Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T06:15:25.020Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sin, Slave Status, and the “City”: Zanzibar, 1865–c. 1930

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 August 2017

Michelle Greenfield-Liebst
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

The Universities’ Mission to Central Africa (UMCA) missionaries equated urbanity with moral contagion, to which those with slave status were especially vulnerable. To the former slaves who came into contact with the mission, the growing commercial center of Zanzibar, and the coastal cultures it was associated with, were not only enticing, but also crucial to social and economic mobility. The mission’s ex-slaves rarely enjoyed a special advantage though their connection to missionaries. Even for the missionaries’ most treasured dependents, the advantages were ambiguous. However, the mission did facilitate the making of strong cohorts and ease the transition to town living.

Résumé:

L’organisation Mission des Universités en Afrique Centrale (MUAC) a assimilé l’urbanité à la corruption morale, condition à laquelle les personnes ayant un statut d’esclave étaient particulièrement vulnérables. Pour les anciens esclaves, cependant, le centre commercial grandissant de Zanzibar et des cultures côtières auxquelles ils étaient associés était non seulement séduisant, mais également essentiels à la mobilité sociale et économique. Les anciens esclaves vivant dans les missions ne jouissant pas cependant d’un avantage particulier de par leur lien avec les missionnaires. Même pour les dépendants les plus importants des missionnaires, les avantages étaient ambigus. Toutefois, la mission a facilité la création de groupes solides et facilité la transition vers la vie en ville.

Keywords

Urban historyex-slavesChristian missionsslaverysocial historyZanzibar
Type
ARTICLES
Information
African Studies Review , Volume 60 , Issue 2 , September 2017 , pp. 139 - 160
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Anonymous. Born 1932. Magila, October 15, 2014.Google Scholar
Kaleza, Durham. Born 1930. Kwa Alinato, September 10, 2014.Google Scholar
Mhina, John. Born 1946. Magila, October 15, 2014.Google Scholar
Mwakanjuki, Teresa. Born 1945. September 16, 2014.Google Scholar
Ramadhani, Bishop John. Born 1932. Mkunazini, September 8, 2014.Google Scholar
Selemani, John. Born 1932. Kwa Alinato, September 14, 2014.Google Scholar
Sudi, Margaret Victoria Juma. Born 1914. Ng’ambo, September 12, 2014.Google Scholar
Sudi, Peter. Born 1934. Mbweni, September 9, 2014.Google Scholar
Tayari, Sylvester. Born 1939. Ng’ambo, September 16, 2014.Google Scholar
Wakati, Francis. Born 1946. Mkunazini, September 12, 2014.Google Scholar
Abdallah, Yohanna B. 1894. Letter to Isobel Hall. January. Kiungani, Zanzibar. Universities’ Mission to Central Africa Archives, Bodleian, Oxford [hereafter, UMArch], A5, f. 19.Google Scholar
Allen, May. 1877. Letter to R. M. Heanley. July. Mkunazini, Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (4) A, f. 171.Google Scholar
Allen, May. 1884. Letter to Miss Randolph. August 11. Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (4) A, f. 680.Google Scholar
Capel, Rev. W. F. 1877. Letter to Edward Steere. January. Mbweni, Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (4) A, f. 60.Google Scholar
Committee on the East African Slave Trade. 1870. “Report Addressed to the Earl of Clarendon by the Committee on the East African Slave Trade.” UMArch, TC E30.Google Scholar
Dale, Godfrey. 1877. Letter to Rev. Cecil Deecles. February 20. Magila, Tanga. UMArch, A1 (6) A, f. 413.Google Scholar
Dale, Godfrey. 1894. Mkuzi to Duncan Travers. UMArch, A1(8), ff. 445–6.Google Scholar
Dale, Godfrey. 1895. Kiungani, Zanzibar to Duncan Travers. August. UMArch, A1(8), f. 481.Google Scholar
Farler, John P. Magila, Tanga, to Bishop Edward Steere, 1877. UMArch, A1 (6) A, f. 407.Google Scholar
Farler, John P. 1884. Letter to Penney. September 12. Zanzibar. UMArch, TC C1.Google Scholar
Farler, John P. 1885. Letter to Rev. W. H. Penney. August 31. Kiungani, Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (6) A, f. 572.Google Scholar
Farler, John P. 1895. Letter to Duncan Travers. July 4. Mkunazini, Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (6) A, f. 614.Google Scholar
Farler, John P. 1896. Letter to Duncan Travers. October 23. Mkunazini, Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (6) A, f. 638.Google Scholar
Hodgson, F. R. 1871. Letter to R. M. Heanley. “A Journey from Zanzibar to Magila.” UMArch, May 16. A1 (4) A, f. 7.Google Scholar
Hodgson, F. R. 1880. Mbweni, Zanzibar (private) to Rev. W. H. Penney. December. UMArch, A1 (4) A, f. 330.Google Scholar
Kirk, Sir John. 1871. “Report on an Experiment to Look after Freed Slaves.” UMArch, TC E30, f. 95.Google Scholar
Mackay, Malcolm. With Samuel Sehoza, and C. S. P. 1925. “Recollections of Frank Weston,” UMArch, A1 (17) A, f. 455.Google Scholar
Majaliwa, Cecil. 1895. Chitangali. August. UMArch, A5, f. 25.Google Scholar
Pennell, . n.d. “A Visit to Kiungani: A Universities’ Mission College for Released Slave Boys.” UMArch, A1 (3) C, f. 972.Google Scholar
Smith, Herbert Maynard. 1925. “Memories of Bishop Weston” Zanzibar, UMArch, A1 (17) A, f. 456.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 1865. Letter to Ann Steere. April. Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (3) A, f. 16.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 1872a. Letter to John Wogan Festing. August 7. Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (3) A, f. 81.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 1872b. Letter to John Wogan Festing. December 15. Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (3) A, f. 74.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 1875. “Bishop Steere’s Mission at Zanzibar and to Central Africa.” UMArch, A1 (3) A, f. 4.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 1878. Letter to G. A. Robins. July 27. Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (3) B, f. 476.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 1880. Letter to Admiral. Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (3) A, f. 417.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 1881a. Letter to Rev. W. H. Penney. “Present Work of UMCA, 1881.” UMArch, A1 (3) C, f. 810.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 1881b. August 22. Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (3) A, f. 422.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 1881c. Letter to Rev. W. H. Penney. August 23. Zanzibar UMArch, A1 (3) A, f. 338.Google Scholar
Weston, Frank. 1899. Letter to Herbert Maynard Smith. December 9. St Mark’s Theological College, Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (17) A, f. 53.Google Scholar
Weston, Frank. 1901. Letter to Herbert Maynard Smith. Kiungani, Zanzibar. January 20. UMArch, A1 (17) A, 90.Google Scholar
Weston, Frank. 1903. Letter to Herbert Maynard Smith. December 25. Kiungani, Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (17) A, f. 165.Google Scholar
Weston, Frank. 1909. Letter to Herbert Maynard Smith. November 12. Kiungani, Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (17) A, f. 131.Google Scholar
Woodward, Herbert W. W. 1891. Letter to Child. November 3. Kiungani, Zanzibar. UMArch, A1(8), f. 345.Google Scholar
Abrahams, R. G. 1981. The Nyamwezi Today: A Tanzanian People in the 1970s. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
African Tidings . 1888. “Native Lads Preparing for Ordination.” January.Google Scholar
African Tidings . 1893a. “Mbweni Incidents.” January.Google Scholar
African Tidings . 1893b. “Told by Himself. The Story of a Slave Boy.” January.Google Scholar
African Tidings . 1895. “A Letter From the Zanzibar Hospital.” June.Google Scholar
African Tidings . 1913. “The Story of Mary Martha.” November.Google Scholar
Allen, J. W. T. 1900. “Mohammedan and Christian.” Central Africa, September.Google Scholar
Allen, May. 1886. “Women’s Work in Zanzibar.” Central Africa, July.Google Scholar
Anderson-Morshead, A. E. M. 1897. The History of the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa, 1859–1896. London: Universities Mission to Central Africa.Google Scholar
Anderson-Morshead, A. E. M. 1909. The History of the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa, 1859–1909. London: Universities’ Mission to Central Africa.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1904. “The Lighter Side.” Central Africa, January.Google Scholar
Becker, Felicitas. 2001. “A Social History of Southeast Tanzania, ca. 1890–1950.” Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Becker, Felicitas. 2015. “Transformations of Inequality in a Former Slave Plantation Settlement: Mingoyo, Tanzania.”Google Scholar
Berg, Lawrence D., and Vuolteenaho, Jani. 2009. Critical Toponymies: The Contested Politics of Place Naming. Farnham, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing.Google Scholar
Bissell, William Cunningham. 2011. Urban Design, Chaos, and Colonial Power in Zanzibar. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Brenner, Louis. 2001. Controlling Knowledge: Religion, Power, and Schooling in a West African Muslim Society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Cameron, M. A. 1896. “Round about the Cathedral.” African Tidings, April.Google Scholar
Central Africa . 1883. “Child Life in the Mission.” March.Google Scholar
Central Africa . 1899. “Our Thirty-Eighth Anniversary.” July.Google Scholar
Christie, James. 1876. Cholera Epidemics in East Africa, from 1821 till 1872. Charleston, S.C.: Nabu Press.Google Scholar
Colomb, Captain Philip Howard. 1873. Slave-Catching in the Indian Ocean: A Record of Naval Experiences. London: Longmans Green.Google Scholar
Conger . 2011. “Church Land Dispute Leads to Riot in Zanzibar.” January 7. https://geoconger.wordpress.com.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 1977. Plantation Slavery on the East Coast of Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Deerr, J. 1892. “Schoolboys in Zanzibar.” African Tidings, December.Google Scholar
Diocese of Zanzibar. 1923. “Annual Report: A Review of the Work of the Mission in 1922. Central Africa, May.Google Scholar
Eastman, Carol. 1994. “Service, ‘Slavery’ (utumwa) and Swahili Social Reality.” Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 37: 87–107.Google Scholar
Fair, Laura. 2001. Pastimes and Politics: Culture, Community, and Identity in Post-Abolition Urban Zanzibar, 1890–1945. Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Farler, John P. 1887. “The Power of the Gospel.” Central Africa, September.Google Scholar
Fazal, Abdulrazak Sheriff. n.d. My Zanzibar Recollections. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar
Foxley, Alice. 1902a. “Azubah.” Stories of Africa.Google Scholar
Foxley, Alice. 1902b. “Panya.” Stories of Africa.Google Scholar
Foxley, Alice. 1904. “Mbweni Girls in Pemba.” African Tidings, March.Google Scholar
Fraser, Captain H. A., Tozer, William, and Christie, James. 1871. The East African Slave Trade, and the Measures Proposed for Its Extinction as Viewed by Residents in Zanzibar. Edited by Steere, Edward. London: Harrison.Google Scholar
Frewer, C. C. 1905. “Industrial Work in Zanzibar and Pemba.” Central Africa, April.Google Scholar
Frewer, C. C. 1907. “The Native of Zanzibar and Pemba.” Central Africa, February.Google Scholar
Frewer, C. C. 1908. “Mbweni Village Life as It Is.” Central Africa, May.Google Scholar
Geldart, Mr. 1885. “Boys at Umba.” African Tidings, October.Google Scholar
Glassman, Jonathon. 1995. Feasts and Riot: Revelry, Rebellion, and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili Coast, 1856–1888. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Green, Maia. 2014. The Development State: Aid, Culture and Civil Society in Tanzania. Rochester, N.Y.: James Currey Google Scholar
Guillain, Charles, and Bayot, A.. 1856. Voyage à la còte orientale d’Afrique: exécuté pendant les années 1846, 1847 et 1848 par le brick le ducouëdic, sous le commandement de M. Guillain. Paris: A. Bertrand.Google Scholar
Heanley, R. M. 1898. A Memoir of Edward Steere: Third Missionary Bishop in Central Africa. 3rd edition. London: Office of the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa.Google Scholar
Iliffe, John. 2005. Honour in African History. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ingrams, William Harold. 2007 [1931]. Zanzibar: Its History and Its People. London: Stacey International.Google Scholar
J. W. T. 1900. “Mohammedan and Christian.” Central Africa, September.Google Scholar
Jones-Bateman, Percy L. 1890. “What Becomes of Your Mission Boys When They Leave You?” Central Africa.Google Scholar
Juma, Philemon. 1887. “Letters from Africa (translation).” African Tidings.Google Scholar
Key, Emily. 1898. “From Pemba to Zanzibar.” Central Africa, September.Google Scholar
Key, Emily. 1899. “Pemba.” Central Africa, April.Google Scholar
Kollman, Paul V. 2005. The Evangelization of Slaves and Catholic Origins in Eastern Africa. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books.Google Scholar
Lanchester, Henry Vaughan. 1923. Zanzibar: A Study in Tropical Town Planning. Cheltenham, U.K.: J. Burrow.Google Scholar
Liebst, Michelle. 2014. “African Workers and the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa in Zanzibar, 1864–1900.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 8 (3): 366–81.Google Scholar
Lister, Mr. 1894. “Industrial Work at Mkunazini.” Central Africa, January.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul E. 2011. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Madan, A. C., ed. 1887. Kiungani, Or, Story and History from Central Africa. London: G. Bell and Sons.Google Scholar
Mangenya, Erasto A. M. 1984. Discipline and Tears: Reminiscences of an African Civil Servant on Colonial Tanganyika. Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press.Google Scholar
Maples, Chauncy. 1899. Journals and Papers of Chauncy Maples: Late Bishop of Likoma, Lake Nyasa, Africa. Edited by Maples, Ellen. London: Longmans, Green.Google Scholar
Maxwell, David. 2013. “Freed Slaves, Missionaries, and Respectability: The Expansion of the Christian Frontier from Angola to Belgian Congo.” Journal of African History 54 (1): 79–102.Google Scholar
McMahon, Elisabeth. 2013. Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Miers, Suzanne, and Kopytoff, Igor, eds. 1977. Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Nimtz, August H. 1980. Islam and Politics in East Africa: The Sufi Order in Tanzania. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Nwulia, Moses D. E. 1975. Britain and Slavery in East Africa. Washington, D.C.: Three Continents Press.Google Scholar
Oliver, Roland. 1965. Missionary Factor in East Africa. 2nd edition. London: Longmans, Green.Google Scholar
Peterson, Derek R. 2012. Ethnic Patriotism and the East African Revival: A History of Dissent, c.1935–1972. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Robinson, Morgan. 2013. “Cutting Pice and Running Away: Discipline, Education and Choice at the UMCA Boys’ Industrial House, Zanzibar, 1901–1905.” Southern African Review of Education with Education with Production 19 (2): 9–24.Google Scholar
Rossi, Benedetta, ed. 2009. Reconfiguring Slavery: West African Trajectories. Liverpool, U.K.: Liverpool University Press.Google Scholar
Rowley, Henry. 1881. Twenty Years in Central Africa: Being the Story of the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa, from Its Commencement under Bishop Mackenzie to the Present Time. London: W. Gardner, Darton.Google Scholar
Sharpe, Ada. 1898. “The Aged and Invalid People of Mbweni.” Central Africa, March.Google Scholar
Sharpe, Ada. 1900. “Sick and Poor at Mbweni.” Central Africa, May.Google Scholar
Smith, Herbert Maynard. 1926. Frank, Bishop of Zanzibar: Life of Frank Weston, 1871–1924. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.Google Scholar
Speke, John Hanning. 1864. Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 2016 (1873). Central African Mission: Its Present State and Prospects. London: Forgotten Books.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 1885. Collections for a Handbook of the Nyamwezi Language: As Spoken at Unyanyembe. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward, and Madan, Arthur Cornwallis, eds. 1894. A Handbook of the Swahili Language, as Spoken at Zanzibar. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.Google Scholar
Stockreiter, Elke E. 2015. Islamic Law, Gender, and Social Change in Post-Abolition Zanzibar. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strayer, Robert W. 1978. Making of Mission Communities in East Africa: Anglicans and Africans in Colonial Kenya, 1875–1935. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Thackeray, C. D. M. 1897. “Work amongst the Mbweni Girls.” Central Africa, June.Google Scholar
Universities Mission to Central Africa (UMCA). 1903. The Universities’ Mission to Central Africa Atlas. London: Universities Mission to Central Africa.Google Scholar
Ward, Gertrude. 1903. “Mission Life in Africa.” Central Africa, April.Google Scholar
Weston, Frank. 1906. “Our Zanzibar Burden.” Central Africa, November.Google Scholar
Willis, Justin. 1993. “The Nature of a Mission Community: The Universities’ Mission to Central Africa in Bonde.” Past & Present 140: 127–54.Google Scholar
Wilson, George Herbert. 1936. The History of the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa. London: Universities’ Mission to Central Africa.Google Scholar
Woodward, Herbert W. 1883. “Our African Postbag.” Central Africa, December.Google Scholar
Anonymous. Born 1932. Magila, October 15, 2014.Google Scholar
Kaleza, Durham. Born 1930. Kwa Alinato, September 10, 2014.Google Scholar
Mhina, John. Born 1946. Magila, October 15, 2014.Google Scholar
Mwakanjuki, Teresa. Born 1945. September 16, 2014.Google Scholar
Ramadhani, Bishop John. Born 1932. Mkunazini, September 8, 2014.Google Scholar
Selemani, John. Born 1932. Kwa Alinato, September 14, 2014.Google Scholar
Sudi, Margaret Victoria Juma. Born 1914. Ng’ambo, September 12, 2014.Google Scholar
Sudi, Peter. Born 1934. Mbweni, September 9, 2014.Google Scholar
Tayari, Sylvester. Born 1939. Ng’ambo, September 16, 2014.Google Scholar
Wakati, Francis. Born 1946. Mkunazini, September 12, 2014.Google Scholar
Abdallah, Yohanna B. 1894. Letter to Isobel Hall. January. Kiungani, Zanzibar. Universities’ Mission to Central Africa Archives, Bodleian, Oxford [hereafter, UMArch], A5, f. 19.Google Scholar
Allen, May. 1877. Letter to R. M. Heanley. July. Mkunazini, Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (4) A, f. 171.Google Scholar
Allen, May. 1884. Letter to Miss Randolph. August 11. Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (4) A, f. 680.Google Scholar
Capel, Rev. W. F. 1877. Letter to Edward Steere. January. Mbweni, Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (4) A, f. 60.Google Scholar
Committee on the East African Slave Trade. 1870. “Report Addressed to the Earl of Clarendon by the Committee on the East African Slave Trade.” UMArch, TC E30.Google Scholar
Dale, Godfrey. 1877. Letter to Rev. Cecil Deecles. February 20. Magila, Tanga. UMArch, A1 (6) A, f. 413.Google Scholar
Dale, Godfrey. 1894. Mkuzi to Duncan Travers. UMArch, A1(8), ff. 445–6.Google Scholar
Dale, Godfrey. 1895. Kiungani, Zanzibar to Duncan Travers. August. UMArch, A1(8), f. 481.Google Scholar
Farler, John P. Magila, Tanga, to Bishop Edward Steere, 1877. UMArch, A1 (6) A, f. 407.Google Scholar
Farler, John P. 1884. Letter to Penney. September 12. Zanzibar. UMArch, TC C1.Google Scholar
Farler, John P. 1885. Letter to Rev. W. H. Penney. August 31. Kiungani, Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (6) A, f. 572.Google Scholar
Farler, John P. 1895. Letter to Duncan Travers. July 4. Mkunazini, Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (6) A, f. 614.Google Scholar
Farler, John P. 1896. Letter to Duncan Travers. October 23. Mkunazini, Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (6) A, f. 638.Google Scholar
Hodgson, F. R. 1871. Letter to R. M. Heanley. “A Journey from Zanzibar to Magila.” UMArch, May 16. A1 (4) A, f. 7.Google Scholar
Hodgson, F. R. 1880. Mbweni, Zanzibar (private) to Rev. W. H. Penney. December. UMArch, A1 (4) A, f. 330.Google Scholar
Kirk, Sir John. 1871. “Report on an Experiment to Look after Freed Slaves.” UMArch, TC E30, f. 95.Google Scholar
Mackay, Malcolm. With Samuel Sehoza, and C. S. P. 1925. “Recollections of Frank Weston,” UMArch, A1 (17) A, f. 455.Google Scholar
Majaliwa, Cecil. 1895. Chitangali. August. UMArch, A5, f. 25.Google Scholar
Pennell, . n.d. “A Visit to Kiungani: A Universities’ Mission College for Released Slave Boys.” UMArch, A1 (3) C, f. 972.Google Scholar
Smith, Herbert Maynard. 1925. “Memories of Bishop Weston” Zanzibar, UMArch, A1 (17) A, f. 456.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 1865. Letter to Ann Steere. April. Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (3) A, f. 16.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 1872a. Letter to John Wogan Festing. August 7. Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (3) A, f. 81.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 1872b. Letter to John Wogan Festing. December 15. Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (3) A, f. 74.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 1875. “Bishop Steere’s Mission at Zanzibar and to Central Africa.” UMArch, A1 (3) A, f. 4.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 1878. Letter to G. A. Robins. July 27. Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (3) B, f. 476.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 1880. Letter to Admiral. Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (3) A, f. 417.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 1881a. Letter to Rev. W. H. Penney. “Present Work of UMCA, 1881.” UMArch, A1 (3) C, f. 810.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 1881b. August 22. Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (3) A, f. 422.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 1881c. Letter to Rev. W. H. Penney. August 23. Zanzibar UMArch, A1 (3) A, f. 338.Google Scholar
Weston, Frank. 1899. Letter to Herbert Maynard Smith. December 9. St Mark’s Theological College, Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (17) A, f. 53.Google Scholar
Weston, Frank. 1901. Letter to Herbert Maynard Smith. Kiungani, Zanzibar. January 20. UMArch, A1 (17) A, 90.Google Scholar
Weston, Frank. 1903. Letter to Herbert Maynard Smith. December 25. Kiungani, Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (17) A, f. 165.Google Scholar
Weston, Frank. 1909. Letter to Herbert Maynard Smith. November 12. Kiungani, Zanzibar. UMArch, A1 (17) A, f. 131.Google Scholar
Woodward, Herbert W. W. 1891. Letter to Child. November 3. Kiungani, Zanzibar. UMArch, A1(8), f. 345.Google Scholar
Abrahams, R. G. 1981. The Nyamwezi Today: A Tanzanian People in the 1970s. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
African Tidings . 1888. “Native Lads Preparing for Ordination.” January.Google Scholar
African Tidings . 1893a. “Mbweni Incidents.” January.Google Scholar
African Tidings . 1893b. “Told by Himself. The Story of a Slave Boy.” January.Google Scholar
African Tidings . 1895. “A Letter From the Zanzibar Hospital.” June.Google Scholar
African Tidings . 1913. “The Story of Mary Martha.” November.Google Scholar
Allen, J. W. T. 1900. “Mohammedan and Christian.” Central Africa, September.Google Scholar
Allen, May. 1886. “Women’s Work in Zanzibar.” Central Africa, July.Google Scholar
Anderson-Morshead, A. E. M. 1897. The History of the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa, 1859–1896. London: Universities Mission to Central Africa.Google Scholar
Anderson-Morshead, A. E. M. 1909. The History of the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa, 1859–1909. London: Universities’ Mission to Central Africa.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1904. “The Lighter Side.” Central Africa, January.Google Scholar
Becker, Felicitas. 2001. “A Social History of Southeast Tanzania, ca. 1890–1950.” Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Becker, Felicitas. 2015. “Transformations of Inequality in a Former Slave Plantation Settlement: Mingoyo, Tanzania.”Google Scholar
Berg, Lawrence D., and Vuolteenaho, Jani. 2009. Critical Toponymies: The Contested Politics of Place Naming. Farnham, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing.Google Scholar
Bissell, William Cunningham. 2011. Urban Design, Chaos, and Colonial Power in Zanzibar. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Brenner, Louis. 2001. Controlling Knowledge: Religion, Power, and Schooling in a West African Muslim Society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Cameron, M. A. 1896. “Round about the Cathedral.” African Tidings, April.Google Scholar
Central Africa . 1883. “Child Life in the Mission.” March.Google Scholar
Central Africa . 1899. “Our Thirty-Eighth Anniversary.” July.Google Scholar
Christie, James. 1876. Cholera Epidemics in East Africa, from 1821 till 1872. Charleston, S.C.: Nabu Press.Google Scholar
Colomb, Captain Philip Howard. 1873. Slave-Catching in the Indian Ocean: A Record of Naval Experiences. London: Longmans Green.Google Scholar
Conger . 2011. “Church Land Dispute Leads to Riot in Zanzibar.” January 7. https://geoconger.wordpress.com.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 1977. Plantation Slavery on the East Coast of Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Deerr, J. 1892. “Schoolboys in Zanzibar.” African Tidings, December.Google Scholar
Diocese of Zanzibar. 1923. “Annual Report: A Review of the Work of the Mission in 1922. Central Africa, May.Google Scholar
Eastman, Carol. 1994. “Service, ‘Slavery’ (utumwa) and Swahili Social Reality.” Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 37: 87–107.Google Scholar
Fair, Laura. 2001. Pastimes and Politics: Culture, Community, and Identity in Post-Abolition Urban Zanzibar, 1890–1945. Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Farler, John P. 1887. “The Power of the Gospel.” Central Africa, September.Google Scholar
Fazal, Abdulrazak Sheriff. n.d. My Zanzibar Recollections. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar
Foxley, Alice. 1902a. “Azubah.” Stories of Africa.Google Scholar
Foxley, Alice. 1902b. “Panya.” Stories of Africa.Google Scholar
Foxley, Alice. 1904. “Mbweni Girls in Pemba.” African Tidings, March.Google Scholar
Fraser, Captain H. A., Tozer, William, and Christie, James. 1871. The East African Slave Trade, and the Measures Proposed for Its Extinction as Viewed by Residents in Zanzibar. Edited by Steere, Edward. London: Harrison.Google Scholar
Frewer, C. C. 1905. “Industrial Work in Zanzibar and Pemba.” Central Africa, April.Google Scholar
Frewer, C. C. 1907. “The Native of Zanzibar and Pemba.” Central Africa, February.Google Scholar
Frewer, C. C. 1908. “Mbweni Village Life as It Is.” Central Africa, May.Google Scholar
Geldart, Mr. 1885. “Boys at Umba.” African Tidings, October.Google Scholar
Glassman, Jonathon. 1995. Feasts and Riot: Revelry, Rebellion, and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili Coast, 1856–1888. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Green, Maia. 2014. The Development State: Aid, Culture and Civil Society in Tanzania. Rochester, N.Y.: James Currey Google Scholar
Guillain, Charles, and Bayot, A.. 1856. Voyage à la còte orientale d’Afrique: exécuté pendant les années 1846, 1847 et 1848 par le brick le ducouëdic, sous le commandement de M. Guillain. Paris: A. Bertrand.Google Scholar
Heanley, R. M. 1898. A Memoir of Edward Steere: Third Missionary Bishop in Central Africa. 3rd edition. London: Office of the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa.Google Scholar
Iliffe, John. 2005. Honour in African History. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ingrams, William Harold. 2007 [1931]. Zanzibar: Its History and Its People. London: Stacey International.Google Scholar
J. W. T. 1900. “Mohammedan and Christian.” Central Africa, September.Google Scholar
Jones-Bateman, Percy L. 1890. “What Becomes of Your Mission Boys When They Leave You?” Central Africa.Google Scholar
Juma, Philemon. 1887. “Letters from Africa (translation).” African Tidings.Google Scholar
Key, Emily. 1898. “From Pemba to Zanzibar.” Central Africa, September.Google Scholar
Key, Emily. 1899. “Pemba.” Central Africa, April.Google Scholar
Kollman, Paul V. 2005. The Evangelization of Slaves and Catholic Origins in Eastern Africa. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books.Google Scholar
Lanchester, Henry Vaughan. 1923. Zanzibar: A Study in Tropical Town Planning. Cheltenham, U.K.: J. Burrow.Google Scholar
Liebst, Michelle. 2014. “African Workers and the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa in Zanzibar, 1864–1900.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 8 (3): 366–81.Google Scholar
Lister, Mr. 1894. “Industrial Work at Mkunazini.” Central Africa, January.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul E. 2011. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Madan, A. C., ed. 1887. Kiungani, Or, Story and History from Central Africa. London: G. Bell and Sons.Google Scholar
Mangenya, Erasto A. M. 1984. Discipline and Tears: Reminiscences of an African Civil Servant on Colonial Tanganyika. Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press.Google Scholar
Maples, Chauncy. 1899. Journals and Papers of Chauncy Maples: Late Bishop of Likoma, Lake Nyasa, Africa. Edited by Maples, Ellen. London: Longmans, Green.Google Scholar
Maxwell, David. 2013. “Freed Slaves, Missionaries, and Respectability: The Expansion of the Christian Frontier from Angola to Belgian Congo.” Journal of African History 54 (1): 79–102.Google Scholar
McMahon, Elisabeth. 2013. Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Miers, Suzanne, and Kopytoff, Igor, eds. 1977. Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Nimtz, August H. 1980. Islam and Politics in East Africa: The Sufi Order in Tanzania. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Nwulia, Moses D. E. 1975. Britain and Slavery in East Africa. Washington, D.C.: Three Continents Press.Google Scholar
Oliver, Roland. 1965. Missionary Factor in East Africa. 2nd edition. London: Longmans, Green.Google Scholar
Peterson, Derek R. 2012. Ethnic Patriotism and the East African Revival: A History of Dissent, c.1935–1972. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Robinson, Morgan. 2013. “Cutting Pice and Running Away: Discipline, Education and Choice at the UMCA Boys’ Industrial House, Zanzibar, 1901–1905.” Southern African Review of Education with Education with Production 19 (2): 9–24.Google Scholar
Rossi, Benedetta, ed. 2009. Reconfiguring Slavery: West African Trajectories. Liverpool, U.K.: Liverpool University Press.Google Scholar
Rowley, Henry. 1881. Twenty Years in Central Africa: Being the Story of the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa, from Its Commencement under Bishop Mackenzie to the Present Time. London: W. Gardner, Darton.Google Scholar
Sharpe, Ada. 1898. “The Aged and Invalid People of Mbweni.” Central Africa, March.Google Scholar
Sharpe, Ada. 1900. “Sick and Poor at Mbweni.” Central Africa, May.Google Scholar
Smith, Herbert Maynard. 1926. Frank, Bishop of Zanzibar: Life of Frank Weston, 1871–1924. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.Google Scholar
Speke, John Hanning. 1864. Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 2016 (1873). Central African Mission: Its Present State and Prospects. London: Forgotten Books.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. 1885. Collections for a Handbook of the Nyamwezi Language: As Spoken at Unyanyembe. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward, and Madan, Arthur Cornwallis, eds. 1894. A Handbook of the Swahili Language, as Spoken at Zanzibar. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.Google Scholar
Stockreiter, Elke E. 2015. Islamic Law, Gender, and Social Change in Post-Abolition Zanzibar. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strayer, Robert W. 1978. Making of Mission Communities in East Africa: Anglicans and Africans in Colonial Kenya, 1875–1935. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Thackeray, C. D. M. 1897. “Work amongst the Mbweni Girls.” Central Africa, June.Google Scholar
Universities Mission to Central Africa (UMCA). 1903. The Universities’ Mission to Central Africa Atlas. London: Universities Mission to Central Africa.Google Scholar
Ward, Gertrude. 1903. “Mission Life in Africa.” Central Africa, April.Google Scholar
Weston, Frank. 1906. “Our Zanzibar Burden.” Central Africa, November.Google Scholar
Willis, Justin. 1993. “The Nature of a Mission Community: The Universities’ Mission to Central Africa in Bonde.” Past & Present 140: 127–54.Google Scholar
Wilson, George Herbert. 1936. The History of the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa. London: Universities’ Mission to Central Africa.Google Scholar
Woodward, Herbert W. 1883. “Our African Postbag.” Central Africa, December.Google Scholar