Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T18:25:13.307Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Female Genital Cutting: Cultural Rights and Rites of Defiance in Northern Tanzania

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2013

Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

This article reviews campaigns against female genital cutting (FGC) directed at Maasai communities in northern Tanzania. The authors argue that campaigns against FGC using educational, health, legal, and human rights–based approaches are at times ineffective and counterproductive when they frame the practice as a “tradition” rooted in a “primitive” and unchanging culture. We suggest that development interventions that do not address local contexts of FGC, including the complex politics and history of interventions designed to eradicate it, can in fact reify and reinscribe the practice as central to Maasai cultural identity.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 2009

References

AFNET (Tanzanian Anti-Female Genital Mutilation Network). 2005. Report on the Situation of Female Genital Mutilation in Tanzania: A Study of Five Regions. Dodoma, Tanzania.Google Scholar
Aang Serian. 2006a. Report on Study Visit and Training Course on FGM and HIV/AIDS: Tasaru Ntomonok Intiative, Narok, Kenya. Arusha, Tanzania Google Scholar
Serian, Aang. 2006b. Report on Progress and Aims of Noonkodin Secondary School. Arusha, Tanzania.Google Scholar
Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Arusha Times. 2003. “Ilkiding Women March in Protest of Anti-FGM Efforts,” August 2–8.Google Scholar
Bergner, Daniel. 2006. “The Call.” The New York Times Magazine, January 29.Google Scholar
Bentsen, Cheryl. 1989. Maasai Days. New York: Summit.Google Scholar
Boddy, Janice. 1991. “Body Politics: Continuing the Anti-Circumcision Crusade.” Medical Anthropology Quarterly (n.s.) 5 (1): 1517.Google Scholar
Boddy, Janice. 2007. Civilizing Women: British Crusades in Colonial Sudan. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Boyle, Elizabeth Heger, Songora, Fortunata, and Foss, Gail. 2001. “International Discourse and Local Politics: Anti-Female Genital Cutting Laws in Egypt, Tanzania, and the United States.” Social Problems 48 (4): 524–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyle, Elizabeth Heger, and Preves, Sharon E.. 2000. “National Politics as International Process: The Case of Anti-Female-Genital-Cutting Laws.” Law and Society Review 703: 703–37.Google Scholar
Bwire, Nyamanoko. 2002. “Genital Mutilations Still Rampant in Arusha Region.” Arusha Times, February 23–March 1Google Scholar
CEDAW. 2008. “Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: United Republic of Tanzania.”Google Scholar
Chieni, T., and Spencer, P.. 1993. “The World of Telelia: Reflections of a Maasai Woman in Matapato.” In Being Maasai: Ethnicity and Identity in East Africa, edited by Spear, Thomas and Waller, Richard. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 2002. Africa Since 1940: The Past of the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ferguson, James. 1990. The Anti-Politics Machine: “Development”, Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Daily Nation. 2005. “Educate Daughters, Community Urged.” Nairobi, December 28.Google Scholar
Geiger, Susan. 2005. “Engendering and Gendering African Nationalism: Rethinking the Case of Tanganyika (Tanzania).” In In Search of a Nation: Histories of Authority andDissidence in Tanzania, edited by Maddox, Gregory H. and Giblin, James L.. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Gupta, Akhil, and Ferguson, James, eds. 1997. Culture, Power, Place: Ethnography at the End of an Era. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Hernlund, Ylva. 2000. “Cutting without Ritual and Ritual without Cutting: Female ‘Circumcision’ and the Re-Ritualization of Initiation in the Gambia.” In Female ‘Circumcision’ in Africa: Culture, Controversy and Change, edited by Shell-Duncan, Bettina and Hernlund, Ylva. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Herskovits, M. J. 1926. “The Cattle Complex in East Africa.” American Anthropologist (n.s.) 28 (1): 361–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodgson, Dorothy L. 1999. “Once Intrepid Warriors: Modernity and the Production of Maasai Masculinities.” Ethnology 38 (2): 121–50.Google Scholar
Hodgson, Dorothy L.. 2001a. Once Intrepid Warriors: Gender, Ethnicity, and the Cultural Politics of Maasai Development. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Hodgson, Dorothy L.. 2005. The Church of Women: Gendered Encounters between Maasai and Missionaries. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Hodgson, Dorothy L., ed. 2001b. Gendered Modernities: Ethnographic Perspectives. New York: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Hyden, Goran 1983. No Shortcuts to Progress: African Development Management in Perspective. London: Heineman.Google Scholar
IRIN (U.N. Integrated Regional Information Networks). 2005. Razor's Edge: The Controversy of Female Genital Mutilation. New York: U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, www.irinnews.org.Google Scholar
