Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T18:57:46.832Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Hohokam Political Ecology and Vulnerability: Comments on Waters and Ravesloot

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Bradley E. Ensor ,
Marisa O. Ensor  and
Gregory W. De Vries
Bradley E. Ensor
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, 1112 Turlington Hall, PO Box 117305, Gainesville, FL 32611-7305, and Southeastern Archaeological Research, Inc., PO Box 14776, Gainesville, FL 32604. [email protected]
Marisa O. Ensor
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Rollins College, 1000 Holt Avenue -2761, Winter Park, FL 32789-4499. [email protected]
Gregory W. De Vries
Affiliation:
School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1115. [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Waters and Ravesloot (2001) test the assumption that natural river channel change caused periods of Hohokam cultural reorganization. However, they conclude that channel changes did not correlate with all periods and areas of significant cultural changes and that landscape alone cannot explain Hohokam transformations. An anthropological perspective on political ecology and disasters can explain why environmental processes and events differentially impact societies, differentially impact societies diachronically and differentially impact social groups within societies. We suggest that this perspective may explain the variability described by Waters and Ravesloot.

Résumé

Résumé

Waters y Ravesloot (2001) examinan la presunción de que los cambios de los canales naturales de los ríos pueden haber causado periodos de reorganización cultural de los Hohokam. Sin embargo, concluyen que los cambios en los canales no se correlacionan con todos los periodos y áreas que sufrieron cambios culturales significativos y que solo el paisaje no puede explicar las transformaciones de los Hohokam. Una perspectiva antropológica sobre ecología política y el estudio de los desastres explica por qué los sucesos y procesos medioambientales tienen un impacto diferenciado en distintas sociedades, afectan de forma distinta a las sociedades diacrónicamente, y tienen un impacto diferente en distintos grupos sociales dentro de las mismas sociedades. Sugerimos que esta perspectiva puede explicar la variabilidad descrita por Waters y Ravesloot.

Type
Comments
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 68 , Issue 1 , January 2003 , pp. 169 - 181
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Abbott, D. R. 2000 Ceramics and Community Organization among the Hohokam. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Ackerly, N. W. 1989 Summary and Implications of Las Acequias Findings for Hohokam Irrigation. In Prehistoric Agricultural Activities on the Lehi-Mesa Terrace: Perspectives on Hohokam Irrigation Cycles, edited by Ackerly, N. W. and Henderson, T. K., pp. 333-347. Northland Research, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Alexander, D. 1997 The Study of Natural Disasters, 1977-1997: Some Reflections on a Changing Field of Knowledge. Disasters 21:284-304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, R. S., and Smith, S. J. 1994 Pollen Analysis. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Vol. 5: Environment, and Subsistence, edited by Kwiatkowski, S., pp. 205-247. Publications in Archaeology No. 2. Soil Systems, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Bahre, C. J. 1991 A Legacy of Change: Historic Human Impact on Vegetation in the Arizona Borderlands. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Barnes, M. R. 1984 Hispanic Period Archaeology in the Tucson Basin: An Overview. Kiva 49:213-224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bassett, T. J. 1988 The Political Ecology of Peasant-Herder Conflicts in the Northern Ivory Coast. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 78:453-172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bawden, G., and Reycraft, R. M. (editors) 2000 Environmental Disaster, and the Archaeology of Human Response. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers No. 7, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Bayman, J. M. 1999 Craft Economies in the North American Southwest. Journal of Archaeological Research 7:249-299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayman, J. M., Palacios-Fest, M. R., and Huckell, L. W. 1997 Botanical Signatures of Water Storage Duration in a Hohokam Reservoir. American Antiquity 62:103-111.Google Scholar
Bayman, J. M., and Shackley, M. S. 1999 Dynamics of Hohokam Obsidian Circulation in the North American Southwest. Antiquity 73:836-845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bender, B. A. 1992 Theorizing Landscapes and the Prehistoric Landscapes of Stonehenge. Man 27:735-755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bender, B. A. 1993 Landscape: Politics and Perspectives. Berg, Oxford.Google Scholar
Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I., and Wisner, B. 1994 At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability, and Disasters. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Bohrer, V. L. 1991 Recently Recognized Cultivated and Encouraged Plants Among the Hohokam. Kiva 56:227-235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolin, R., and Stanford, L. 1999 Constructing Vulnerability in the First World: The Northridge Earthquake in Southern California, 1994. In The Angry Earth: Disaster in Anthropological Perspective, edited by Oliver-Smith, A. and Hoffman, S. M., pp. 89-112. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Bostwick, T. W., and Downum, C. E. 1994 Site Structure and Ceremony at Pueblo Grande. In Archaeology of the Pueblo Grande Platform Mound and Surrounding Features, Vol. 2: Features in the Central Precinct of the Pueblo Grande Community, edited by Bostwick, T. W. and Downum, C. E., pp. 297-386. Anthropological Papers No. 1. Pueblo Grande Museum, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Bottema, S., Entjes-Nieborg, G., and Van Zeist, W. (editors) 1990 Man's Role in the Shaping of the Eastern Mediterranean Landscape. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.Google Scholar
Brunson-Hadley, J. L. 1994 Inhumation Burials. In Archaeology of the Pueblo Grande Platform Mound and Surrounding Features, Vol. 2: Features in the Central Precinct of the Pueblo Grande Community, edited by Bostwick, T. W. and Downum, C. E., pp. 185-215. Anthropological Papers No. 1. Pueblo Grande Museum, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Bryant, R. L., and Bailey, S. 1997 Third World Political Ecology. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Cable, J. S., and Doyel, D. E. 1987 Pioneer PeriodVillage Structure and Settlement Pattern in the Phoenix Basin. In The Hohokam Village: Site Structure and Organization, edited by Doyel, D. E., pp. 21-70. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Glenwood Springs, Colorado.Google Scholar
Cambell, C. E. 1996 Forest, Field, and Factory: Changing Livelihood Strategies in Two Extractive Reserves in the Brazilian Amazon. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Crown, P. L. 1987 Classic Period Hohokam Settlement, and Land Use in the Casa Grande Ruins Area, Arizona. Journal of Field Archaeology 14:147-162.Google Scholar
Crown, P. L. 1991 The Hohokam: Current Views of Prehistory and the Regional System. In Chaco & Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest, edited by Crown, P. L. and Judge, W. J., pp. 135-157. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Crumley, C. L. (editor) 1994 Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Dean, J. S. 1987 Thoughts on Hohokam Settlement Behavior: Comments on “The Hohokam Village.” In The Hohokam Village: Site Structure and Organization, edited by Doyel, D. E., pp. 253-262. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Glenwood Springs, Colorado.Google Scholar
Dean, J. S., Doelle, W. H., and Oreutt, J. D. 1994 Adaptive Stress, Environment, and Demography. In Themes in Southwest Prehistory, edited by Gumerman, G. J., pp. 53-86. School for American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
DeVries, G. W. 2000 Post-Hurricane Reconstruction in La Moskitia, Honduras. Unpublished M. A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville. Google Scholar
Dobyns, H. F. 1981 From Fire to Flood: Historic Human Destruction of Sonoran Desert Riverine Oases. Ballena Press, Socorro, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Doyel, D. E. 1976 Classic Period Hohokam in the Gila River Basin, Arizona. Kiva 42:27-38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyel, D. E. 1980 Hohokam Social Organization, and the Sedentary to Classic Transition. In Current Issues in Hohokam Prehistory: Proceedings of a Symposium, edited by Doyel, D. E. and Plog, F., pp. 23-40). Anthropological Research Papers No. 23. Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Doyel, D. E. 1981 Late Hohokam Prehistory in Southern Arizona. Contributions to Archaeology No. 2. Gila Press, Scottsdale, Arizona.Google Scholar
Doyel, D. E. 1991a Hohokam Exchange, and Interaction. In Chaco & Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest, edited by Crown, P. L. and Judge, W. J., pp. 225-252. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Doyel, D. E. 1991b Hohokam Cultural Evolution in the Phoenix Basin. In Exploring the Hohokam: Prehistoric Desert Peoples of the American Southwest, edited by Gumerman, G. J., pp. 231-278. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Doyel, D. E. 1998 Vacant Ceremonial Centers Revisited. Kiva 64:225-244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyel, D. E., and Ensor, B. E. 1997 Culture History of the Middle Gila. In Archaeological Survey in Districts 6 and 7, Gila River Indian Community, Vol. 1: Research Orientation and Results, edited by Doyel, D. E. and Ensor, B. E., pp. 5-14. Report No. 98. Archaeological Consulting Services, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Ensor, B. E., and Doyel, D. E. 1997 Trends in Subsistence, Settlement, and Land Use. In Archaeological Survey in Districts 6 and 7, Gila River Indian Community, Vol. 1: Research Orientation and Results, edited by Doyel, D. E. and Ensor, B. E., pp. 75-104. Report No. 98. Archaeological Consulting Services, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Ensor, B. E., and Doyel, D. E. 1998 Historic Pee Posh Irrigation Communities. Paper presented at the Spring Meeting of the Arizona Archaeological Council, Phoenix. Manuscript on file at the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, Phoenix Area Office. Google Scholar
Ezell, P. H. 1983 History of the Pima. In Southwest, edited by Ortiz, A., pp. 149-160. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 10. Sturtevant, W C., general editor. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Gasser, R. E., and Kwiatkowski, S. M. 1991 Regional Signatures of Hohokam Plant Use. Kiva 56:207-226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graf, W. L. 1988 Fluvial Processes in Dryland Rivers. Springer-Verlag, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graybill, D. 1989 The Reconstruction of Prehistoric Salt River Streamflow. In The 1982-1984 Excavations at Las Colinas: Environment and Subsistence, edited by Graybill, D. A., Gregory, D. A., Nials, F. L., Fish, S. K., Gasser, R. E., Miksicek, C. H., and Szuter, C. R., pp. 25-38. Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series No. 162. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Gregory, D. A. 1987 The Morphology of Platform Mounds and the Structure of Classic Period Hohokam Sites. In The Hohokam Village: Site Structure and Organization, edited by Doyel, D. E., pp. 183-210. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Glenwood Springs, Colorado.Google Scholar
Gregory, D. A. 1991 Form and Variation in Hohokam Settlement Patterns. In Chaco & Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest, edited by Crown, P. L., and Judge, W. J, pp. 159-193. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Gregory, D. A., and Huckleberry, G. 1994 An Archaeological Survey in the Blackwater Area: The History of Human Settlement in the Blackwater Area. Cultural Resources Report No. 86. Archaeological Consulting Services, Tempe.Google Scholar
Hackenberg, R. A. 1983 Pima and Papago Ecological Adaptations. In Southwest, edited by Ortiz, A., pp. 161-177. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 10. Sturtevant, W. C., general editor. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Hackenberg, R. A., and Fontana, B. L. 1974 Aboriginal Land Use and Occupancy of the Pima-Maricopa Indians. Garland, New York.Google Scholar
Haury, E. W. 1976 The Hohokam: Desert Farmers & Craftsmen. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hewitt, K. (editor) 1983 Interpretations of Calamity from the Viewpoint of Human Ecology. Allen & Unwin, Boston.Google Scholar
Hewitt, K. (editor) 1997 Regions of Risk: A Geographical Introduction to Disasters. Longman, London.Google Scholar
Hirsch, E., and O’Hanlon, M. (editors) 1995 The Anthropology of Landscape: Perspectives on Place and Space. Clarendon Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huckleberry, G. 1994 Contrasting Channel Response to Floods on the Middle Gila River, Arizona. Geology 22:1083-1086.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huckleberry, G. 1999 Stratigraphic Identification of Destructive Floods in Relict Canals: A Case Study from the Middle Gila River, Arizona. Kiva 65:7-33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingold, T. 1993 The Temporality of the Landscape. World Archaeology 25:152-174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingold, T. 1995 Building, Dwelling, Living: How Animals and People Make Themselves at Home in the World. In Shifting Contexts: Transformations in Anthropological Knowledge, edited by Strathern, M., pp. 58-80. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Kwiatkowski, S. 1994 Prehistoric Biotic Communities, and Ecosystem Dynamics Near Pueblo Grande. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Vol. 5: Environment and Subsistence, edited by Kwiatkowski, S., pp. 5-34. Publications in Archaeology No. 20. Soil Systems, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Lees, S. H. and Bates, D. G. 1990 The Ecology of Cumulative Change. In The Ecosystem Approach in Anthropology: From Concept to Practice, edited by Moran, E. F., pp. 247-277. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Leighly, J. 1965 Land and Life: A Selection from the Writings of Carl Ortwin Sauer. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Leone, M. P. 1995 A Historical Archaeology of Capitalism. American Anthropologist 97:251-268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopez, M. 1999 La contribution de la Anthropologic al estudio de los desastres: el caso del Huracan Mitch en Honduras y Nicaragua. YAXK1N 18:5-18.Google Scholar
Masse, W. B. 1991 The Quest for Subsistence Sufficiency and Civilization in the Sonoran Desert. In Chaco & Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest, edited by Crown, P. L. and Judge, W. J., pp. 195-223. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
McGuire, R. 1992 Death, Society, and Ideology in a Hohokam Community. Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
McGuire, R. H., and Howard, A. V. 1987 The Structure and Organization of Hohokam Shell Exchange. Kiva 52:113-146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meister, C. W. 1975 Historical Demography of the Pima and Maricopa Indians of Arizona (USA), 1846-1974. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Miller, J. 1994 Pueblo Grande Flotation, Macrobotanical, and Wood Charcoal Analysis. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Vol. 5: Environment and Subsistence, edited by Kwiatkowski, S., pp. 127-204. Publications in Archaeology No. 20. Soil Systems. Phoenix.Google Scholar
Moore, D. S. 1993 Contesting Terrain in Zimbabwe's Eastern Highlands: Political Ecology, Ethnography, and Peasant Resource Struggles. Economic Geography 69:380-401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moseley, M. E. 1999 Convergent Catastrophe: Past Patterns and Future Implications of Collateral Natural Disasters in the Andes. In The Angry Earth: Disaster in Anthropological Perspective, edited by Oliver-Smith, A. and Hoffman, S. M., pp. 59-71. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Nials, F. L., Gregory, D. A., and Graybill, D. A. 1989 Salt River Streamflow and Hohokam Irrigation Systems. In The 1982-1984 Excavations at Las Colinas: Environment and Subsistence, edited by Graybill, D. A., Gregory, D. A., Nials, F. L., Fish, S. K., Gasser, R. E., Miksicek, C. H., and Szuter, C. R., pp. 59-78. Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series No. 162. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Nicholas, L., and Neitzel, J. 1984 Canal Irrigation and Sociopolitical Organization in the Lower Salt River Valley: A Diachronic Analysis. In Prehistoric Agricultural Strategies in the Southwest, edited by Fish, S. K. and Fish, P. R., pp. 161-178. Anthropological Research Papers No. 33. Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Oliver-Smith, A. 1998 Global Changes and the Definition of Disaster. In What is a Disaster? Perspectives on the Question, edited by Quarentelli, E. L., pp. 177-194. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Oliver-Smith, A. 1999 Peru's Five Hundred Year Earthquake: Vulnerability in Historical Context. In The Angry Earth: Disaster in Anthropological Perspective, edited by Oliver-Smith, A. and Hoffman, S. M., pp. 75-88. Routledge, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olivo, M. 2002 Relocating Morolica: Gendered Resilience and Vulnerability in Post-Mitch Honduras. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Patterson, W. A., and Sassaman, K. E. 1988 Indian Fires in the Prehistory of New England. In Holocene Human Ecology in Northeastern North America, edited by Nicholas, G. P., pp. 107-135. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, B. G. 1997 Geomorphic Investigations. In Archaeological Survey in Districts 6 and 7, Gila River Indian Community, Vol. I: Research Orientation and Results, edited by Doyel, D. E. and Ensor, B. E., pp. 23-29. Report No. 98. Archaeological Consulting Services, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Powell, M. L. 1988 Status and Health in Prehistory: A Case Study of the Moundville Chiefdom. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Rea, A. M. 1997 At the Deserts Green Edge: An Ethnobotany of the Gila River Pima. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reycraft, R. M., and Bawden, G. 2000 Introduction: Environmental Disaster and the Archaeology of Human Response. In Environmental Disaster and the Archaeology of Human Response, edited by Bawden, G. and Reycraft, R. M., pp. 1-10. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers No. 7, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Rice, G. E. 1998 War and Water: An Ecological Perspective on Hohokam Irrigation. Kiva 63:263-301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, G. E. 2001 Warfare and Massing in the Salt, and GilaBasins of Central Arizona. In Deadly Landscapes: Case Studies in Prehistoric Southwestern Warfare, edited by Rice, G. E. and LeBlanc, S. A., pp. 289-329. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Santley, R. S., Nelson, S. A., Reinhardt, B. K., Pool, C. A., and Arnold, P. J. III. 2000 When Day Turned to Night: Volcanism and the Archaeological Record from the Tuxtla Mountains, Southern Veracruz, Mexico. In Environmental Disaster and the Archaeology of Human Response, edited by Bawden, G. and Reycraft, R. M., pp. 143-162. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers No. 7, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Sauer, C. O. 1947 Early Relations of Man to Plants. Geographical Review 37:1-25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sauer, C. O. 1975 Man in Nature: America Before the Days of the White Man. Turtle Island Foundation, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Schmink, M., and Wood, C. 1987 The “Political Ecology” of Amazonia. In Lands at Risk in the Third World: Local-Level Perspectives, edited by Little, P. D., Horowitz, M. M., and Nyerges, A. E., pp. 38-57. Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Sen, A. 1981 Poverty, and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement, and Deprivation. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Sheets, P. D. 1999 The Effects of Explosive Volcanos on Ancient Egalitarian, Ranked, and Stratified Societies in Middle America. In The Angry Earth: Disaster in Anthropological Perspective, edited by Oliver-Smith, A. and Hoffman, S. M., pp. 36-58. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Sheridan, T. E. 2001 Cows, Condos, and the Contested Commons: The Political Ecology of Ranching on the Arizona-Sonora Borderlands. Human Organization 60:141-152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shipley, G., and Salmon, J. (editors) 1996 Human Landscapes in Classical Antiquity. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Sires E., W Jr., 1987 Hohokam Architectural Variability and Site Structure during the Sedentary-Classic Transition. In The Hohokam Village: Site Structure and Organization, edited by Doyel, D. E., pp. 171-182. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Glenwood Springs, Colorado.Google Scholar
Smith, S. J., Miksicek, C. H., James, S. R., and Hutira, J. 1995 Biological Remains. In The Prehistoric Archaeology of Heritage Square, edited by Henderson, T. K., pp. 151-177. Anthropological Papers No. 3. Pueblo Grande Museum, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Spicer, E. H. 1962 Cycles of Conquest: The Impact of Spain, Mexico, and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest, 1533-1960. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Stine, L. E, Zierde, M., Prucker, L. M., and Judge, C. J (editors) 1997 Carolina's Historical Landscapes: Archaeological Perspectives. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.Google Scholar
Stonich, S. 1993 “ I Am Destroying the Land!”: The Political Ecology of Poverty and Environmental Destruction in Honduras. Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Susman, P., O’Keefe, P., and Wisner, B. 1983 Global Disasters: A Radical Interpretation. In Interpretations of Calamity from the Viewpoint of Human Ecology, edited by Hewitt, K., pp. 263-283. Allen & Unwin, London.Google Scholar
Szuter, C. R. 1991 Hunting by Hohokam Desert Farmers. Kiva 56:277-291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teague, L. S. 1993 Prehistory and the Traditions of the O’Odham and Hopi. Kiva 58:435-454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, M., and King, J. 1985 Hohokam Figurine Assemblages: A Suggested Ritual Context. In Proceedings of the 1983 Hohokam Symposium, edited by Dittert, A. E. Jr., and Dove, D. E., pp. 687-732. Arizona Archaeological Society Occasional Paper 2. Phoenix.Google Scholar
Tilley, C. 1994 A Phenomenology of Landscape. Berg, Oxford.Google Scholar
Toledo, V. M. 1989 Naturaleza, production, cultura: ensayos de ecologia politica. Universidad de Veracruz, Xalapa.Google Scholar
Topping, P. (editor) 1997 Neolithic Landscapes. Oxbow Books, Oxford.Google Scholar
Torry,, W. I. 1986a Economic Development, Drought, and Famine: Some Limitations of Dependency Explanations. Geojournal 12:5-18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torry, W. I. 1986b Morality and Harm: Hindu Peasant Adjustments to Famines. Social Science Information 25:125-160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ucko, P. J., and Layton, R. (editors) 1999 The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape: Shaping Your Landscape. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Van Buren, M. 2001 The Archaeology of El Nino Events and Other “Natural” Disasters. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 8:129-149. 1994a The Pueblo Grande Project, Vol. 6: The Bioethnography of a Classic Period Hohokam Population. Soil Systems Publications in Archaeology No. 20, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Van Gerven, D. P., and Sheridan, S. G. (editors) 1994b A Biocultural Reconstruction of a Classic Period Hohokam Community. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Vol. 6: The Bioethnography of a Classic Period Hohokam Population, edited by Van Gerven, D. P. and Sheridan, S. G., pp. 123-128. Soil Systems Publications in Archaeology No. 20, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Van Keuren, S., Stinson, S. L., and Abbott, D. R. 1997 Specialized Production of Hohokam Plain Ware Ceramics in the Lower Salt River Valley. Kiva 63:155-175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waddington, C. 1999 A Landscape Archaeological Study of the Mesolithic- Neolithic in the Milfield Basin, Northumberland. Archaeopress, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waters, M. R. 1992 Principles of Geoarchaeology. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Waters, M. R., and Ravesloot, J. C. 2001 Landscape Change and the Cultural Evolution of the Hohokam Along the Middle Gila River and Other River Valleys in South-Central Arizona. American Antiquity 66:285-299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watts, M. 1983 On the Poverty of Theory: Natural Hazards Research in Context. In Interpretations of Calamity From the Viewpoint of Human Ecology, edited by Hewitt, K., pp. 124-148. Allen & Unwin, London.Google Scholar
Weber, D. J. 1982 The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846: The American Southwest Under Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Wilcox, D. R. 1979 The Hohokam Regional System. In An Archaeological Test of Sites in the Gila Butte- Santan Region, South-Central Arizona, by Rice, G., Wilcox, D., Rafferty, K., and Schoenwetter, J., pp. 77-116. Anthropological Research Papers No. 18. Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Wilcox, D. R. and Haas, J. 1994 The Scream of the Butterfly: Competition and Conflict in the Prehistoric Southwest. In Themes in Southwest Prehistory, edited by Gumerman, G. J., pp. 211-238. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Wilcox, D. R., McGuire, T. R., and Sternberg, C. 1981 Snaketown Revisited. Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series No. 155. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Wilcox, D. R., and Sternberg, C. 1983 Hohokam Ballcourts and Their Interpretation. Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series No. 160. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Wisner, B. 1976 Man-Made Famine in Eastern Kenya: The Interrelationship of Environment and Development. Institute of Development Studies Discussion Paper 96. University of Sussex, Brighton.Google Scholar
Wisner, B. 1978 Does Radical Geography Lack an Approach to Environmental Relations? Antipode 10:84-95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, E. 1972 Ownership and Political Ecology. Anthropological Quarterly 45:201-205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zarins, J. 2000 Environmental Disruption and Human Response: An Archaeological-Historical Example from South Arabia. In Environmental Disaster and the Archaeology of Human Response, edited by Bawden, G. and Reycraft, R. M., pp. 35-19. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers No. 7, Albuquerque. Google Scholar