G. and Adamson, M.. Polity Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Boyer, P. 1990 Tradition as Truth and Communication. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 1993 Altering the Earth: The Origins of Monuments in Britain and Continental Europe. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 1998 The Significance of Monuments: On the Shaping of Human Experience in Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe. Routledge, London and New York.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 2000 An Archaeology of Natural Places. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Callaway, D. G., Janetski, J. C., and Stewart, O. C. 1986 Ute. In Great Basin, edited by d’Azevedo, W. L., pp. 336–367. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 11, Sturtevant, W. C., general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Cannon, W. J., and Ricks, M. F. 1986 The Lake County Oregon Rock Art Inventory: Implications for Prehistoric Settlement and Land Use Patterns. In Contributions to the Archaeology of Oregon 1983-1986, edited by Ames, K. M., pp. 1–22. Department of Anthropology and University Foundation Occasional Papers No. 3. Portland State University and the Association of Oregon Archaeologists, Salem.Google Scholar
Chippindale, C. 1998 A High Way to Heaven: Clarence Bicknell and the “Vallée des Merveilles.” Conseil Général des Alpes-Maritimes. Tende (A-M).Google Scholar
Crum, S. J. 1994 The Road on Which We Came: A History of the Western Shoshone. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
d’Angelo, J. D., Vierra, R. K., and McLane, A. R. 1997 The Easter Rock Art Site. Nevada Archaeologist 14:28–33.Google Scholar
Dansie, D. P. 1975 lohn T. Reid's Case for the Redheaded Giants. Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 8:153–168.Google Scholar
Davidson, I. 1994 Comments on Australia's Ancient Warriors: Changing Depictions of Fighting in the Rock Art of Arnhem Land, N.T., by P. Taçon and C. Chippindale. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4:234–237.Google Scholar
d’Azevedo, W. L. 1986 Washoe. In Great Basin, edited by W. L. d’Azevedo, pp. 466–498. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 11, Sturtevant, W. C., general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Eliade, M. 1964 Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. Pantheon Books, New York.Google Scholar
Fowler, C. S. 1972 Some Ecological Clues to Proto-Numic Homelands. In Great Basin Cultural Ecology: A Symposium, edited by Fowler, D. D., pp. 105–122. Publications in the Social Sciences No. 8. Desert Research Institute, Reno and Las Vegas.Google Scholar
Fowler, C. S. 1982 Food-named Groups Among Northern Paiute in North America's Great Basin: An Ecological Interpretation. In Resource Managers: North American and Australian Hunter-Gatherers, edited by Williams, N. H. and Hunn, E. S., pp. 113–129. American Association for the Advancement of Science Selected Symposium 67. Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Fowler, C. S. 1992 In the Shadow of Fox Peak: An Ethnography of the Cattail-Eater Northern Paiute People of Stillwater Marsh. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Fowler, C. S. 1994 Material Culture and the Proposed Numic Expansion. In Across the West: Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the Numa, edited by Madsen, D. B. and Rhode, D., pp. 103–113. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Fowler, C. S., and Liljeblad, S. 1986 Northern Paiute. In Great Basin, edited by d’Azevedo, W., pp. 435–465. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 11, Sturtevant, W. C., general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Fowler, D. D., and Fowler, C. S. 1971 Anthropology of the Numa: John Wesley Powell's Manuscripts on the Numic Peoples of Western North America 1868-1880. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 14. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Fowler, D. D., and Madsen, D. B. 1986 Prehistory of the Southeastern Area. In Great Basin, edited by d’Azevedo, W., pp. 173–182. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 11, Sturtevant, W. C., general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Gilreath, A. J. 1997 Cultural Resources Inventory in Support of the Coso Rock Art District/Landmark Boundary Study, Volume 1. Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Davis, California.Google Scholar
reath, A. J. 1999 The Archaeology and Petroglyphs of the Coso Rock Art Landmark. In American Indian Rock Art Volume 25, edited by Freers, S. M., pp. 33–44. American Rock Art Research Association, Tucson.Google Scholar
