Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T16:36:45.249Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Critical evaluation of ‘ageing in place’ in redeveloped public rental housing estates in Hong Kong

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 April 2019

Jayantha Wadu Mesthrige  and
Siu Leung Cheung
Jayantha Wadu Mesthrige*
Affiliation:
School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT University, Australia
Siu Leung Cheung
Affiliation:
Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The tremendous growth in the ageing population over the past two decades has compelled the Hong Kong government to reformulate its housing policy by redeveloping and incorporating certain age-friendly housing design elements and facilities into the public housing schemes built in the post-war period. This research investigates whether these introduced design elements and facilities satisfy the numerous special needs of the seniors in line with the concept of ‘ageing in place’. Data were collected from 224 seniors through a comprehensive questionnaire survey in four large-scale redeveloped public rental housing estates. Using three designated built environment dimensions, namely micro, meso and macro, the results revealed that senior tenants were generally satisfied with the present living environments (in all the three scales) in the estates. At the micro-scale, seniors were satisfied with the level of privacy and sense of autonomy derived from the present design features in their homes. For the meso-scale, the study revealed that the seniors were particularly satisfied with the design elements such as convenient transportation and accessibility, including convenient walkways. At the macro-scale, the community care service is deemed important for seniors’ wellbeing. However, more attention is needed on safety measures in interior and shower areas, public seating in common areas and provision of sufficient community care services. This study provides insights for policy makers and development authorities on elderly housing provision.

Keywords

ageing in placeage-friendly environmentredeveloped public rental housingHong Kongsenior tenants’ satisfaction
Type
Article
Information
Ageing & Society , Volume 40 , Issue 9 , September 2020 , pp. 2006 - 2039
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AARP (2012) The United States of Ageing Survey. Available at https://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/livable-communities/learn/research/the-unitedstates-of-aging-survey-2012-aarp.pdf.Google Scholar
Albert, SM, Simone, B, Brassard, A, Stern, Y and Mayeux, R (2005) Medicaid home care services and survival in New York City. The Gerontologist 45, 609–616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
AmeriCare (2007) Attitudes of Seniors and Baby Boomers on Ageing in Place. Available at http://americareinfo.com/site/wpcontent/uploads/2009/09/Clarity_Aging_in_Place_2007.pdf.Google Scholar
Baltes, MM, Maas, I, Wilms, HU, Borchelt, MF and Little, T (1999) Everyday Competence in Old and Very Old Age: Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Findings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barrett, K and Greene, R (2016) The Taxing Problem of an Ageing Population. Available at http://www.csg.org/pubs/capitolideas/2016_nov_dec/taxing_problem.aspx.Google Scholar
Bayer, AH and Harper, L (2000) Fixing to Stay: A National Survey of Housing and Home Modification Issues. Washington, DC: AARP.Google Scholar
Bolda, EJ, Saucier, P, Maddox, GL, Wetle, T and Lowe, JI (2006) Governance and management structures for community partnerships: experiences from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Community Partnerships for Older Adults Program. The Gerontologist 46, 391–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borglin, G, Jakobsson, U, Edberg, AK and Hallberg, IR (2006) Older people in Sweden with various degrees of present quality of life: their health, social support, everyday activities and sense of coherence. Health & Social Care in the Community 14, 136–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boston University School of Public Health (2013) Introduction to Correlation and Regression Analysis (Multivariable Methods). Available at http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/bs/bs704_multivariable/bs704_multivariable5.html.Google Scholar
Bronfenbrenner, U (1979) The Ecology of Human Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Buffel, T, Phillipson, C and Scharf, T (2013) Experiences of neighbourhood exclusion and inclusion among older people living in deprived inner-city areas in Belgium and England. Ageing & Society 33, 89–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Building Department (2018) Design Manual – Barrier Free Access 2008. Available at http://www.bd.gov.hk/english/documents/code/e_bfa2008.htm.Google Scholar
Burholt, V and Naylor, D (2005) The relationship between rural community type and attachment to place for older people living in North Wales, UK. European Journal of Ageing 2, 109–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burnholt, V and Windle, G (2001) Literature Review for the Strategy of Older People in Wales. Social Inclusion for Older People. Available at http://www.wales.gov.uk/subisocialpolicy/content/ssg/LR3.pdf.Google Scholar
Burns, VF, Lavoie, JP and Rose, D (2012) Revisiting the role of neighbourhood change in social exclusion and inclusion of older people. Journal of Ageing Research 1, 1–12.Google Scholar
Callahan, JJ (1993) Introduction: Ageing in place. Ageing in Place 1, 1–4.Google Scholar
Carp, FM and Carp, A (1982) The ideal residential area. Research on Ageing 4, 411–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Census and Statistics Department (2009) Thematic Household Survey Report: Socio-demographic Profile, Health Status and Self-care Capability of Older Persons. HKSAR Government. Available at https://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B11302402009XXXXB0100.pdf.Google Scholar
Census and Statistics Department (2011) 2011 Population Census. HKSAR Government. Available at https://www.census2011.gov.hk/en/publication-feature-articles.html.Google Scholar
Census and Statistics Department (2013) Thematic Report: Older Persons. HKSAR Government. Available at https://www.census2011.gov.hk/pdf/older-persons.pdf.Google Scholar
Census and Statistics Department (2015) Hong Kong Population Projections 2015–2064. HKSAR Government. Available at https://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B1120015062015XXXXB0100.pdf.Google Scholar
Census and Statistics Department (2017) Population and Household Statistics Analysed by District Council District 2016. HKSAR Government. Available at https://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B11303012016AN16B0100.pdf.Google Scholar
Chan, HW (2014) ‘Ageing in Place’ Under the Redevelopment of Public Housing Estates in Hong Kong. HKU Theses Online. Available at http://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/207621.Google Scholar
Chapin, R and Dobbs-Kepper, D (2001) Ageing in place in assisted living: philosophy versus policy. The Gerontologist 41, 43–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chappell, NL, Dlitt, BH, Hollander, MJ, Miller, JA and McWilliam, C (2004) Comparative costs of home care and residential care. The Gerontologist 44, 389–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheung, E (2016) How new technology for elderly care can enhance safety in Hong Kong homes. South China Morning Post. Available at http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/2055586/how-new-technology-elderly-care-can-enhance-safety.Google Scholar
Choi, NG and McDougall, GJ (2007) Comparison of depressive symptoms between homebound older adults and ambulatory older adults. Ageing & Mental Health 11, 310–322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chui, E, Chan, KS, Chong, MLA, Ko, SFL, Law, CKS, Law, CL, Leung, MFE, Leung, YMA, Lou, WQV and Ng, YTS (2009) Elderly Commission's Study on Residential Care Services for the Elderly. Elderly Commission. Available at http://www.elderlycommission.gov.hk/en/download/library/Residential%20Care%20Services%20-%20Final%20Report(eng).pdf.Google Scholar
Dashun Policy Research Centre (2015) Age-friendly Housing Policies. Dashun Policy Research Centre and Asia-Pacific Institute of Ageing Studies at Lingnan University. Available at http://www.dashun.org.hk/en/research_details.php?id=7.Google Scholar
Davey, J (2006) ‘Ageing in place’: the views of older homeowners on maintenance, renovation and adaptation. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand 27, 128–141.Google Scholar
Davey, JA, de Joux, V, Nana, G and Arcus, M (2004) Accommodation Options for Older People in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Christchurch, New Zealand: Centre for Housing Research.Google Scholar
