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Land, Power, And Dependency along the Gambia River, Late Eighteenth to Early Nineteenth Centuries

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2014

Assan Sarr
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Abstract:

The role of power over people and over land is an important issue in West Africa, with important implications for relationships between commoners and elites. Along with conquest, slave raiding, marriage, and procreation, control over land has enhanced the ability of chiefs and other elites to gain control over people, thus increasing their production and reinforcing social hierarchy and centralization of power. This article utilizes oral evidence and European documentary sources to examine the importance of the concept of “wealth-in-people” for understanding the significance of land in African societies. By focusing on the Gambia region, where both paddy and upland rice farming were practiced in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the article contributes empirical observations to support the argument that control over both land and people played a central role in the accumulation of wealth in many African societies.

Résumé:

Le rôle du pouvoir sur les gens et sur la terre est une question importante en Afrique de l’ouest, ayant des implications décisives pour les relations entre les roturiers et les élites. Avec la conquête coloniale, les raids d’esclaves, les traditions du mariage, la procréation, le contrôle des terres a renforcé la capacité des chefs et des autres élites à prendre le contrôle sur les gens, augmentant ainsi leur production et renforcant la hiérarchie sociale existante et la centralisation du pouvoir. Cet article utilise des preuves provenant de la tradition orale et des sources de documentaires européens pour examiner l’importance de la notion de “richesse en peuple” afin de comprendre la signification du rôle joué par le contrôle des terres dans les sociétés africaines. En se concentrant sur la région de la Gambie, où la culture du riz en paddy et en élévation était pratiquée à la fin du 18ième et au début du 19ième siècle, l’article contribue des observations empiriques pour soutenir l’argument selon lequel le contrôle des terres et des gens a joué un rôle central dans l’accumulation de la richesse dans de nombreuses sociétés africaines.

Keywords

Aristocratic ruledependencyland controlMuslim clericswealth-in-people
Type
ARTICLES
Information
African Studies Review , Volume 57 , Issue 3 , December 2014 , pp. 101 - 121
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 2014 

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References

References

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Glazier, Jack. 1985. Land and the Uses of Tradition among the Mbeere of Kenya. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.Google Scholar
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Hawthorne, Walter. 2003. Planting Rice and Harvesting Slaves: Transformations along the Guinea Bissau Coast, 1400–1900. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Hawthorne, Walter. 2010. From Africa to Brazil: Culture, Identity, and an Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1830. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hill, Polly. 1963. Migrant Cocoa-Farmers of Southern Ghana: A Study in Rural Capitalism. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jobson, Richard. 1623. The Golden Trade: Or, A Discovery of the River Gambra, and the Golden Trade of the Aethiopians. Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger.Google Scholar
Kea, Pamela J. 2004. “Maintaining Difference and Managing Change: Female Agrarian Clientelist Relations in a Gambian Community.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 74 (3): 361–82.Google Scholar
Kea, Pamela J. 2010. Land, Labour and Entrustment: West African Female Farmers and the Politics of Difference. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Klein, Martin A. 1968. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
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Klein, Martin A. 1998. Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Klein, Martin, ed. 1980. Peasants in Africa: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Linares, Olga. 1981. “From Tidal Swamp to Inland Valley: On the Social Organization of Wet Rice Cultivation among the Diola of Senegal.” Africa 51: 557–94.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul E. 2000. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery In Africa. 2nd Edition. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
MacGaffey, Wyatt. 2005. “Changing Representations in Central African History.” Journal of African History 46 (2): 193–95.Google Scholar
MacGaffey, Wyatt. 2013. Chiefs, Priests, and Praise-Singers: History, Politics, and Land Ownership in Northern Ghana. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.Google Scholar
Mann, Kristin. 1995. “Owners, Slaves and the Struggle for Labour in the Commercial Transition of Lagos.” In From Slave Trade to “Legitimate” Commerce: The Commercial Transition in Nineteenth-Century West Africa, edited by Law, Robin, 145–71. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Marks, Shula. 1986. The Ambiguities of Dependence in South Africa: Class, Nationalism, and the State in Twentieth-Century Natal. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.Google Scholar
McCaskie, T. C. 1995. State and Society in Pre-colonial Africa. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McCaskie, T. C. 1980. “Office, Land and Subjects in the History of the Manwere Fekuo in Kumase.” Journal of African History 21 (2): 189–208.Google Scholar
Miers, Suzanne, and Kopytoff, Igor. 1977. “Introduction: African “Slavery” as an Institution of Marginality.” In Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives, edited by Miers, Suzanne and Kopytoff, Igor, 3–81. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Joseph C. 1988. Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730–1830. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Moister, William. 1866. Memorials of Missionary Labours in Western Africa, The West Indies and the Cape of Good Hope. London: Paternoster Row.Google Scholar
Mouser, Bruce L. 1975. “Landlords-Strangers: A Process of Accommodation and Assimilation.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies 8 (3): 425–40.Google Scholar
N’Daou, Saidou Mohamed. 2005. Sangalan Oral Traditions: History, Memories, and Social Differentiation. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar
Osborn, Emily Lynn. 2011. Our New Husbands Are Here: Households, Gender, and Politics in a West African State from the Slave Trade to Colonial Rule. Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Park, Mungo. 1858. Travels in the Interior of Africa. Edinburg: Adam and Charles Black.Google Scholar
Pélissier, Paul. 1958. “Les Diola: Etude sur l’habitat des rizicultures de Basse Casamance.” Travaux du Départment de Géographie, Université de Dakar.Google Scholar
Pélissier, Paul. 1966. Les Paysans du Sénégal: Les Civilizations Agraires du Cayor à la Casamance. Saint Yrieix la Perch, France: Imprimerie Fabrègue.Google Scholar
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