Giusto-Magnardi, N. 1990 Les gravures des bergers dans la vallée des Merveilles. Mémoire de DEA Anthropologie générale et appliquée. Université de Nice, Nice.Google Scholar
Gluckman, M. 1963 Order and Rebellion in Tribal Africa. Cohen and West, London.Google Scholar
Grant, C., Baird, J. W., and Pringle, K. 1968 Rock Drawings of the Coso Range: An Ancient Sheep-hunting Cult Pictured in Desert Rock Carvings. Maturango Museum, Ridgecrest, California.Google Scholar
Grayson, D. K. 1993 The Desert's Past: A Natural Prehistory of the Great Basin. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
yson, D. K. 1994 Chronology, Glottochronology, and Numic Expansion. In Across the West: Human Population Movements and the Expansion of the Numa, edited by Madsen, D. B. and Rhode, D., pp. 20–23. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Green, E. M. 1987 A Cultural Approach to the Rock Art of Southern Nevada. Unpublished M. A. Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas.Google Scholar
Harrington, M. R., Hayden, I., and Schellbach, L. 1930 Archaeological Explorations in Southern Nevada: Report of the First Sessions Expedition, 1929. Southwest Museum Papers 4. Southwest Museum, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Hedges, K. 2001 Traversing the Great Gray Middle Ground: An Examination of Shamanistic Interpretation of Rock Art. In American Indian Rock Art, Volume 27, edited by Freers, S. M. and Woody, A., pp. 123–136. American Rock Art Research Association, Tucson.Google Scholar
Heizer, R. F., and Baumhoff, M. A. 1962 Prehistoric Rock Art of Nevada and Eastern California. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Hopkins, S. W. 1883 Life Among the Paiutes: Their Wrongs and Claims. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.Google Scholar
Hultkrantz, Å. 1986 Mythology and Religious Concepts. In Great Basin, edited by W. d’Azevedo, pp. 630–640. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 11, Sturtevant, W. C., general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Hultkrantz, Å. 1987 Native Religions of North America: The Power of Visions and Fertility. Harper and Row, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Irwin, C. N. 1980 The Shoshoni Indians of Inyo County, California: The Kerr Manuscript. Publications in Archaeology, Ethnology and History 15. Ballena Press, Socorro, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, W. H. 1986 Washoe Language. In Great Basin , edited by d’Azevado, W. L., pp. 107–112. Handbook of American Indians, vol. 11, Sturtevant, W. C., general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Jakobsen, M. D. 1999 Shamanism: Traditional and Contemporary Approaches to the Mastery of Spirits and Healing. Berghahn Books, New York.Google Scholar
Janetski, J. C. 1994 Recent Transitions in Eastern Great Basin Prehistory: The Archaeological Record. In Across The West: Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the Numa, edited by Madsen, D. B. and Rhode, D., pp. 157–178. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Kelly, I. T. 1932 Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnography 31(3):67–210.Google Scholar
Kelly, I. T. 1964 Southern Paiute Ethnography. Anthropological Papers, No. 69. University of Utah, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Kelly, I. T. and Fowler, C. S. 1986 Southern Paiute. In Great Basin, edited by d’Azevedo, W. L., pp. 368–397. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 11, Sturtevant, W. C., general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Kroeber, A. L. 1907 Shoshonean Dialects of California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 4(5):251–316.Google Scholar
eber, A. L. 1935 Preface, in Culture Element Distributions, I: The Structure of California Indian Culture, by S. Klimek. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 37(1):1–11.Google Scholar
Lamb, S. M. 1958 Linguistic Prehistory in the Great Basin. International Journal of American Linguistics 24(2):95–100.Google Scholar
Layton, R. 2000 Shamanism, Totemism and Rock Art: Les Chamanes de la Préhistoire in the Context of Rock Art Research. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 10:169–186.Google Scholar
Leach, M. 1988 Subsistence Intensification and Settlement Change among Prehistoric Hunters and Gatherers of the Northwestern Great Basin. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Lee, G., and Hyder, W. D. 1990 Relative Dating and the Rock Art of Lava Beds National Monument. Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology 3:195–205.Google Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1981 Believing and Seeing: Symbolic Meaning in Southern San Rock Paintings. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
is-Williams, J. D. 1991 Wrestling with Analogy: A Methodological Dilemma in Upper Palaeolithic Art Research. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 57:149–162.Google Scholar
is-Williams, J. D. 1998 Quanta? The Issue Of ‘Many Meanings’ in Southern African San Rock Art Research. South African Archaeological Bulletin 53:86–97.Google Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J. D., and Dowson, T. A. 1988 The Signs of All Times: Entoptic Phenomena in Upper Palaeolithic Art. Current Anthropology 29:201–245.Google Scholar
Lowie, R. H. 1909 The Northern Shoshone. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 2(2): 165–306.Google Scholar
Madsen, D. B. 1994 Mesa Verde and Sleeping Ute Mountain: The Geographical and Chronological Dimensions of the Numic Expansion. In Across the West: Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the Numa, edited by Madsen, D. B. and Rhode, D., pp. 24–31. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Madsen, D. B., and Rhode, D. (editors) 1994 Across the West: Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the Numa. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Malinowski, B. 1935 Coral Gardens and their Magic. Kegan Paul, London.Google Scholar
Marwitt, J. P. 1986 Fremont Cultures. In Great Basin, edited by d’Azevedo, W. L., pp. 161–172. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 11, Sturtevant, W. C., general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Miller, W. R. 1986 Numic Languages. In Great Basin, edited by d’Azevedo, W. L., pp. 98–106. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 11, Sturtevant, W. C., general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Monteleone, S. A. 1998 Great Basin Rock Art: Numic Tradition or Multicultural Diversity? In American Indian Rock Art Volume 22, edited by Freers, S. M., pp. 19–28. American Rock Art Research Association, Tucson.Google Scholar
Monteleone, S.A., and Woody, A. 1999 Changing Light on the Cosos. In American Indian Rock Art Volume 24, edited by Freers, S., pp. 57–68. American Rock Art Research Association, Tucson.Google Scholar
Morwood, M. J. 1992 Introductory Essay on Ethnography and the Archaeological Study of Art. In Rock Art and Ethnography, edited by Morwood, M. J. and Hobbs, D. R., pp. 1–6. Occasional AURA Publication 5. Australian Rock Art Research Association, Melbourne.Google Scholar
Nissen, K. M. 1995 Pray for Signs? Petroglyph Research in the Western Great Basin, North America la Rock Art Studies in the Americas: Papers from the Darwin Rock Art Congress, edited by Steinbring, J., pp. 67–75. Oxbow Monograph 45. Oxbow Books, Oxford.Google Scholar
Park, W. Z. 1938 Shamanism in Western North America: A Study in Cultural Relationships. Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.Google Scholar
Price, B. A. 1998 Two Cupule Rock Art Sites in Elko County, Nevada.. In Rock Art Studies in the Great Basin, edited by Ritter, E., pp. 51–66. Coyote Press, Salinas, California.Google Scholar
Berlinski, David 2000a The Ventriloquist's Dummy: A Critical Review of Shamanism and Rock Art in Far Western North America. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 22:92–108.Google Scholar
Berlinski, David 2000b Interpreting Nevada's Rock Art: the Balancing Act Between General Theory and Ethnography. Nevada Archaeologist 18:16–25.Google Scholar
Quinlan, A. R., and Woody, A. 2000 Rock Art and the End of Tradition. Paper presented at the 65th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Quinlan, A. R., and Woody, A. 2001 Marking Time at Lagomarsino: The Competing Perspectives of Rock Art Studies. In American Indian Rock Art, Volume 27, edited by Freers, S. M. and Woody, A., pp. 211–220. American Rock Art Research Association, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. 1952 Structure and Function in Primitive Society. Cohen and West, London.Google Scholar
Rector, C. H. 1985 Rock Art as Hunting Magic: Anthropological Fact or Fiction? In Rock Art Papers Volume 8, edited by Hedges, K., pp. 127–132. San Diego Museum Papers No. 18. Museum of Man, San Diego.Google Scholar
Ricks, M. F. 1996 A Survey and Analysis of Prehistoric Rock Art of the Warner Valley Region, Lake County, Oregon. Technical Reports 96-1. Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno.Google Scholar
Ricks, M. F., and Cannon, W. J. 1993 A Preliminary Report on the Lake County, Oregon, Rock Art Inventory: A Data Base for Rock Art Research. In American Indian Rock Art Volume 12, edited by Hyder, W. D.. pp. 93–106. American Rock Art Research Association. San Miguel.Google Scholar
Ricks, M. F., and Cannon, W. J. 1998 Rock Art as an Indicator of Early Upland Aggregation Sites in the Northern Great Basin. Paper presented at the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Seattle.Google Scholar
Ricoeur, P. 1981 Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences. Translated by Thompson, J. B.. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Riddell, F. A. 1978 Honey Lake Paiute. Nevada State Museum Occasional Papers 3(1). Nevada State Museum, Carson City.Google Scholar
Ritter, E. W. 1994 Scratched Rock Art Complexes in the Desert West: Symbols for Socio-Religious Communication. In New Light on Old Art: Recent Advances in Hunter-Gatherer Rock Art Research, edited by Whitley, D. S. and Loendorf, L. L., pp. 51–66. Institute of Archaeology Monograph 36. University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Ritter, E. W. 1995 Explaining Regional Differentiation in Central Baja California Rock Art. In Rock Art Papers Volume 12, edited by Hedges, K., pp. 9–21. San Diego Museum Papers No. 18. Museum of Man, San Diego.Google Scholar
Schaafsma, P. 1971 The Rock Art of Utah: From the Donald Scott Collection. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 65. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Schaafsma, P. 1980 Rock Art of the Southwest. School of American Research Southwest Indian Arts Series. University of New Mexico Press, Santa Fe and Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Service, E. R. 1962 Primitive Social Organization. Random House, New York.Google Scholar
Shimkin, D. B. 1953 The Wind River Shoshone Sun Dance. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 151:397–484. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Shimkin, D. B. 1986 Eastern Shoshone. In Great Basin, edited by d’Azevedo, W. L., pp. 308–335. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 11, Sturtevant, W. C., general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Solomon, A. 1997 The Myth of Ritual Origins? Ethnography, Mythology and Interpretation of San Rock Art. South African Archaeological Bulletin 52:3–13.Google Scholar
Solomon, A. 1998 Ethnography and Method in Southern African Rock-Art Research. In The Archaeology of Rock-Art, edited by Chippindale, C. and Tagon, P. S. C., pp. 268–284. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Solomon, A. 1999 Meanings, Models and Minds: A Reply to LewisWilliams. South African Archaeological Bulletin 54:51–60.Google Scholar
Sperber, D. 1975 Rethinking Symbolism. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Steward, J. H. 1929 Petroglyphs of California and Adjoining States. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 24(2):47–238.Google Scholar
Steward, J. H. 1933 Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233–350.Google Scholar
Steward, J. H. 1937 Petroglyphs of the United States. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for 1936 Publication 3405:405–425.Google Scholar
Steward, J. H. 1938 Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 120. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Steward, J. H. 1940 Native Cultures of the Intermontane (Great Basin) Area. In Essays in Historical Anthropology of North America, Published in Honor of John R. Swanton, pp. 445–502. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 100. Smithsonian, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Steward, J. H. 1941 Culture Element Distributions: XIII-Nevada Shoshoni. University ofCalifornia Anthropological Records 4(2):209–360.Google Scholar
Steward, J. H. 1943 Culture Element Distributions: XXIII-Northern and Gosiute Shoshoni. University of California Anthropological Records 8(3):263–392.Google Scholar
Steward, J. H. 1955 Theory of Culture Change. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
Stewart, O. C. 1939 Northern Paiute Bands. University ofCalifornia Anthropological Records 2(3): 127–149.Google Scholar
Stewart, O. C. 1941 Culture Element Distributions: XIV—Northern Paiute. University of California Anthropological Records 4(3):361–446.Google Scholar
Stewart, O. C. 1942 Culture Element Distributions: XVIII—Ute-Southern Paiute. University of California Anthropological Records 6(2):231–356.Google Scholar
Stewart, O. C. 1980 Temoke Band of Shoshone and the Oasis Concept. Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 23:246–261.Google Scholar
Stoffle, R. W. Loendorf, L., Austin, D. E., Halmo, D. B., and Bulletts, A. 2000 Ghost Dancing the Grand Canyon: Southern Paiute Rock Art, Ceremony, and Cultural Landscapes. Current Anthropology 41:11–38.Google Scholar
Strecker, I. 1988 The Social Practice of Symbolization: An Anthropological Analysis. London School of Economics Monographs on Social Anthropology No. 60. Athlone Press, London.Google Scholar