De Donder, L, Buffel, T, Dury, S, De Witte, N and Verté, D (2013) Perceptual quality of neighbourhood design and feelings of unsafety. Ageing & Society 33, 914–937.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Meijer, C, Wouterse, B, Polder, J and Koopmanschap, M (2013) The effect of population ageing on health expenditure growth: a critical review. European Journal of Ageing 10, 353–361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deng, Y, Chan, EH and Poon, SW (2016) Challenge-driven design for public housing: the case of Hong Kong. Frontiers of Architectural Research 5, 213–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, S, Kelly-Schwartz, A, Schlossberg, M and Stockard, J (2006) Active community environments and health: the relationship of walkable and safe communities to individual health. Journal of the American Planning Association 72, 19–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estrada, G, Park, D and Ramayandi, A (2011) Population Ageing and Aggregate Consumption in Developing Asia. Ageing, Economic Growth, and Old-age Security in Asia. Available at https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/109423/1/ewp-282.pdf.Google Scholar
Felix, A and Watkins, K (2013) The impact of an ageing US population on state tax revenues. Economic Review 4, 95–127.Google Scholar
Frank, JB (2002) The Paradox of Ageing in Place in Assisted Living. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Frank, LD, Andresen, MA and Schmid, TL (2004) Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 27, 87–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freedman, VA, Martin, LG and Schoeni, RF (2002) Recent trends in disability and functioning among older adults in the United States: a systematic review. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 288, 3137–3146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fulbright, SA (2010) Rates of depression and participation in senior centre activities in community-dwelling older persons. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 17, 385–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardner, PJ (2011) Natural neighborhood networks – important social networks in the lives of older adults ageing in place. Journal of Ageing Studies 25, 263–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garin, N, Olaya, B, Miret, M, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Power, M, Bucciarelli, P and Haro, JM (2014) Built environment and elderly population health: a comprehensive literature review. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health 10, 103–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaugler, JE, Kane, RL, Kane, RA and Newcomer, R (2005) Early community-based service utilization and its effects on institutionalization in dementia caregiving. The Gerontologist 45, 177–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gitlin, L (2003) Conducting research on home environments: lessons learned and new directions. The Gerontologist 43, 628–637.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glass, TA and Balfour, JL (2003) Neighbourhoods, ageing, and functional limitations. Neighborhoods and Health 1, 303–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonyea, JG, Curley, A, Melekis, K, Levine, N and Lee, Y (2018) Loneliness and depression among older adults in urban subsidized housing. Journal of Ageing and Health 30, 458–474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gory, ML, Ward, R and Sherman, S (1985) The ecology of ageing: neighbourhood satisfaction in an older population. The Sociological Quarterly 26, 405–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenfield, EA (2012) Using ecological frameworks to advance a field of research, practice, and policy on ageing-in-place initiatives. The Gerontologist 52, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, EB and Gottschalk, G (2006) What makes older people consider moving house and what makes them move?. Housing, Theory and Society 23, 34–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, J, Hall, J, Meltzer, H, Jenkins, R, Oreszczyn, T and McManus, S (2010) Health, Mental Health and Housing Conditions in England. London: Eaga Charitable Trust and NatCen.Google Scholar
Hawes, C (1999) A key piece of the integration puzzle: managing the chronic care needs of the frail elderly in residential care settings. Generations 23, 51–59.Google Scholar
Henkens, K, Remery, C and Schippers, J (2008) Shortages in an ageing labour market: an analysis of employers’ behaviour. International Journal of Human Resource Management 19, 1314–1329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hong Kong Housing Authority (2007) First Public Housing Estate of Universal Design Unveiled. Available at https://www.housingauthority.gov.hk/en/about-us/publications-and-statistics/housing-dimensions/article/20071221/whatsnew1.html.Google Scholar
Hong Kong Housing Authority (2017) Speech by the Director of Housing at the Regular Open Meeting of the Hong Kong Housing Authority. Available at http://www.housingauthority.gov.hk/en/about-us/news-centre/speeches/20170626.html.Google Scholar
Hong Kong Legislative Council (2013) LCQ9: Redevelopment of Aged Public Rental Housing Estates. Hong Kong Housing Authority. Available at http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201307/03/P201307030283.htm.Google Scholar
Hong Kong Legislative Council Secretariat (2012) Report of the Subcommittee on Improving Barrier Free Access and Facilities for Persons with Disabilities. Available at http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr11-12/english/panels/ws/ws_bf/reports/ws_bfcb2-2065-e.pdf.Google Scholar
Housing Department (2007) LCQ8: Alteration of In-flat Facilities for Elderly in PHE. Available at https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200704/25/P200704250119.htm.Google Scholar
Howden-Chapman, P, Matheson, A, Viggers, H, Crane, J, Cunningham, M, Blakely, T, O'Dea, D, Cunningham, C, Woodward, A, Saville-Smith, K, Baker, M and Waipara, N (2007) Retrofitting houses with insulation to reduce health inequalities: results of a clustered, randomised trial in a community setting. British Medical Journal 334, 460–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howden-Chapman, P, Signal, L and Crane, J (1999) Housing and health in older people: ageing in place. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand 1, 14–30.Google Scholar
Hwang, E, Cummings, L, Sixsmith, A and Sixsmith, J (2011) Impacts of home modifications on ageing-in-place. Journal of Housing for the Elderly 25, 246–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Institute for Digital Research and Education (2017) What Does Cronbach's Alpha Mean? Available at https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/spss/faq/what-does-cronbachs-alpha-mean/.Google Scholar
Iwarsson, S, Wahl, HW, Nygren, C, Oswald, F, Sixsmith, A, Sixsmith, J, Szeman, Z and Tomsone, S (2007) Importance of the home environment for healthy ageing: conceptual and methodological background of the European ENABLE-AGE Project. The Gerontologist 47, 78–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Judd, B, Olsberg, D, Quinn, J, Groenhart, L and Demirbilek, O (2010) Dwelling, Land and Neighbourhood Use by Older Home Owners. Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute. Available at https://www.ahuri.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/2168/AHURI_Final_Rport_No144_Dwelling,-land-and-neighbourhood-use-by-older-homeowners.pdf.Google Scholar
Keeling, S (1999) Ageing in (a New Zealand) place: ethnography, policy and practice. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand 13, 1–18.Google Scholar
Kilanowski, JF (2017) Breadth of the socio-ecological model. Journal of Agromedicine 22, 295–297.Google Scholar
Koukkari, H and Sarvakanta, L (2005) Ageing challenges in the construction sector. International Journal of Strategic Property Management 9, 91–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labour and Welfare Bureau (2017) Legislative Council Panel on Welfare Services: Care Support Services Provided for Elderly Persons Discharged from Public Hospitals After Treatment. Social Welfare Department. Available at http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr16-17/english/panels/ws/papers/ws20170213cb2-743-3-e.pdf.Google Scholar
Laviolette, P (2011) Everybody Goes: Designing Age-friendly Public Toilet Solutions. Available at http://www.materialworldblog.com/2011/05/everybody-goes-designing-age-friendly-public-toilet-solutions/.Google Scholar
Lawler, K (2001) Ageing in Place: Coordinating Housing and Healthcare Provision for Americas Growing Elderly Population. Neighbour Works. Available at http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/jchs.harvard.edu/files/lawler_w01-13.pdf.Google Scholar
Lawton, MP (1986) Environment and Ageing. New York, NY: Center for the Study of Ageing.Google Scholar
Lawton, MP and Simon, B (1968) The ecology of social relationships in housing for the elderly. The Gerontologist 8, 108–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawton, MP, Weisman, GD, Sloane, P and Calkins, M (1997) Assessing environments for older people with chronic illness. Journal of Mental Health and Ageing 3, 83–100.Google Scholar
Lecovich, E (2014) Ageing in place: from theory to practice. Anthropological Notebooks 20, 21–33.Google Scholar
Legislative Council Research Office (2015) Challenges of Population Ageing. Available at http://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1516rb01-challenges-of-population-ageing-20151215-e.pdf.Google Scholar
Leung, CY (2014) An Evaluation of the Quality of Public Rental Housing Provided to the Elderly in Hong Kong. HKU Thesis Online. Available at http://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/208517.Google Scholar
Li, Z and Li, H (2014) Analysis of the impact of population ageing on the household consumption. International Journal of Business and Social Science 5, 102–107.Google Scholar
Lou, WQV, Chui, EWT, Leung, AYM, Tang, LK, Chi, I, Leung Wong, EKS and Kwan, CW (2011) A study investigating factors that affect long term care use in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Medical Journal 17, S8–S12.Google Scholar
Maas, J, Verheij, RA, Groenewegen, PP, De Vries, S and Spreeuwenberg, P (2006) Green space, urbanity, and health: how strong is the relation?. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 60, 587–592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mafauzy, M (2000) The problems and challenges of the ageing population of Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, 1–3.Google ScholarPubMed
Magin, JL (2018) Hawaii public housing agency plans 800 senior rentals in $370M redevelopment. Pacific Business News. Available at https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2018/01/09/hawaii-public-housing-agency-plans-800-senior.html.Google Scholar
Man, WL (2017) Twenty-two aged estates are awaited. Only redevelopment in Wah Fu estate has been carried out. Oriental Daily News. Available at http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20170626/mobile/odn-20170626-0626_00174_001.html.Google Scholar
Marek, KD and Rantz, MJ (2000) Ageing in place: a new model for long-term care. Nursing Administration Quarterly 24, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGill, N (2013) As senior population grows, ageing in place gains popularity: communities conducting outreach. The Nation's Health 43, 1–16.Google Scholar
Means, R (2007) Safe as houses? Ageing in place and vulnerable older people in the UK. Social Policy & Administration 41, 65–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michael, YL, Green, MK and Farquhar, SA (2006) Neighborhood design and active ageing. Health & Place 12, 734–740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mollica, RL, Kassner, E, Walker, L and Houser, A (2009) Taking the Long View: Investing in Medicaid Home and Community Based Services is Cost-effective. Available at https://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/il/i26_hcbs.pdf.Google Scholar
Ng, N (2017) Are smart homes with sensor technology the answer to Hong Kong's ageing population problem? South China Morning Post. Available at http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/2104644/are-smart-homes-sensor-technology-answer-hong.Google Scholar
Novak, S (2018) Project kicks off to remake RBJ centre for seniors. My Statesman. Available at https://www.mystatesman.com/business/project-kicks-off-remake-rbj-center-for-seniors/gO0EsSuPKOGHK23cnibwHJ/.Google Scholar
Oswald, F, Jopp, D, Rott, C and Wahl, HW (2011) Is ageing in place a resource for or risk to life satisfaction?. The Gerontologist 51, 238–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perez, FR, Fernandez, GFM, Rivera, EP and Abuin, JMR (2001) Ageing in place: predictors of the residential satisfaction of elderly. Social Indicators Research 54, 173–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Planning Department (2016) An Inclusive and Supportive City for All Ages. Available at http://www.hk2030plus.hk/document/An%20Inclusive%20and%20Supportive%20City%20for%20All%20Ages_Eng.pdf.Google Scholar
Prieto-Flores, ME, Forjaz, MJ, Fernandez-Mayoralas, G, Rojo-Perez, F and Martinez-Martin, P (2011) Factors associated with loneliness of noninstitutionalized and institutionalized older adults. Journal of Ageing and Health 23, 177–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reja, U, Manfreda, KL, Hlebec, V and Vehovar, V (2003) Open-ended vs. close-ended questions in web questionnaires. Developments in Applied Statistics 19, 159–177.Google Scholar
Rhoads, MA (2013) Applying the ADA: Designing for the 2010 Americans with Disabilities Act Standards for Accessible Design in Multiple Building Types. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Rioux, L and Werner, C (2011) Residential satisfaction among ageing people living in place. Journal of Environmental Psychology 31, 158–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rotabi, KS (2007) Ecological theory origin from natural to social science or vice versa? A brief conceptual history for social work. Advances in Social Work 8, 113–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowles, GD (1993) Evolving images of place in ageing and ‘ageing in place’. Generations 17, 65–70.Google Scholar
Scharf, T and de Jong, Gierveld J (2008) Loneliness in urban neighbourhoods: an Anglo-Dutch comparison. European Journal of Ageing 5, 103–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scharf, T, Phillipson, C, Smith, A and Kingston, P (2002) Growing Older in Socially Deprived Areas: Social Exclusion in Later Life. London: Help the Aged.Google Scholar
Scharlach, A (2009) Frameworks for fostering ageing-friendly community change. Generations 33, 71–73.Google Scholar
Sixsmith, A (1990) The Meaning and Experience of Home in Later Life. Avebury, UK: Aldershot.Google Scholar
Sixsmith, A and Sixsmith, J (2008) Ageing in place in the United Kingdom. Ageing International 32, 219–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
So, TL (2013) Redevelopment of Aged Public Rental Housing Estates: Policy and Implementation. HKU Scholars Hub. Available at http://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/195114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swick, KJ and Williams, RD (2006) An analysis of Bronfenbrenner's bio-ecological perspective for early childhood educators: implications for working with families experiencing stress. Early Childhood Education Journal 33, 371–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, F and Pickard, JG (2008) Ageing in place or relocation: perceived awareness of community-based long-term care and services. Journal of Housing for the Elderly 22, 404–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tavakol, M and Dennick, R (2011) Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. International Journal of Medical Education 2, 53–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tervo, RC and Palmer, G (2004) Health professional student attitudes towards people with disability. Clinical Rehabilitation 18, 908–915.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The Council of State Governments (2007) Keeping the Ageing Population Healthy. Available at https://www.giaging.org/documents/CDC_Healthy_States_Initiative.pdf.Google Scholar
The Polk County Housing Trust Fund (2012) Senior Housing: Ageing in Place: A Study of a Senior Housing Policy. Available at https://www.pchtf.org/upl/downloads/landing-page/pchtf-housing-policy-research-document1.pdf.Google Scholar
Tinker, A (1997) Housing for elderly people. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 7, 171–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Transport and Housing Bureau (2010) Redevelopment of Public Housing Estates (Press release). Available at http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201011/17/P201011170151.htm.Google Scholar
Transport and Housing Bureau (2016) LCQ 13: Housing for Elderly. Available at http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201604/13/P201604130432.htm.Google Scholar
Trochim, W (2006 a) Descriptive Statistics (Research Methods Knowledge Base). Available at https://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/statdesc.php.Google Scholar
Trochim, WM (2006 b) Qualitative measures. Research Measures Knowledge Base 361, 2–16.Google Scholar
Tsang, E (2016) Hong Kong urged to think of ways to fund long-term elderly care. South China Morning Post. Available at http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/2054276/hong-kong-urged-think-ways-fund-long-term-elderly.Google Scholar
United Nations (2015) World Population Ageing. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Available at http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WPA2015_Report.pdf.Google Scholar
Wight, RG, Cummings, JR, Karlamangla, AS and Aneshensel, CS (2009) Urban context and change in depressive symptoms in later life. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 64B, 247–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiles, JL, Leibing, A, Guberman, N, Reeve, J and Allen, RE (2012) The meaning of ‘ageing in place’ to older people. The Gerontologist 52, 357–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, F, Hui, E, Chung, KW, Li, T and Lui, E (2012) Housing for the Elderly in Hong Kong – Affordability and Preferences. Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Available at https://www.hkis.org.hk/ufiles/Elderly-FinalReport.pdf.Google Scholar
Wong, KL (2012) Ageing in Place for the Hong Kong Housing Society Public Rental Housing Elderly. HKU Scholars Hub. Available at http://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/174591.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2007) Global Age-friendly Cities Project. Available at www.who.int./ageing/age_friendly_cities_network.Google Scholar
Wu, Z and Hart, R (2002) Social and health factors associated with support among elderly immigrants in Canada. Research on Ageing 24, 391–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar