Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T11:38:56.682Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

From Economic Crisis to Political Liberalization: Pitfalls of the New Political Sociology for Africa*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2014

Dickson Eyoh
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Postwar development discourse has been governed by two principal preoccupations. First, the will to knowledge, that is, a concern with expanding scientific understanding of the social structures and processes of so-called third world societies and the extrapolation of generalizable rules of the dynamics of their transformation. Second, the will to change, that is, a powerful impulse to engage accumulated knowledge to transform for the better the material conditions of “the wretched of the earth.” Together, these concerns account for the social engineering ethos of development discourse and the penchant for prescriptive, problem-solving theory. As a result, the contending post-war paradigms (modernization and dependency) have functioned as models of analysis and ideologies—normatively ordered proclamations of preferred pathways to social systems that are congruent with western-style modernity (Banuri 1990; Berman 1994, 235-36; Grendzier 1985, 1–21; Ferguson 1990; Manor 1991, 2-3).

Mirroring these attributes of development discourse, the study of political development has been guided by a preoccupation with two projects that are considered emblematic of political modernity: The nurturing of political communities coincident with the territorial boundaries inherited from colonialism (nation-building), and the elaboration of institutions and technologies for the effective governance of evolving political communities (state-building). For both dominant postwar paradigms, ruling elites who inherited colonial states were the primary “enablers” of these projects (Doornbos 1990, 180). Analysis of politics in developing societies has therefore been foremost concerned with explication of how the unfolding of both projects was determined by the political practices of these ruling elites.

Type
Articles
Information
African Studies Review , Volume 39 , Issue 3 , December 1996 , pp. 43 - 80
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Many thanks to my friends Mamadou Diouf and Cheryl Hendricks for their discerning criticisms and advice. The comments of three anonymous readers, Rhoda Howard, Crawford Young and my colleague Richard Sandbrook were also helpful.

References

Abernathy, D. 1988. “Bureaucratic Growth and Economic Stagnation in Sub-Saharan,” in Commins, S. and Lofchie, M. (eds.) Africa's Development Challenges and the World Bank: Hard Questions, Costly Choices. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Africa. 1993. 63/3. Special supplement on Elections.Google Scholar
Alavi, H. 1972. “The State in Postcolonial Societies: The Case of Pakistan and Bangladesh,” New Left Review 74:59–71.Google Scholar
Almond, G. 1987. “The Development of Political Development,” in Huntington, S. and Weiner, M. (eds.) Understanding Political Development. Boston: Little Brown and Co.Google Scholar
Amsden, A. 1989. Asia's New Giant: South Korean and late Industrializaton. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Appiah, K. 1992. In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Apter, A. 1992. Black Critics and Kings: The Hermeneutics of Power in a Yoruba Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Apter, D. and Rotberg, C., 1994. “Changing African Perspectives,” in Apter, D. and Rotberg, C. (eds.) Political Development and the New Realism in Sub-SaharanAfrica. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.Google Scholar
Azarya, V. 1988. “Reordering State-Society Relations: Incorporation and Disengagement,” in Rothchild, D. and Chazan, N. (eds.) Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Banuri, T. 1990. “Development and the Politics of Knowledge: A Critical Interpretation of the Social Role of Modernization Theories in the Development of the Third World,” in Maglin, F. and Maglin, S. (eds.) Domineering Knowledge. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Bates, R. 1994. “The Impulse to Reform in Africa,” in Widner, J. (ed.) Economic Change and Political Liberalization in Africa. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 13–28.Google Scholar
Bates, R. 1981. States and Markets in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policy. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bayart, J-F. 1993. The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Bayart, J-F. 1991. “Finishing with the Idea of the Third World: The Concept of a Political Trajectory,” in Manor, J. (ed.) Rethinking Third World Politics. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Bayart, J-F. 1986. “Civil Society in Africa,” in Chabal, P. (ed.) Political Domination in Africa: Reflections on the Limits of Power. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bayart, J-F, Mbembe, A., and Toulabor, C.. 1992. Le Politique Par Les Bas en Afrique Noire: Contribution a une Problematique de la democratie. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Beckman, B. 1993. “The Liberation of Civil Society: Neo-Liberal Ideology and Political Theory,” Review of African Political Economy 54:20–33.Google Scholar
Beckman, B. 1992. “Empowerment or Repression: The World Bank and the Politics of African Adjustment,” in Gibbon, P., Bangura, Y., and Ofstad, A. (eds.) Authoritarianism, Democracy and Adjustment: The Politics of Economic Reform in Africa. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.Google Scholar
Beckman, B. 1988. “The Post-Colonial State: Crisis and Reconstruction,” IDS Bulletin 19/4:26–34.Google Scholar
Berman, B. 1994. “African Capitalism and the Paradigm of Modernity: Culture, Technology and the State,” in Berman, B. and Leys, C. (eds.) African Capitalists in African Development. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Berman, B. 1991. “Nationalism, Ethnicity and Modernity: The Paradox of the Mau Mau,” Canadian journal of African Studies 25/2: 181–206.Google Scholar
Bienefeld, Manfred. 1994. “The New World Order: Echoes of a New Imperialism,” Third World Quarterly 15/1: 31–48.Google Scholar
Bienefeld, Manfred. 1988a. “Dependency and the Political Economy of the African Crisis,” Review of African Political Economy 43: 68–87.Google Scholar
Bienefeld, Manfred. 1988b. “The Significance of the New Industrializing Countries for the Development Debate,” Studies in Political Economy 25/2:7–39.Google Scholar
Bienen, H. 1993. “Leaders, Violence, and the Absence of Political Change in Africa,” Political Science Quarterly 108/ 2,271–82.Google Scholar
Bienen, H, and Gersowitz, M.. 1985. “Economic Stabilization, Conditionality and Political Stability,” International Organization 39/4:729–54.Google Scholar
Biersteker, T. 1992.“The ‘Triumph’ of Neo-Classical Economics in the Developing World,” in Rosenau, J. et al (eds.) Governance Without Government. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boone, C. 1994. “States and Ruling Classes in Africa: The Enduring Contradictions of Power,” in Migdal, J., Kohli, A., and Shue, V. (eds.) State Power and Social Forces. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bratton, M. 1994a. “Civil Society and Political Transitions,” in Harbeson, J., Rothchild, D., and Chazan, N. (eds.) Civil Society and the State in Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Bratton, M. 1994b. “Economic Crisis and Political Realignment in Zambia,” in Widner, J. (ed.) Economic Change and Political Liberalization in Africa. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Bratton, M. 1994c. “Micro-Democracy? The Merger of Farmer Unions in Zimbabwe, African Studies Review 37/1:9–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bratton, M. 1989. “Beyond the State: Civil Society and Associational Life in Africa, World Politics 49/3:407–23Google Scholar
Bratton, M, and van de Walle, N. 1994. “Neopatrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa,” World Politics 46/4:453–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brett, E. 1986. “State Power and Economic Efficiency: Explaining Political Failure in Africa,” IDS Bulletin 17/1:22–9.Google Scholar
Callaghy, T. 1994. “Civil Society, Democracy and Economic Change in Africa: A Dissenting Opinion About Resurgent Societies,” in Harbeson, J., Rothchild, D., and Chazan, N. (eds.) Civil Society and the State in Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Callaghy, T. 1993. “Political Passions and Economic Interests,” in Callaghy, T. and Ravenhill, J. (eds.) Hemmed In: Responses to Africa's Economic Decline. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Callaghy, T. 1991. “Africa and the World Economy: Caught Between a Rock and a Hard Pace,” in Harbeson, J., and Rothchild, D. (eds.) Africa in the World Economy. Boulder: Westview.Google Scholar
Callaghy, T. 1990. “Lost Between State and Market: The Politics of Economic Adjustment in Ghana, Zambia and Nigeria,” in Economic Crisis and Policy Choice: The Politics of Economic Adjustment in the Third World, Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Callaghy, T. 1989. “Toward State Capability and Embedded Liberalism in the Third World: Lessons for Economic Adjustment,” in Nelson, J. (ed.) Fragile Coalitions: The Politics of Economic Adjustment. Brunswick, NJ.: Transaction Books.Google Scholar
Callaghy, T. 1988. “The State and the Development of Capitalism in Africa: Theoretical, Historical and Comparative Reflections,” in Chazan, N. and Rothchild, D. (eds.) Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Callaghy, T. 1987. “The State as a Lame Leviathan: The Patrimonial Administrative State in Africa,” in Ergas, Z. (ed.) The African State in Transition. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Callaghy, T, and Ravenhill, J.. (eds.) 1993. Hemmed In: Responses to Africa's Economic Decline. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Chabal, P. 1992. Power in Africa: An Essay in Interpretation. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Chabal, P. (ed.) 1986. Political Domination in Africa: Reflections on the Limits of Power. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chatterjee, P. 1990. “A Response to Taylor's ‘Modes of Civil Society’,” Public Culture 3/1:119–32.Google Scholar
Chazan, N. 1994. “Associational Life in Sub-Saharan Africa.” in Migdal, J.,, Kohli, A., and Shue, V. (eds.) State Power and Social Forces. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chazan, N. 1992a. “Africa's Democratic Challenge,” World Policy Journal 19/2:279–397.Google Scholar
Chazan, N. 1992b. “Liberalization, Governance and Political Space in Ghana,” in Hyden, G. and Bratton, M. (eds.) Governance and Politics in Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Chazan, N. 1988. “Patterns of State Incorporation and Disengagement,” in Rothchild, D. and Chazan, N. (eds.) Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa. Boulder: Westview.Google Scholar
Chazan, N. 1983. An Anatomy of Ghanaian Politics: Managing Political Recession. Boulder: Westview.Google Scholar
Chazan, N. 1982. “The New Politics of Participation in Africa,” Comparative Politics 14/2:169–89.Google Scholar
Chazan, N, and Azarya, Victor. 1988. “Disengagement from the State in Africa: Reflections from the Experiences of Ghana and Guinea,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 29/1:107–131.Google Scholar
Chazan, N, and Rothchild, D.. 1993. “The Political Repercussions of Economic Malaise,” in Callaghy, T. and Ravenhill, J. (eds.) Hemmed In: Responses to Africa's Economic Decline. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Cliffe, L. 1987. “The Debate on African Peasantries,” Development and Change 18/4:625–35.Google Scholar
Colclough, C. (ed.) 1993. States versus Markets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Comaroff, J. and Comaroff, J.. (eds.) 1993. Modernity and its Malcontents: Ritual and Power in Postcolonial Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Crowder, M. 1987. “Whose Dream was it Anyway?,” African Affairs 86/342: 7–24.Google Scholar
Davidson, B. 1992. The Blackman's Burden: Africa and the Curse of the Nation-State. New York: Times Books.Google Scholar
Decalo, S. 1990. “The Process, Prospects and Constraints of Democratisation in Africa,” African Affairs 91/362:7–35.Google Scholar
Denis-Martin, C. 1992. “Out of Africa! Should We Be Done With Africanism?,” in Mudimbe, V. Y. (ed.) The Surreptitious Speech: Presence Africaine and the Politics of Othernes 1947-87. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dennis, C. 1992. “The Christian Churches and Women's Experience of Adjustment Policies in Nigeria,” in Ashfar, H. and Dennis, C. (eds.) Women and Adjustment Policies in the Third World. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. 1992a. “Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered,” American Behavioral Scientist 35/450–99.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. 1992b. “Promoting Democracy,” Foreign Affairs 87/1:25–56.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. 1992c. “Second Liberation,” Africa Report 37/November/December: 38–41.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. 1998. “Introduction,” in Diamond, L., Lipset, S., and Linz, J. (eds.) Democracy in Developing Countries: Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. 1987. “Class Formation in the Swollen African State,” Journal of Modern African Studies 25/4:567–97.Google Scholar
Diamond, L, and Plattner, M.. (eds.) 1993. The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Diouf, M. and Mamdani, M.. (eds.) 1994. Academic Freedom in Africa. Dakar: Codesria Book Series.Google Scholar
Doornbos, M. 1990. “The African State in Academic Debate: Retrospect and Prospect,” Journal of Modern African Studies 28/2:179–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dutkiewicz, P. and Williams, G.. 1987. “All the King's Men and All the King's Horses Couldn't Put Humpty Dumpty Back Together Again,” IDS Bulletin 18/ 3:39–44.Google Scholar
Eyoh, D. 1995. “From the Belly to the Ballot: Ethnicity and Politics in Africa,” Queen's Quarterly 102/1:39–51.Google Scholar
Fatton, R. 1995. “Africa in the Age of Democratization: The Civic Limitations of Civil Society,” African Studies Review 38/2:67–101.Google Scholar
Fatton, R. 1992. Predatory Rule: State and Civil Society in Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Fatton, R. 1990. “Liberal Democracy in Africa,” Political Science Quarterly 105/3:455–73.Google Scholar
Ferguson, J. 1990. The Anti-Politics Machine: ‘Development’, De-Politicization and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ferudi, F. 1994. The Ideology of the New Imperialism. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Forrest, T. 1992. “The Advance of African Capital: The Growth of Nigerian Private Enterprises,” in Stewart, F., Lall, S., and Wangwe, S. (eds.) Alternative Development Strategies in SubSaharan Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, F. 1989. “The End of History,” The National Interest 16/Summer:3–18.Google Scholar
Gaile, D-J. and Goodrich, J., (eds.) 1990. Privatization and Deregulation in Global Perspective. Westport, CT.: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Gershenkron, A. 1963. “Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective,” in Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Geschiere, P. 1988.“Sorcery and the State: Popular Modes of Political Action Among the Maka of Southeast Cameroon,” Critique of Anthropology 8/1:35–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geschiere, P, with Fissy, C.. 1994. “Domesticating Violence: Witchcraft, Courts and Confessions,” Africa 64/3:323–42.Google Scholar
Gibbon, P., Bangura, Y., and Ofstad, A.. (eds.) 1992. Authoritarianism, Democracy and Adjustment: The Politics of Economic Reform in Africa. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.Google Scholar
Grendzier, I. 1985. Managing Political Change: Social Scientists and the Third World. Boulder: Westview.Google Scholar
Harbeson, J. 1994. “Civil Society and Political Renaissance,” in Harbeson, J., Rothchild, D., and Chazan, N. (eds.) Civil Society and the State in Africa. Boulder: Lynne Reinner.Google Scholar
Harbeson, J, Rothchild, D., and Chazan, N.. (eds.) 1994. Civil Society and the State in Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Hawthorn, G. 1991. “‘Waiting for a Text?’: Comparing Third World Politics,” in Manor, J. (ed.) Rethinking World Politics. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Herbst, J. 1990. “The Politics of Privatization in Africa,” in Sulieman, E. and Waterbury, J. (eds.) Political Economy of Public Sector Reform and Privatization in Africa. Boulder: Westview.Google Scholar
Herbst, J, and Ohikoshi, A.. 1994. “Nigeria: Economic and Political Reforms at Cross Purposes,” in Haggard, S. and Webb, S. (eds.) Voting for Reform: Democracy, Political Liberalization and Adjustment. New York: Oxford University Press for the World Bank.Google Scholar
Huntington, S. 1969. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Hutchful, E. 1995–1996. “The Civil Society Debate in Africa,” International Journal L1/Winter: 54–77.Google Scholar
Hutchful, E. 1995a. “Why Regimes Adjust: The World Bank Ponders its ‘Star Pupil’,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 29/2:303–15.Google Scholar
Hutchful, E. 1995b. “Fifty Years of Bretton Woods Institutions and Adjustment in Africa,” Canadian Journal of Development Studies 16/3:391–418.Google Scholar
Hutchful, E. 1990. “From ‘Revolution’ to Monetarism: The Economics and Politics of the Adjustment Programme in Ghana,” in Campell, B. and Loxley, J. (eds.) Structural Adjustment in Africa. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hyden, G. 1992. “Governance and the Study of Politics,” in Hyden, G. and Bratton, M. (eds.) Governance and Politics in Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Hyden, G. 1983. No Shortcut to Progress. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hyden, G. 1981. Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hyden, G, and Bratton, M.. (eds.) 1992. Governance and Politics in Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, J. 1991. “Religion and Political Turbulence in Nigeria,” Journal of Modern African Studies 29/1:115–36.Google Scholar
Irele, A. 1992a. “The Crisis of Legitimacy in Africa: A Time for Change and Despair,” Dissent (Fall): 297–302.Google Scholar
Irele, A. 1992b. “In Praise of Alienation,” in Mudimbe, V. (ed.) The Surreptitious Speech: Presence Africaine and the Politics of Otherness, 1947-87. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, R. and Rotberg, C.. 1992. Personal Rule in Africa: Prince, Autocrat, Prophet, Tyrant. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Joseph, R. 1992. “The Rebirth of Political Freedom,” Journal of Democracy 2/4:11–24.Google Scholar
Joseph, R. 1987. Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kahler, M. 1990. “Orthodoxy and its Alternatives: Explaining Approaches to Stabilization and Adjustment,” in Nelson, J. (ed.) Economic Crisis and Policy Choice.Google Scholar
Kasfir, N. 1986. “Are African Peasants Self-Sufficient?,” Development and Change 17/2:335–57.Google Scholar
Kasfir, N. 1984. “State, Magendo and Class Formation in Uganda,” in Kasfir, N. (ed.) State and Class in Africa London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Lawrence, P. (ed.) 1986. World Recession and the Food Crisis in Africa. Boulder: Westview.Google Scholar
Lazarus, N. 1994. “National Conciouness and the Specificity of (Post) Colonial Intellectualism,” in Barker, F., Hulme, P., and Iversen, M. (eds.) Colonial Discourse/PostColonial Theory. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Leftwitch, A. 1993. “Governance, Development and Democracy,” Third World Quarterly 14/3:604–24.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, R. 1992. “Uncivil States and Civil Societies,” Journal of Modern African Studies 30/3:188.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, R. 1991. “The Political Economy of Informal Economies,” African Insights 21/4:214–15.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, R. 1988. “The State, the Parallel Economy and the Changing Structure of Patronage Systems,” in Rothchild, D. and Chazan, N. (eds.) Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa. Boulder: Westview.Google Scholar
Lewis, P. 1994. “Economic Statism: Private Capital and the Dilemmas of Accumulation in Nigeria,” World Development 22:437–51.Google Scholar
Lewis, P. 1992. “Political Transition and the Dilemmas of Civil Society in Africa,” Journal of International Affairs 44/1:31–54.Google Scholar
Lewis, P. 1990. “The Political Economy of Privatization in Nigeria.” in Gaile, D-J. and Goodrich, J. (eds.) Privatization and Deregulation in Global Perspective. Westport, CT.: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Leys, C. 1996. The Rise and Fall of Development Theory. London: James Currey; Bloomington: Indiana University Press Google Scholar
Leys, C. 1982a. “Samuel Huntington and the End of Classical Modernization Theory,” in Shanin, T. and Alavi, H. (eds.) Introduction to the Sociology of “Developing” Societies. New York and London: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Leys, C. 1982b. “African Economic Development in Theory and Practice,” Deadalus 111/2:99–124.Google Scholar
Lindbloom, C. 1977. Politics and Markets: The World's Political and Economic Systems. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lipset, S. 1960. Political Man: The Social Basis of Politics. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lonsdale, J. 1989. “African Pasts in Africa's Future,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 23/1:126–46.Google Scholar
Lonsdale, J. 1986. “Political Accountability in African History,” in Chabal, P. (ed.) Political Domination in Africa: Reflections on the Limits of Power. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
MacGaffey, J. 1988. “Economic Disengagement and Class Formation in Zaire,” in Rothchild, D. and Chazan, N. (eds.) Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa. Boulder: Westview.Google Scholar
MacGaffey, J. 1987. Entrepreneurs and Parasites: The Struggle for Indigenous Capitalism in Zaire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Marglin, F. and Marglin, S.. (eds.) 1990. Domineering Knowledge. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Manor, James. 1993. “Politics and the Neo-Liberals,” in Colclough, C. (ed.) States versus Markets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Manor, James. 1991. “Introduction,”' in Manor, J. (ed.) Rethinking Third World Politics. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Mathur, G. B. 1989. “The Current Impasse in Development Theory: The Metaphysics of Power,” Alternatives 14/1:463–79.Google Scholar
Manzo, Kate. 1991. “Modernist Discourse and the Crisis of Development Theory,” Studies in Comparative International Development 22/1:3–26.Google Scholar
Mbembe, Achille. 1992a. “Provisional Notes on the Postcolony,” Africa 62/1:3–35.Google Scholar
Mbembe, Achille. 1992b. “Pouvoir, Violence et Accumulation,” in Bayart, J-F, Mbembe, A., and Toulabor, C., Le Politique Par Les Bas en Afrique Noire: Contribution a une Problematique de la Democratie. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Migdal, J. 1988. Strong Societies and Weak States. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Migdal, J, Kohli, A., and Shue, V.. (eds.) 1994. State Power and Social Forces. Cambridge and NewYork: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mittleman, J. and Will, D.. 1987. “The IMF, State Autonomy and Human Rights,” Africa Today 34/1:29–54.Google Scholar
Mosley, P. 1990. “Kenya,” in Mosely, P., Harrigan, J., and Toye, J., Aid and Power, vol 2.Google Scholar
Mosley, P, Harrigan, J., and Toye, P.. 1990. Aid and Development, vols 1and 2, London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mudimbe, V. 1994. The Idea of Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Mudimbe, V. (ed.) 1992. The Surreptitious Speech: Presence Africaine and the Politics of Otherness,1947-87. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mudimbe, V. 1988. The Invention of Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Mustapha, A. 1992. “Structural Adjustment and Multiple Modes of Livelihood in Nigeria,” in Gibbon, P., Bangura, Y., and Ofstad, A. (eds.) Authoritarianism, Democracy and Adjustment: The Politics of Economic Reform in Africa. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.Google Scholar
Ninsin, K. 1988. “Three Levels of State Reordering: The Structural Aspects,” in Rothchild, D. and Chazan, N. (eds.) Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa. Boulder: Westview.Google Scholar
Nixon, P.J. 1991. “‘Uneasy Lies The Head’: Politics, Economics and Continuity of Belief Among the Yoruba in Nigeria,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 33/1:56–85.Google Scholar
Nwajiaku, K. 1994. “The National Conferences in Benin and Togo Revisited,” Journal of Modern African Studies 32/3:429–48.Google Scholar
Nyang'oro, J. 1994. “Reform Politics and the Democratization Process in Africa,” African Studies Review 37/1:133–50.Google Scholar
O'Brien, Conor D. 1979. “Modernization, Order and the Erosion of a Democratic Ideal,” in Lehman, D. (ed.) Development Theory: Four Critical Studies. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Pieterse, J. 1991. “Dilemmas of Development Discourse: The Crisis of Developmentalism and the Comparative Method,” Development and Change 22/1:5–29.Google Scholar
Pye, L. 1990. “Political Science and the Crisis of Authoritarianism,” American Political Science Review 84/1:3–19.Google Scholar
Rothchild, D. and Chazan, N.. (eds.) 1988. Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa. Boulder: Westview.Google Scholar
Ranger, T. 1983. “The Invention of Tradition: The Case of Colonial Africa,” in Hobsbawn, E. and Ranger, T. (eds.) The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ravenhill, J. 1993. “A Second Decade of Adjustment: Greater Complexity, Greater Uncertainty,” in Callaghy, T., and Ravenhill, J., (eds.) Hemmed In: Responses to Africa's Economic Decline. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Ravenhill, J. 1987. “Collective Self-Reliance or Collective Self-Delusion: Is the Lagos Plan a Viable Alternative?,” in Ravenhill, J. (ed.) Africa in Economic Crisis. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Roitman, J. 1990. “The Politics of Informal Markets,” Journal of Modern African Studies 28/4:671–98.Google Scholar
Samoff, J. 1994. “Triumphalism, Tarzan and other Influences: Teaching About Africa in the 1990s,” in Samatar, A. et. al (eds.) African Studies and the Undergraduate Curriculum. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Sandbrook, R. 1993. The Politics of Africa's Economic Recovery. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sandbrook, R. 1990. “Taming the African Leviathan,” World Policy Journal 7/4:675–701.Google Scholar
Sandbrook, R. 1988. “Liberal Democracy in Africa: A Socialist-Revisionist Perspective,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 22/2:240–67.Google Scholar
Sandbrook, R. 1985. The Politics of Africa's Economic Stagnation. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sangmpam, S. N. 1993. “Neither Soft nor Dead: The African State is Well and Alive,” African Studies Review 36/2:73–94.Google Scholar
Sangmpam, S. N. 1992. “The Overpoliticized State and Democratization: A Theoretical Model,” Comparative Politics 24/4:401–17.Google Scholar
Saul, J. 1974. “The State in Post-Colonial Societies: The Case of Tanzania,” in Miliband, R. and Saville, J. (eds.) The Socialist Register. London: Merlin Press.Google Scholar
Schatzberg, M. 1993. “Power, Legitimacy and ‘Democratisation’ in Africa,” Africa 63/4:445–61.Google Scholar
Sklar, R. 1994. “Social Class and Political Action in Africa: The Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat,” in Apter, D. and Rosberg, C. (eds.) Political Development and the New Realism in Sub-Saharan Africa. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.Google Scholar
Sklar, R. 1987.“Developmental Democracy,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 29/4: 686–714.Google Scholar
Sklar, R. 1986. “Democracy for Africa,” in Chabal, P. (ed.) Political Domination in Africa: Reflections on the Limits of Power. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sklar, R. 1979. “The Nature of Class Domination in Africa,” Journal of Modern African Studies 17/4:531–52.Google Scholar
Sulieman, E. and Waterbury, J.. (eds.) 1990. Political Economy of Public Sector Reform and Privatization in Africa. Boulder: Westview.Google Scholar
Toye, J. 1993. “Is There a New Political Economy of Development,” in Colcough, C. (ed.) States versus Markets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Toye, J. 1990. “Ghana,” in Mosley, P., Harrigan, J., and Toye, J., Aid and Power, vol. 2.Google Scholar
Toye, J. 1987. Dilemmas of Development: The Counterrevolution in Development Theory and Policy. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Tripp, A. 1994. “Gender, Political Participation and Associational Life in Uganda and Tanzania,” African Studies Review 37/1:107–32.Google Scholar
Vail, L. (ed.) 1989. The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa. London: James Curry.Google Scholar
van de Walle, N. 1994. “The Politics of Public Enterprise Reform in Cameroon,” in Grosh, B. and Mukandala, R. (eds.) State-Owned Enterprises in Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Wade, R. 1990. Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization. Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Watts, M. 1992. “The Shock of Modernity: Petroleum, Protest and Fast Capitalism in an Industrializing Society,” in Preed, A. and Watts, M., Reworking Modernity: Capitalism and Symbolic Discontent. New Brunswick: Transaction Books.Google Scholar
Widner, J. 1994. “The Rise of Civic Associations Among Farmers in Côte d'Ivoire,” in Harberson, J., Rothchild, D., and Chazan, N. (eds.) Civil Society and the State in Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Widner, J. (ed.) 1994. Economic Change and Political Liberalization in Africa. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Widner, J. 1993. “The Discovery of “Politics”: Smallholder Reactions to the Cocoa Crisis of 1988-90 in Côte d'Ivoire,” in Callaghy, T. and Ravenhill, J. (eds.) Hemmed In. Responses to Africa's Economic Decline. NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, D. 1993. “Liberalism and Development Discourse,” Africa 63/3:419–29.Google Scholar
Williams, D, and Young, T.. 1994. “Governance, the World Bank and Liberal Theory,” Political Studies 42/1:84–100.Google Scholar
Williams, G. 1987. “Primitive Accumulation: The Way to Progress?,” Development and Change 18/ 4:637–59.Google Scholar
Wiseman, J. 1990. Democracy in Black Africa: Survival and Revival. New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Wiseman, J. 1989. “Democratic Resurgence in Black Africa,” Contemporary Review 259/1506:7–13.Google Scholar
Wood, D. 1992. “Civil Society in Europe and Africa: Limiting State Power through the Public Sphere,” African Studies Review 35/2:77–100.Google Scholar
World Bank. 1992. Governance and Development. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank. 1989. Sub-Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank. 1981. Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Agenda for Action. Washing, D.C.: The World Bank.Google Scholar
World Development. 1993. 21, 8 (special supplement).Google Scholar
Young, Crawford. 1994a. “Democratization in Africa: The Contradictions of a Political Imperative,” in Widner, J. (ed.) Economic Change and Political Liberalization in Africa. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Young, Crawford. 1994b. “In Search of Civil Society,” in Harbeson, J., Rothchild, D., and Chazan, N. (eds.) Civil Society and the State in Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Young, Crawford. 1994c. The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Young, Crawford. 1994d. “Evolving Modes of Consciousness and Ideology: Ethnicity and Nationalism,” in Apter, D. and Rotberg, C. (eds.) Political Development and the New Realism in Sub-Saharan Africa. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.Google Scholar
Young, Crawford. 1993. “The Dialectics of Cultural Pluralism,” in The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: Th Nation State at Bay? Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Young, Crawford. 1986. “Nationalism, Ethnicity and Class in Africa: A Retrospective,” Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines 103/ 3:427–33.Google Scholar