Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T20:25:42.851Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

DIVERSITY-DISTURBANCE RELATIONSHIPS IN THE LATE ARCHAIC SOUTHWEST: IMPLICATIONS FOR FARMER-FORAGER FOODWAYS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 February 2018

R. J. Sinensky  and
Alan Farahani
R. J. Sinensky*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles, 375 Portola Plaza, 341 Haines Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Alan Farahani
Affiliation:
Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California Los Angeles, A210 Fowler Building, 308 Charles E. Young Drive North, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA ([email protected])
*
([email protected], corresponding author)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The analysis of more than 1,300 flotation samples from thousands of excavated cultural features dating to the San Pedro phase (1220–730 BC) at the Las Capas site in southern Arizona provides evidence of long-term continuity and change in plant cultivation and collection practices in response to environmental disturbances during the Late Archaic period (2100 BC–AD 50). Although preceramic foodways in the region are widely considered to have been stable for roughly 2,500 years following the introduction of maize prior to 2100 BC, analyses of macrobotanical data reveal that moderate-intensity flood events during the Middle San Pedro phase (930–800 BC) preceded the greatest richness and diversity of harvested plants, while reliance on maize was reduced. In contrast, in periods with little environmental disturbance maize was more dominant, with less diversity in other cultivated and foraged plants. Novel cultivation, processing, and foraging practices were initiated in response to disturbance but persisted after floodplain conditions stabilized. It is argued that the reciprocal relationship between disturbance and botanical diversity is integral for understanding the long-term resilience of Late Archaic foodways and that this relationship is best modeled using ecological theories termed the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis and the Intermediate Productivity Hypothesis.

El análisis de más de 1300 muestras de flotación provenientes de la excavación de miles de depósitos culturales de la fase San Pedro (1220–730 aC) en el sitio arqueológico de Las Capas, ubicado en el sur de Arizona, aporta evidencias de continuidad y cambio en el cultivo de recursos vegetales y en las prácticas de recolección como respuesta a las perturbaciones ambientales ocurridas durante el periodo Arcaico tardío (2100 aC–50 dC). Aunque generalmente se considera que las dietas del periodo precerámico de la región se mantuvieron estables por casi 2500 años después de la introducción de maíz antes de 2100 aC, los análisis de vestigios macrobotánicos demuestran que eventos de inundación de intensidad mediana ocurridos durante la fase San Pedro media (930–800 aC) precedieron el incremento máximo de riqueza y diversidad de plantas recolectadas, mientras que disminuyó la dependencia del maíz. Por el contrario, en los periodos con menos perturbaciones ambientales el maíz fue el cultivo dominante y se redujo la diversidad de plantas recolectadas y cosechadas. En respuesta a estas perturbaciones se introdujeron nuevas prácticas de cultivo, procesamiento y recolección, las cuales permanecieron después de la estabilización de las condiciones ambientales en la llanura aluvial. Argumentamos que la relación recíproca entre perturbaciones y diversidad botánica es esencial para entender la resiliencia a largo plazo de los sistemas de subsistencia del Arcaico tardío, y que las teorías ecológicas conocidas como Hipótesis de Perturbación Intermedia e Hipotesis de Productividad Intermedia son los mejores modelos para estudiar dicha relación.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 83 , Issue 2 , April 2018 , pp. 281 - 301
Copyright
Copyright © 2018 by the Society for American Archaeology 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Online supplementary material has been added to this article, see doi: 10.1017/aaq.2018.15

References

References Cited

Adams, Karen R. 1994 A Regional Synthesis of Zea mays in the Prehispanic American Southwest. In Corn and Culture in the Prehispanic New World, edited by Johannessen, Sissel and Hastorf, Christine A., pp. 273–302. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Baleè, William 2006 The Research Program of Historical Ecology. Annual Review of Anthropology 35:75–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, Douglas W., Bird, Rebecca Bliege, and Codding, Brian F. 2016 Pyrodiversity and the Anthropocene: The Role of Fire in the Broad Spectrum Revolution. Evolutionary Anthropology 25:105–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bliege Bird, Rebecca 2015 Disturbance, Complexity, Scale: New Approaches to the Study of Human-Environment Interactions. Annual Review of Anthropology 44:241–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bliege Bird, Rebecca, Nyalangaka, Taylor, Codding, Brian F., and Bird, Douglas W. 2013 Niche Construction and Dreaming Logic: Aboriginal Patch Mosaic Burning and Varanid Lizards in Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 280:1–27.Google ScholarPubMed
Bryan, Kirk 1929 Floodwater Farming. Geographical Review 19:444–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castetter, Edward F., and Bell, Willis H. 1942 Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Catford, Jane A., Daehler, Curtis C., Murphy, Helen T., Sheppard, Andy W., Hardesty, Britta D., Westcott, David A., Rejmánek, Marcel, Bellingham, Peter J., Pergl, Jan, Horvitz, Carol C., and Hulme, Philip E. 2012 The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis and Plant Invasions: Implications for Species Richness and Management. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 14:231–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Codding, Brian F., and Bird, Douglas W. 2015 Behavioral Ecology and the Future of Archaeological Science. Journal of Archaeological Science 56:9–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Codding, Brian F., Bird, Rebecca Bliege, Kauhanen, Peter G., and Bird, Douglas W. 2014 Conservation or Co-evolution? Intermediate Levels of Aboriginal Burning and Hunting Have Positive Effects on Kangaroo Populations in Western Australia. Human Ecology 42:659–669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coltrain, Joan Brenner, Janetski, Joel C., and Carlyle, Shawn W. 2007 The Stable and Radio Isotope Chemistry of Western Basketmaker Burials: Implications for Early Puebloan Diets and Origins. American Antiquity 72:301–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colwell, Robert K. 2013 EstimateS: Statistical Estimation of Species Richness and Shared Species from Samples. Electronic document, http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu/estimates/, accessed March 20, 2016.Google Scholar
Colwell, Robert K., Mao, Chang Xuan, and Chang, Jing 2004 Interpolating, Extrapolating and Comparing Incidence-Based Species Accumulation Curves. Ecology 85:2717–2727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, Joseph H. 1978 Diversity in Tropical Rain Forests and Coral Reefs. Science 199:1302–1310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crosswhite, Frank S. 1980 The Annual Saguaro Harvest and Crop Cycle of the Papago, with Reference to Ecology and Symbolism. Desert Plants 2:3–61.Google Scholar
Diehl, Michael W. 2003 Plant Remains and the Organization of Subsistence at the Valencia Vieja Site. In Roots of Sedentism: Archaeological Excavations at Valencia Vieja, a Founding Village in the Tucson Basin of Southern Arizona, edited by Wallace, Henry D., pp. 277–288. Anthropological Papers No. 29. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Diehl, Michael W. 2005a Morphological Observations on Recently Recovered Early Agricultural Period Maize Cob Fragments from Southern Arizona. American Antiquity 70:361–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diehl, Michael W. 2005b Early Agricultural Period Foraging and Horticulture in Southern Arizona: Implications from Plant Remains. In Subsistence and Resource Use Strategies of Early Agricultural Communities in Southern Arizona, edited by Diehl, Michael W., pp. 73–90. Anthropological Papers No. 34. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Diehl, Michael W. 2015 Foraging off the Gardens: Diet Breadth and Anthropogenic Landscape Change during the Early Agricultural Period in the Tucson Basin. In Implements of Change: Tools, Subsistence, and the Built Environment of Las Capas, an Early Agricultural Irrigation Community in Southern Arizona, edited by Vint, James M., pp. 345–376. Anthropological Papers No. 51. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Diehl, Michael W., and Waters, Jennifer A. 2006 Aspects of Optimization and Risk during the Early Agricultural Period in Southeastern Arizona. In Behavioral Ecology and the Transition from Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture, edited by Winterhalder, Bruce and Kennett, Douglas J., pp. 63–86. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Dunn, Marc, Estrada, Nereyda, and Smith, Derek A. 2012 The Coexistence of Baird's Tapir (Tapirus bairdii) and Indigenous Hunters in Northeastern Honduras. Integrative Zoology 7:429–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folke, Carl, Carpenter, Steven, Walker, Brian, Scheffer, Marten, Elmqvist, Thomas, Gunderson, Lance, and Holling, C. S. 2004 Regime Shifts, Resilience and Biodiversity in Ecosystem Management. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 35:557–581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, Jeremy W. 2013 The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Should Be Abandoned. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 28:86–92.Google ScholarPubMed
Goland, Carol 1993 Field Scattering as Risk Management: A Case Study from Cuyo Cuyo, Peru. Mountain Research and Development 13:317–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gotelli, Nicholas J., and Colwell, Robert K. 2001 Quantifying Biodiversity: Procedures and Pitfalls in the Measurement and Comparison of Species Richness. Ecology Letters 4:379–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gremillion, Kristen J., Barton, Loukas, and Piperno, Delores R. 2014 Particularism and the Retreat from Theory in the Archaeology of Agricultural Origins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111:6171–6177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hard, Robert J., Adams, Karen R., Roney, John R., Schmidt, Kari M., and Fritz, Gayle J. 2008 The Emergence of Maize Farming in Northwest Mexico. In Case Studies in Environmental Archaeology, edited by Reitz, Elizabeth J., Scarry, C. Margaret, and Scudder, Sylvia J., pp. 315–333. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hegmon, Michelle, Freeman, Jacob, Kintigh, Keith W., Nelson, Margaret C., Oas, Sarah, Peeples, Matthew A., and Torvinen, Andrea 2016 Marking and Making Differences: Representational Diversity in the U.S. Southwest. American Antiquity 81:253–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hegmon, Michelle, Peeples, Matthew A., Kinzig, Ann P., Kulow, Stephanie, Meegan, Cathryn M., and Nelson, Margaret C. 2008 Social Transformation and Its Human Costs in the Prehispanic U.S. Southwest. American Anthropologist 110:313–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Homburg, Jeffery A. 2015 Anthropogenic Effects on Soil Quality of Irragic Soils at Las Capas. In Anthropogenic Landscape of Las Capas, an Early Agricultural Irrigation Community in Southern Arizona, edited by Vint, James M. and Nials, Fred L., pp. 193–226. Anthropological Paper No. 50. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Huckell, Lisa W. 1998 Macrobotanical Remains. In Archaeological Investigations of Early Sites in the Middle Santa Cruz River Valley, edited by Mabry, Jonathan B., pp. 57–148. Anthropological Papers No. 19. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Huckell, Lisa W. 2006 Ancient Maize in the American Southwest: What Does It Look Like and What Does It Tell Us? In Histories of Maize: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize, edited by Staller, John E., Tykot, Robert H., and Benz, Bruce F., pp. 97–108. Elsevier, London.Google Scholar
Hughes, Randall A., Byrnes, Jarrett E., Kimbro, David L., and Stachowicz, John J. 2007 Reciprocal Relationships and Potential Feedbacks between Biodiversity and Disturbance. Ecology Letters 10:849–864.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huston, Michael A. 1979 A General Hypothesis of Species Diversity. American Naturalist 113:81–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huston, Michael A. 2014 Disturbance, Productivity and Species Diversity: Empiricism vs. Logic in Ecological Theory. Ecology 95:2382–2396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, Robert L. 2013 The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kershaw, H. Maureen, and Mallik, Azim U. 2013 Predicting Plant Diversity Response to Disturbance: Applicability of the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis and Mass Ratio Hypothesis. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 32:383–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kintigh, Keith W. 1984 Measuring Archaeological Diversity by Comparison with Simulated Assemblages. American Antiquity 49:44–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohler, Timothy A., and Reese, Kelsey M. 2014 Long and Spatially Variable Neolithic Demographic Transition in the North American Southwest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111:10101–10106. DOI:10.1073.pnas.1404367111, accessed March 11, 2016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lepofsky, Dana, and Lertzman, Ken 2005 More on Sampling for Richness and Diversity in Archaeobiological Assemblages. Journal of Ethnobiology 25:175–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lightfoot, Kent G., Cuthrell, Rob Q., Striplen, Chuck J., and Hylkema, Mark G. 2013 Rethinking the Study of Landscape Management Practices among Hunter-Gatherers in North America. American Antiquity 78:285–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mabry, Jonathan B. 2005 Diversity in Early Southwestern Farming. In Subsistence and Resource Use Strategies of Early Agricultural Communities in Southern Arizona, edited by Diehl, Michael, pp. 113–152. Anthropological Paper No. 34. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Mabry, Jonathan B. 2008 Chronology. In Las Capas: Early Irrigation and Sedentism in a Southwestern Floodplain, edited by Mabry, Jonathan, pp. 55–76. Anthropological Papers No. 28. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Mabry, Jonathan B., Holmlund, James P., Nials, Fred, and Palacios-Fest, Manuel R. 2008 Modelling Canal Characteristics and Trends. In Las Capas: Early Irrigation and Sedentism in a Southwestern Floodplain, edited by Mabry, Jonathan B., pp. 235–247. Anthropological Papers No. 28. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
McBrinn, Maxine E. 2010 Everything Old Is New Again: Recent Approaches to Research on the Archaic Period in the Western United States. Journal of Archaeological Research 18:289–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackey, Robin L., and Currie, David J. 2001 The Diversity-Disturbance Relationship: Is It Generally Strong and Peaked? Ecology 82:3479–3492.Google Scholar
Macphail, Richard I. 2015 Soil Micromorphology of the Las Capas Site, AZ AA:12:111(ASM), Tucson, Arizona. In The Anthropogenic Landscape of Las Capas, an Early Agricultural Irrigation Community in Southern Arizona, edited by Vint, James M. and Nials, Fred L., pp. 139–154. Anthropological Paper No. 50. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Magurran, Anne E. 2004 Measuring Biological Diversity. Blackwell Science, Oxford.Google Scholar
Marston, John M. 2011 Archaeological Markers of Risk Management. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 30:190–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marston, John M. 2015 Modeling Resilience and Sustainability in Ancient Agricultural Systems. Journal of Ethnobiology 35:585–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maurer, Brian A., and McGill, Brian J. 2011 Measurement of Species Diversity. In Biological Diversity: Frontiers in Measurement and Assessment, edited by Magurran, Anne E. and McGill, Brian J., pp. 55–65. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Miksicek, Charles H. 1987 Formation Processes of the Archaeobotanical Record. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 10:211–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, Adam D., and Chesson, Peter 2009 Coexistence in Disturbance-Prone Communities: How a Resistance-Resilience Trade-Off Generates Coexistence via the Storage Effect. American Naturalist 173 (2). Electronic document, https://doi.org/10.1086/595750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, Adam D., Roxburgh, Stephen H., and Shea, Katriona 2011 How Frequency and Intensity Shape Diversity-Disturbance Relationships. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108:5643–5648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minnis, Paul E. 1992 Earliest Plant Cultivation in the Greater Southwest. In Prehistoric Food Production in North America, edited by Ford, Richard I., pp. 309–340. Anthropological Papers No. 75. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Mohlenhoff, Kathryn A., Brenner, Joan, and Codding, Brian F. 2015 Optimal Foraging Theory and Niche Construction Theory Do Not Stand in Opposition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112: E3093. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1507637112, accessed February 8, 2016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nabhan, Gary P. 1979 The Ecology of Floodwater Farming in Arid Southwestern North America. Agro-ecosystems 5:245–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, Margaret C., Hegmon, Michelle, Kulow, Stephanie R., Peeples, Matthew A., Kintigh, Keith W., and Kinzig, Ann P. 2011 Resisting Diversity: A Long-Term Archaeological Study. Ecology and Society 16: 25. Electronic document, https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/art25/.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Netting, Robert McC. 1974 Agrarian Ecology. Annual Review of Anthropology 3:21–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Netting, Robert McC. 1990 Population, Permanent Agriculture, and Polities: Unpacking the Evolutionary Portmanteau. In The Evolution of Political Systems, edited by Upham, Steadman, pp. 21–61. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Nials, Fred L. 2008 Geomorphology and Stratigraphy. In Las Capas: Early Irrigation and Sedentism in a Southwestern Floodplain, edited by Mabry, Jonathan B., pp. 35–54. Anthropological Papers No. 28. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Nials, Fred L. 2015a The Stratigraphy and Agricultural Setting of Las Capas, AZ AA:12:111(ASM). In The Anthropogenic Landscape of Las Capas, an Early Agricultural Irrigation Community in Southern Arizona, edited by Vint, James M. and Nials, Fred L., pp. 43–70. Anthropological Paper No. 50. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Nials, Fred L. 2015b The Promise and Perils of Prehistoric Irrigation Agriculture at Las Capas, AZ AA:12:111 (ASM). In Implements of Change: Tools, Subsistence and the Built Environment of Las Capas, an Early Agricultural Irrigation Community in Southern Arizona, edited by Vint, James M., pp. 419–468. Anthropological Papers No. 51. Archaeology 1451 Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Nials, Fred L., Gregory, David A., and Hill, J. Brett 2011 The Stream Reach Concept and the Macro-Scale Study of Riverine Agriculture in Arid and Semiarid Environments. Geoarchaeology 26:724–761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odling-Smee, John, and Laland, Kevin N. 2011 Ecological Inheritance and Cultural Inheritance: What Are They and How Do They Differ? Biological Theory 6:220–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oksanen, Jari, Blanchet, F. Guillaume, O'Hara, R. B., Simpson, Gavin L., Solymos, Peter, Henry, M., Stevens, H., Szoecs, Eduard, and Wagner, Helene 2016 Vegan: Community Ecology Package. Electronic document, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan.Google Scholar
O'Shea, John M. 1989 The Role of Wild Resources in Small-Scale Agricultural Systems: Tales from the Lakes and the Plains. In Bad Year Economics: Cultural Responses to Risk and Uncertainty, edited by Halstead, Paul and O'Shea, John M., pp. 57–67. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Picket, Steward T. A., and White, P. S. 1985 The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.Google Scholar
R Core Team 2013 R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Electronic document, http://www.R-project.org/.Google Scholar
Rocek, Thomas R. 1995 Sedentarization and Agricultural Dependence: Perspectives from the Pithouse-to-Pueblo Transition in the American Southwest. American Antiquity 60:218–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, Barbara J. 2016 Agricultural Beginnings in the American Southwest. Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland.Google Scholar
Roth, Barbara J., and DeMaio, Justin 2014 Early and Middle Archaic Foragers in the Sonoran Desert: Investigations at the Ruelas Ridge Site. Kiva 80:115–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, Barbara J., and Freeman, Andrea K. 2008 The Middle Archaic Period and the Transition to Agriculture in the Sonoran Desert of Southern Arizona. Kiva 73:321–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scarry, Margaret C., and Steponaitis, Vincas P. 1997 Between Farmstead and Center: The Natural and Social Landscape of Moundville. In Plants, People, and Landscapes, edited by Gremillion, Kristen J., pp. 107–122. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Sheil, Douglas, and Burslem, David 2013 Defining and Defending Connell's Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis: A Response to Fox. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 28:571–572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinensky, R. J. 2013 Risk Management and Dietary Change at the Early Agricultural Village of Las Capas. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff. Proquest (ATT 1550129).Google Scholar
Smith, Bruce D. 2001 Low-Level Food Production. Journal of Archaeological Research 9:1–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Bruce D. 2015 A Comparison of Niche Construction Theory and Diet Breadth Models as Explanatory Frameworks for the Initial Domestication of Plants and Animals. Journal of Archaeological Research 23:215–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Eric Alden, and Wishnie, Mark 2000 Conservation and Subsistence in Small-Scale Societies. Annual Review of Anthropology 29:493–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steiner, Mary C., and Kuhn, Steven L. 2016 Are We Missing the “Sweet Spot” between Optimality Theory and Niche Construction Theory in Archaeology? Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 44:177–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, Glen D., and Downum, Christian 1999 Non-Boserupian Ecology and Agricultural Risk: Ethnic Politics and Land Control in the Arid Southwest. American Anthropologist 101:113–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turkon, Paula 2004 Food and Status in the Prehispanic Malpaso Valley, Zacatecas, Mexico. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23:225–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Veen, Marijke 1999 The Economic Value of Chaff and Straw in Arid and Temperate Zones. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 8:211–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Veen, Marijke 2007 Formation Processes of Desiccated and Carbonized Plant Remains: The Identification of Routine Practice. Journal of Archaeological Science 34:968–990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VanDerwarker, Amber M. 2006 Farming, Hunting, and Fishing in the Olmec World. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
VanDerwarker, Amber M., Marcoux, Jon B., and Hollenbach, Kandace D. 2013 Farming and Foraging at the Crossroads: The Consequences of Cherokee and European Interaction through the Late Eighteenth Century. American Antiquity 78:68–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vint, James M. 2015 Las Capas, AZ AA:12:111 (ASM) Introduced: Background, Chronology, and Research Orientation. In Implements of Change: Tools, Subsistence and the Built Environment of Las Capas, an Early Agricultural Irrigation Community in Southern Arizona, edited by Vint, James M., pp. 1–32. Anthropological Papers No. 51. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Walker, Brian H., Gunderson, Lance, Kinzig, Ann P., Folke, Carl, Carpenter, Steve, and Schultz, Lisen 2006 A Handful of Heuristics and Some Propositions for Understanding Resilience in Social Ecological Systems. Ecology and Society 11 (1): 13. Electronic document, https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art13/.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waters, Jennifer A., Reyes, Stephanie M., and Wolff, Sarah E. 2015 Vertebrate Faunal Remains Recovered from Las Capas AZ AA:12:111(ASM). In Implements of Change: Tools, Subsistence and the Built Environment of Las Capas, an Early Agricultural Irrigation Community in Southern Arizona, edited by James, M. Vint, pp. 261–304. Anthropological Papers No. 51. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Watson, James T. 2011 Distance in Space and Time: Issues with a Mortuary Database of the First Farmers in the Southern Southwest. Paper presented at the 76th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Sacramento, California. Electronic document, the Digital Archaeological Record, http://core.tdar.org/document/5952/distance-in-space-and-time-issues-with-a-mortuary-database-of-the-first-farmers-in-the-southern-southwest, accessed May 22, 2015.Google Scholar
Watson, James T., and Byrd, Rachael M. 2015 A Bioarchaeological Perspective on Change and Continuity in an Early Agricultural Period Community. In Implements of Change: Tools, Subsistence and the Built Environment of Las Capas, an Early Agricultural Irrigation Community in Southern Arizona, edited by Vint, James M., pp. 377–389. Anthropological Papers No. 51. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Watson, James T., and Phelps, Danielle O. 2016 Violence and Perimortem Signaling among Early Irrigation Communities in the Sonoran Desert. Current Anthropology 57:586–609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittlesey, Stephanie M., Foster, Michael S., and Mitchell, Douglas R. 2010 Chronology and Cultural Systematics. In Recurrent Sedentism and the Making of Place: Archaeological Investigations at Las Capas, a Preceramic Period Farming Community in the Tucson Basin, Southern Arizona, edited by Whittlesey, Stephanie M., Hesse, Jerome S., and Foster, Michael S., pp. 79–91. SWCA Environmental Consultants, Tucson, Arizona. Submitted to Pima County Cultural Resources and Historic Preservation Office, Contract No. 9999, Report No. 07–556. Copies available from SWCA Environmental Consultants, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Wills, W. H. 1995 Archaic Foraging and the Beginning of Food Production in the American Southwest. In Last Hunters–First Farmers: New Perspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture, edited by Price, Douglas T. and Gebauer, Anne B., pp. 215–242. School of American Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Winterhalder, Bruce, and Kennett, Douglas J. 2006 Behavioral Ecology and the Transition from Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture. In Behavioral Ecology and the Transition from Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture, edited by Winterhalder, Bruce and Kennett, Douglas J., pp. 1–21. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Yost, Chad L. 2015 Phytolith Analysis of Early Agricultural Period Field Sediments at Las Capas, AZ AA:12:111(ASM). In The Anthropogenic Landscape of Las Capas, an Early Agricultural Irrigation Community in Southern Arizona, edited by Vint, James M. and Nials, Fred L., pp. 169–191. Anthropological Paper No. 50. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Zeanah, David W. 2017 Foraging Models, Niche Construction, and the Eastern Agricultural Complex. American Antiquity 82:3–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeder, Melinda A. 2012 The Broad Spectrum Revolution at 40: Resource Diversity, Intensification, and an Alternative to Optimal Foraging Explanations. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31:241–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeder, Melinda A. 2014 Alternative to Faith-Based Science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111: E2827. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1408209111, accessed March 19, 2016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeder, Melinda A. 2015a Core Questions in Domestication Research. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112:3191–3198. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1501711112, accessed March 19, 2016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeder, Melinda A. 2015b Reply to Mohlenhoff et al.: Human Behavioral Ecology Needs to Rethink [W]hat Niche-Construction Can Provide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112: E3094. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1508096112, accessed March 19, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Sinensky and Farahani Supplementary material

Supplementary material

Download Sinensky and Farahani Supplementary material(File)
File 499 KB