Strong, W. D. 1929 Aboriginal Society in Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 26(1): 1–358. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Sutton, M, Q. 1993 The Numic Expansion in Great Basin Oral Tradition. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 15:111–128.Google Scholar
Sutton, M. Q., and Rhode, D. 1994 Background to the Numic Problem. In Across the West: Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the Numa, edited by Madsen, D. B. and Rhode, D., pp. 6–15. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Taçon, P. S. C. 1994 Socialising Landscapes: The Long-Term Implications of Signs, Symbols and Marks on the Land. Archaeology in Oceania 29: 117–129.Google Scholar
Tagon, P. S. C., and Chippindale, C. 1998 An Archaeology of Rock-Art through Informed Methods and Formal Methods. In The Archaeology of Rock-Art, edited by Chippindale, C. and Taçon, P. S. C., pp. 1–10. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Turner, C. G. 1963 Petroglyphs of the Glen Canyon Region. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 38 (Glen Canyon Series 4). Northern Arizona Society of Science and Art, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Ucko, P. J., and Rosenfeld, A. 1967 Palaeolithic Cave Art. McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar
Voeglin, E. W. 1954 The Northern Paiute of Central Oregon: A Chapter in Treaty Making. Part 3, Conclusions. Ethnohistory 3:1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, A. F. C. 1970 Culture and Personality. 2nd ed. Random House, New York.Google Scholar
Wheat, M. 1967 Survival Arts of the Primitive Paiutes. University of Nevada Press, Reno.Google Scholar
Whitley, D. S. 1994 Shamanism, Natural Modeling and the Rock Art of Far Western North American Hunter Gatherers. In Shamanism and Rock Art in North America, edited by Turpin, S. A., pp. 1–43. Special Publication I. The Rock Art Foundation, San Antonio.Google Scholar
Berlinski, David 1998a Finding Rain in the Desert: Landscape, Gender and Far Western North American Rock-Art. In The Archaeology of Rock-Art, edited by Chippindale, C. and Taçon, P. S. C., pp. 11–29. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Berlinski, David 1998b Following the Shaman's Path: A Walking Guide to Little Petroglyph Canyon, Coso Range, California. Maturango Museum Publication No. 13. Maturango Press, Ridgecrest, California.Google Scholar
Berlinski, David 1998c History and Prehistory of the Coso Range: The Native American Past on the Western Edge of the Great Basin. In Coso Rock Art: A New Perspective, edited by Younkin, E., pp. 29–68. Maturango Museum Publication No. 12. Maturango Press, Ridgecrest, California.Google Scholar
Berlinski, David 1998d Meaning and Metaphor in the Coso Petroglyphs: Understanding Great Basin Rock Art. In Coso Rock Art: A New Perspective, edited by Younkin, E., pp. 109–174. Maturango Museum Publication No. 12. Maturango Press, Ridgecrest, California.Google Scholar
Berlinski, David 2000a Use and Abuse of Ethnohistory in the FarWest. In 1999 International Rock Art Congress Proceedings Volume 1: Papers Presented at the Twelfth International Rock Art Congress, Ripon, Wisconsin, edited by Whitehead, P. and Loendorf, L.,pp. 127–153. American Rock Art Research Association, Tucson.Google Scholar
Berlinski, David 2000b Reply to Quinlan. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 22:108–129.Google Scholar
Woody, A. 1996 Layer by Layer: A Multigenerational Analysis of the Massacre Lake Rock Art Site. Department of Anthropology Technical Report 97-1. University of Nevada, Reno, Reno.Google Scholar
Berlinski, David 2000a How to Do Things with Petroglyphs: The Power of Place in Nevada, USA. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Berlinski, David 2000b Linking Past and Place: The Construction and Maintenance of Tradition. In International Rock Art Congress Proceedings Volume I: Papers Presented at the Twelfth International Rock Art Congress, Ripon, Wisconsin, edited by Whitehead, P. and Loendorf, L. L., pp. 169–178. American Rock Art Research Association, Tucson.Google Scholar
Zigmond, M. L. 1977 The Supernatural World of the Kawaiisu. In Flowers of the Wind. Papers on Ritual, Myth and Symbolism in California and the Southwest, edited by Blackburn, T. C., pp. 56–96. Ballena Press, Socorro, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Zigmond, M. L. 1986 Kawaiisu. In Great Basin, edited by d’Azevedo, W. L., pp. 398–411. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 11, Sturtevant, W. C., general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar