Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-v2bm5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-11T21:30:04.392Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Double burden for women in mid- and later life: evidence from time-use profiles in Cebu, the Philippines

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2017

FEINIAN CHEN ,
LUOMAN BAO ,
ZHIYONG LIN ,
ZACHARY ZIMMER ,
SOCORRO GULTIANO  and
JUDITH B. BORJA
FEINIAN CHEN*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, Maryland Population Research Center, University of Maryland, USA. School of Social Development and Public Policy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
LUOMAN BAO
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, California State University, Los Angeles, USA.
ZHIYONG LIN
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, Maryland Population Research Center, University of Maryland, USA.
ZACHARY ZIMMER
Affiliation:
Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA. Family Studies and Gerontology, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Canada.
SOCORRO GULTIANO
Affiliation:
USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., USA. Department of Economics and Department of Socio-Anthropology, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines.
JUDITH B. BORJA
Affiliation:
Department of Economics and Department of Socio-Anthropology, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines.
*
Address for correspondence: Feinian Chen, Department of Sociology, Maryland Population Research Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Using data from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (1994, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2012), we utilise latent class analysis to develop time-use class membership to characterise the degree to which women in Cebu are subject to the double burden of work and family responsibilities in mid- and later life. Results suggest that close to a third of the sample are engaged in high-intensity work for pay (either outside or home-based), while combining it with a substantial amount of household chores and with a low level of personal time in a span of 18 years. Our latent transition analysis also shows that, with the addition of grandchildren into the household, some women experience a shift in time-use class membership by becoming high-intensity care-givers or by completely transitioning out of the work arena, while others remain double-burdened with active involvement in both work and family responsibilities.

Keywords

Time usedouble burdencare-giving
Type
Article
Information
Ageing & Society , Volume 38 , Issue 11 , November 2018 , pp. 2325 - 2355
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adair, L., Viswanathan, M., Polhamus, B., Avila, J., Gultiano, S. and Perez, L. 1997. Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey Follow-up Study Final Report.Google Scholar
Agree, E. M., Biddlecom, A. E. and Valente, T. W. 2005. Intergenerational transfers of resources between older persons and extended kin in Taiwan and the Philippines. Population Studies, 59, 2, 181–95.Google Scholar
Arora, K. and Wolf, D. A. 2014. Is there a trade-off between parent care and self-care? Demography, 51, 4, 1251–70.Google Scholar
Baker, L. A. and Silverstein, M. 2008. Depressive symptoms among grandparents raising grandchildren: the impact of participation in multiple roles. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 6, 3, 285–304.Google Scholar
Bianchi, S. M. 2000. Maternal employment and time with children: dramatic change or surprising continuity? Demography, 37, 4, 401–14.Google Scholar
Chen, F. and Liu, G. 2012. The health implications of grandparents caring for grandchildren in China. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 67B, 1, 99–112.Google Scholar
Chen, F., Liu, G. and Mair, C. A. 2011. Intergenerational ties in context: grandparents caring for grandchildren in China. Social Forces, 90, 2, 571–94.Google Scholar
Chen, F., Mair, C. A., Bao, L. and Yang, Y. C. 2015. Race/ethnic differentials in the health consequences of caring for grandchildren for grandparents. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 70, 5, 793–803.Google Scholar
Chen, F., Short, S. E. and Entwisle, B. 2000. The impact of grandparental proximity on maternal childcare in China. Population Research and Policy Review, 19, 6, 571–90.Google Scholar
Cruz, G., Abalos, J. B., Lavares, M. C., Natividad, J. N. and Saito, Y. 2009. Changing social structures and the well-being of the older Filipinos. Transactions of the National Academy of Science and Technology (Philippines), 31, 2, 197–222.Google Scholar
Desai, S. and Jain, D. 1994. Matemal employment and changes in family dynamics: the social context of women's work in rural South India. Population and Development Review, 20, 1, 15–36.Google Scholar
Donahoe, D. A. 1999. Measuring women's work in developing countries. Population and Development Review, 25, 3, 543–76.Google Scholar
Elder, G. H., Johnson, M. K. and Crosnoe, R. 2003. The emergence and development of life course theory. In Mortimer, J. T. and Shanahan, M. J. (eds), Handbook of the Life Course. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 3–19.Google Scholar
Entwisle, B. and Chen, F. 2002. Work patterns following a birth in urban and rural China: a longitudinal study. European Journal of Population, 18, 2, 99–119.Google Scholar
Floro, M. S. and Komatsu, H. 2011. Gender and work in South Africa: what can time-use data reveal? Feminist Economics, 17, 4, 33–66.Google Scholar
Gauthier, A. H. and Smeeding, T. M. 2003. Time use at older ages: cross-national differences. Research on Aging, 25, 3, 247–74.Google Scholar
Gauthier, A. H. and Smeeding, T. M. 2010. Historical trends in the patterns of time use of older adults. In Tuljapurkar, S., Ogawa, N. and Gauthier, A. H. (eds), Ageing in Advanced Industrial States: Riding the Age Waves. Springer, New York, 289–310.Google Scholar
Gultiano, S. A. 1999. Husbands’ views on family planning and labor force participation of wives in metro Cebu, the Philippines. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 27, 3/4, 133–60.Google Scholar
Hirway, I. and Jose, S. 2011. Understanding women's work using time-use statistics: the case of India. Feminist Economics, 17, 4, 67–92.Google Scholar
Hochschild, A. and Machung, A. 2012. The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home. Penguin Books, London.Google Scholar
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., LaPierre, T. A. and Luo, Y. 2007. All in the family: the impact of caring for grandchildren on grandparents’ health. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 62B, 2, 108–19.Google Scholar
Ku, L. E., Stearns, S. C., Van Houtven, C. H., Lee, S. Y., Dilworth-Anderson, P. and Konrad, T. R. 2013. Impact of caring for grandchildren on the health of grandparents in Taiwan. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 68B, 6, 1009–21.Google Scholar
Lanza, S. T. and Collins, L. M. 2008. A new SAS procedure for latent transition analysis: transitions in dating and sexual risk behavior. Developmental Psychology, 44, 2, 446–56.Google Scholar
Lanza, S. T., Collins, L. M., Lemmon, D. R. and Schafer, J. L. 2007. PROC LCA: a SAS procedure for latent class analysis. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 4, 671–94.Google Scholar
Lanza, S. T., Dziak, J. J., Huang, L., Wagner, A. and Collins, L. M. 2015. PROC LCA & PROC LTA Users’ Guide (Version 1.3.2). The Methodology Center, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Leopold, T. and Skopek, J. 2014. Gender and the division of labor in older couples: how European grandparents share market work and childcare. Social Forces, 93, 1, 63–91.Google Scholar
Lloyd, C. B. 1991. The contribution of the world fertility surveys to an understanding of the relationship between women's work and fertility. Studies in Family Planning, 22, 3, 144–61.Google Scholar
Lynch, S. M., Brown, S. J. and Mustillo, S. A. 2016. Handling Missing Data in Social Research. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.Google Scholar
Massey, G., Hahn, K. and Sekulic, D. 1995. Women, men, and the ‘second shift’ in socialist Yugoslavia. Gender & Society, 9, 3, 359–79.Google Scholar
Mattingly, M. and Bianchi, S. M. 2003. Gender differences in the quantity and quality of free time: the U.S. experience. Social Forces, 81, 3, 999–1030.Google Scholar
McCutcheon, A. L. 1987. Latent Class Analysis. Sage, Newbury Park, California.Google Scholar
McKenna, K., Broome, K. and Liddle, J. 2007. What older people do: time use and exploring the link between role participation and life satisfaction in people aged 65 years and over. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 54, 4, 273–84.Google Scholar
Milkie, M. A., Raley, S. B. and Bianchi, S. M. 2009. Taking on the second shift: time allocations and time pressures of U.S. parents with preschoolers. Social Forces, 88, 2, 487–517.Google Scholar
Moen, P. 1992. Women's Two Roles: A Contemporary Dilemma. Aubum House, New York.Google Scholar
Offer, S. and Schneider, B. 2011. Revisiting the gender gap in time-use patterns: multitasking and well-being among mothers and fathers in dual-earner families. American Sociological Review, 76, 6, 809–33.Google Scholar
Oppong, C. 1983. Women's roles, opportunity costs, and fertility. In Bulatao, R. A., Lee, R. D., Hollerbach, P. E. and Bongaarts, J. P. (eds), Determinants of Fertility in Developing Countries. Academic Press, New York, 547–89.Google Scholar
Parreñas, R. S. 2000. Migrant Filipina workers and the international division of domestic labor. Gender & Society, 14, 4, 560–80.Google Scholar
Population Reference Bureau 2014. World Population Data Sheet 2014. Available online at http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2014/2014-world-population-data-sheet.aspx. Accessed 18 April 2015.Google Scholar
Sayer, L. C. 2005. Gender, time and inequality: trends in women's and men's paid work, unpaid work and free time. Social Forces, 84, 1, 285–303.Google Scholar
Sayer, L. C., Bianchi, S. M. and Robinson, J. P. 2004. Are parents investing less in children? Trends in mothers’ and fathers’ time with children. American Journal of Sociology, 110, 1, 1–43.Google Scholar
Sayer, L. C., England, P., Bittman, M. and Bianchi, S. M. 2009. How long is the second (plus first) shift? Gender differences in paid, unpaid, and total work time in Australia and the United States. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 40, 4, 523–45.Google Scholar
Sayer, L. C., Freedman, V. A. and Bianchi, S. M. 2016. Gender, time use and aging. In George, L. K. and Ferraro, K. F. (eds), Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences. Eighth edition, Academic Press, San Diego, California, 163–80.Google Scholar
Scommegna, P. and Mossaad, N. 2011. The health and well-being of grandparents caring for grandchildren. Today's Research on Aging, 23, 1, 1–6.Google Scholar
Short, S. E., Chen, F., Entwisle, B. and Zhai, F. 2002. Maternal work and child care in China: a multi-method analysis. Population and Development Review, 28, 1, 31–57.Google Scholar
Tiefenthaler, J. 1997. Fertility and family time allocation in the Philippines. Population and Development Review, 23, 2, 377–97.Google Scholar
Velicer, W. F., Martin, R. A. and Collins, L. M. 1996. Latent transition analysis for longitudinal data. Addiction, 91, supplement, S197–209.Google Scholar
Vermunt, J. K. and Magidson, J. 2002. Latent class cluster analysis. In Hagenaars, J. and McCutcheon, A. (eds), Applied Latent Class Analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 89–106.Google Scholar
Wang, Y. and Marcotte, D. E. 2007. Golden years? The labor market effects of caring for grandchildren. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69, 5, 1283–96.Google Scholar
World Bank 2013. Gross Domestic Product Ranking Table. Available online at http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/GDP-ranking-table. Accessed 17 March 2016Google Scholar