James, Stanlie M. 2002. “Listening to Other(ed) Voices: Reflections around Female Genital Cutting.” In Genital Cutting and Transnational Sisterhood: Disputing US Polemics, edited by James, Stanlie M. and Robertson, Claire C., 87113. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Kenny, M. G. 1981. “Mirror in the Forest: Dorobo Hunter-Gatherers as an Image of the Other.” Africa 51: 477–96.Google Scholar
Keown, Mary Katherine. 2007. “Tanzania: The Link between Female Genital Mutilation and HIV Transmission.” Arusha Times, November 17.Google Scholar
Kouba, Leonard J., and Muasher, Judith. 1985. “Female Circumcision in Africa: An Overview.” African Studies Review 28 (1): 99.Google Scholar
Kirunda, Kakaire A. 2007. “Uganda: The Push for an Anti FGM Law Continues.” The Monitor, Kampala, May 15.Google Scholar
Kunyiha–Karogo, Judith. 2007. “Working with Maasai Communities.” Paper presented at UNFPA Global Technical Consultation on Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting, Addis Ababa, July 30–August 3.Google Scholar
Lawi, Yusuf. 2005. “Between the ‘Global’ and ‘Local’ Families: The Missing Link in School History Teaching in Postcolonial Tanzania.” In In Search of a Nation: Histories of Authority and Dissidence in Tanzania, edited by Maddox, Gregory H. and Giblin, James L.. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Legal and Human Rights Centre. 2004. The Legal Process: Can It Save Girls from FGM? A Case of Three Maasai Girls in Morogoro. A Report on the Enforcement of the FGM Law. Dar es Salaam: The Legal and Human Rights Centre.Google Scholar
Mamdani, Muhammad. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mayombo, Alakok. 2002. “Emergency FGM Rescue Operation Fails in Tanzania.” Afrol News/Panos, May 29. www.afrol.com.Google Scholar
Mutisya, P. Masila. 1996. “Demythologization and Demystification of African Initiation Rites: A Positive and Meaningful Aspect Heading for Extinction.” Journal of Black Studies 27 (1): 94103.Google Scholar
National Bureau of Statistics. 2005. Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2004/5. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, www.nbs.go.tz.Google Scholar
Nypan, A. 1991. “Revival of Female Circumcision: A Case of Neo-Traditionalism.” In Gender and Change in Developing Countries, edited by Stolen, K. and Vaa, M.. Oslo: Norwegian University Press.Google Scholar
Omari, C. K. 1974. “In the Name of Culture.” Tanzania Notes and Records 74: 1117.Google Scholar
Rahman, Anika, and Toubia, Nahid. 2000. Female Genital Mutilation: A Guide to Laws Worldwide. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Rusimbi, Mary. 2006. “Financing the Protocol: Consideration for Influencing Budgets from Experiences in Tanzania.” In Breathing Life into the African Union Protocol on Women's Rights in Africa, edited by Musa, Roselynn, Mohammed, Faizajama, and Manji, Firoze, 3846. Oxford: Solidarity for African Women's Rights and African Union Women, Gender and Development Directorate.Google Scholar
Russell-Robinson, Joyce. 1997. “African Female Circumcision and the Missionary Mentality.” Issue: A Journal of Opinion 25 (1): 5457.Google Scholar
Skaine, Rosemarie. 2005. Female Genital Mutilation: Legal, Cultural, and Medical Issues. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland.Google Scholar
Shell-Duncan, Bettina, and Hemlund, Ylva, eds. 2000. Female ‘Circumcision’ in Africa: Culture, Controversy, and Change. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Talle, Aud. 1999. “Pastoralists at the Border: Maasai Poverty and the Development Discourse in Tanzania.” In The Poor Are Not Us: Pastoralism and Poverty in Eastern Africa, edited by Anderson, David and Broch-Due, Vigdis. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Thomas, Lynn. 2000. “ Ngaitana (I Will Circumcise Myself): Lessons from Colonial Campaigns to Ban Excision in Meru, Kenya.” In Female ‘Circumcision’ in Africa: Culture, Controversy and Change, edited by Shell-Duncan, Bettina and Hemlund, Ylva. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Thomas, Lynn. 2003. Politics of the Womb: Women, Reproduction, and the Slate in Kenya. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Thuo, Margaret. 2007. “FGM/FGC Global Consultation: The Politics of FGM/FGC Partnership Building and Community Accountability Mechanism. Case Study, Uganda.” Paper presented at the UNFPA Global Technical Consultation on Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting, Addis Ababa, July 30–August 3.Google Scholar
Young, Crawford. 2004. “The End of the Post-Colonial State in Africa? Reflections on Changing African Political Dynamics.” African Affairs 103: 2349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNICEF. 2005. Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Exploration, www.unicef.org.Google Scholar
United Republic of Tanzania. 2003. The National Plan of Action to Accelerate the Elimination of FGM and Other Harmful Traditional Practices in Tanzania 2001–2015. Dodoma, Tanzania: Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children and Ministry of Health.Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric. 1982. Europe and the Peoples without History. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar