Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T02:39:01.089Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Decline of Political Legitimacy in Zambia: An Explanation Based on Incomplete Data

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2014

James R. Scarritt
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Zambia, like all African countries, is experiencing significant political, economic, and social change. The Zambian government and ruling party seek to control change and channel it in certain directions, but many aspects of change are not initiated by them and a substantial proportion of these are not to their liking. Politically initiated changes and government reactions to other changes have inevitably affected the legitimacy of the Zambian political system and its major components in the eyes of a wide variety of Zambians. In his contribution to the Social Science Research Council's volume on the crises of political development, Sidney Verba indicates that all such “crises of development” or problems associated with change “would seem always to involve problems of legitimacy as well as one of the other problem areas” (Verba, 1971: 306). Thus it is important to study the effects of change on legitimacy since they will be crucial in determining whether the Zambian government and ruling party will be successful in directing change into the paths they desire.

Political legitimacy can be defined as a generalized appraisal of the political system as a whole, its various components, and the policy outputs they produce, which indicates that these objects are appropriate in terms of accepted values and norms. To define legitimacy as a generalized appraisal of appropriateness is to differentiate it from specific appraisals of political structures and policies made in terms of perceived interests. These two types of appraisals are empirically interdependent in the long run, but they can be independent of one another in the short run (Easton, 1965: 267-77). They tend, however, to be very closely related in most new political systems, where most diffuse bases of legitimacy have not had time to develop (Binder et. al., 1971: 90-91, 158, 194, 315-16). A complete description of legitimacy in a political system must indicate who grants what degree of legitimacy to what political objects on the basis of which values and norms.

Type
Research Article
Information
African Studies Review , Volume 22 , Issue 2 , September 1979 , pp. 13 - 38
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 1979

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Academic Staff of the University of Zambia (1976) “Events at the University of Zambia, January-February 1976.” Mimeo (15 February).Google Scholar
Bates, Robert H. (1971) Unions, Parties, and Political Development: A Study of Mineworkers in Zambia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Bates, Robert H.. (1976) Rural Responses to Industrialization: A Study of Village Zambia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Beveridge, Andrew A. (1973) “Converts to Capitalism: The Emergence of African Entrepreneurs in Lusaka, Zambia.” Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Yale University.Google Scholar
Beveridge, Andrew A. (1974) “Economic Independence, Indigenization, and the African Businessman: Some Effects of Zambia's Economic Reforms.” African Studies Review 17 (December): 477–90.Google Scholar
Binder, Leonard et. al (1971) Crises and Sequences in Political Development. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bond, George C. (1976) The Politics of Change in a Zambian Community. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael. (1977) “Clients or Classes? Patterns of Resource Distribution in Rural Zambia.” Paper delivered at African Studies Association Annual Meeting, Houston, 2-5 November.Google ScholarPubMed
Bratton, Michael. (1978) “Peasant and Party-State in Zambia: A Study of Political Organization and Resource Distribution in Kasama District.” Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Brandeis University.Google Scholar
Burawoy, Michael (1972a) “Another Look at the Mineworker.” African Social Research 14 (December): 239–87.Google Scholar
Burawoy, Michael. (1972b) The Colour of Class on the Copper Mines: From African Advancement to Zambianization (Zambian Papers No. 7). Manchester: Manchester University Press on behalf of The Institute for African Studies, University of Zambia.Google Scholar
Burawoy, Michael. (1976) “Consciousness and Contradiction: a study of student protest in Zambia.” British Journal of Sociology 27 (March): 78–98.Google Scholar
Easton, David. (1965) A Systems Analysis of Political Life. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Eckstein, Harry and Gurr, Ted Robert. (1975) Patterns of Authority: A Structural Basis for Political Inquiry. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Epstein, A. L. (1969) “The Network and Urban Social Organization,” pp. 77–116 in Mitchell, J. Clyde (ed.) Social Networks in Urban Societies: Analyses of Personal Relationships in Central African Towns. Manchester: Manchester University Press for the Institute for Social Research, University of Zambia.Google Scholar
Eriksen, Karen. (1978) “Zambia: Class Formation and Detente.” Review of African Political Economy 9 (May-August): 4–26.Google Scholar
Fourth International. (1976) “Zambia: Humanist Rhetoric, Capitalist Reality.” Africa in Struggle. London: Red Books.Google Scholar
Friedrich, Carl J. (1963) Man and His Government: An Empirical Theory of Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Gertzel, Cherry. (1975) “Labour and the State: The Case of Zambia's Mineworkers Union.” Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 13 (November): 290–304.Google Scholar
Gupta, Anirudha. (1974) “Trade unionism and politics on the Copperbelt,” pp. 288–319 in Tordoff, William (ed.) Politics in Zambia. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, Richard. (1969) The Higher Price of Principles: Kaunda and the White South. London: Hodder and Stoughton.Google Scholar
Harries-Jones, Peter. (1975) Freedom and Labour: Mobilization and Political Control on the Zambian Copperbelt New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Kapfrer, Bruce. (1972) Strategy and Transaction in an African Factory: African workers and Indian management in a Zambian town. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Kaunda, Kenneth David. (1966) A Humanist in Africa: Letters to Colin Morris. Nashville and New York: Abingdon Press.Google Scholar
Kaunda, Kenneth David. (1967) Humanism in Zambia and a Guide to its Implementation. Lusaka: Zambia Information Services.Google Scholar
Kaunda, Kenneth David. (1968) Zambia's Economic Revolution. Lusaka: Zambia Information Services.Google Scholar
Kaunda, Kenneth David. (1969) Towards Complete Independence. Lusaka: Zambia Information Services.Google Scholar
Kaunda, Kenneth David. (1970) “Take Up the Challenge…” Lusaka: Zambia Information Services.Google Scholar
Kaunda, Kenneth David. (1971) A Path for the Future. Lusaka: Zambia Information Services.Google Scholar
Kaunda, Kenneth David. (1972a) The Nation is You. Lusaka: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Kaunda, Kenneth David. (1972b) ‘A Nation of Equals’–The Kabwe Declaration. Lusaka: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Kaunda, Kenneth David. (1973) Letter to my Children. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Kaunda, Kenneth David. (1974) Humanism in Zambia and a Guide to its Implementation—Part II. Lusaka: Division of National Guidance.Google Scholar
Kaunda, Kenneth David. (1976) Communocracy (A Strategy for Constructing a People's Economy under Humanism). Lusaka: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Keith, Grace. (1966) The Fading Colour Bar. London: Robert Hale.Google Scholar
Kelman, Herbert C. (1969) “Patterns of Personal Involvement in the National System: A Social-Psychological Analysis of Political Legitimacy,” pp. 276–288 in Rosenau, James N. (ed.) International Politics and Foreign Policy (revised edition). New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Kessleman, Mark. (1973) “Order or Movement? The Literature of Political Development as Ideology.” World Politics 26 (October): 139–54.Google Scholar
Legum, Colin. (1976) Africa Contemporary Record, Annual Survey and Documents 1975-76 (Volume 8). London: Rex Collings.Google Scholar
Meebelo, Henry S. (1973) Main Currents of Zambian Humanist Thought. Lusaka: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Merelman, Richard M. (1966) “Learning and Legitimacy.” American Political Science Review 60 (September): 548–61.Google Scholar
Molteno, Robert. (1972) “Zambia and the one party state.” East Africa Journal 9, 2 (February): 6–18.Google Scholar
Molteno, Robert. (1973) “Zambian Humanism: The Way Ahead.” African Review 3(4): 541–57.Google Scholar
Molteno, Robert. (1974) “Cleavage and conflict in Zambian politics: a study in sectionalism,” pp. 62–106 in Tordoff, William (ed.) Politics in Zambia. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Molteno, Robert. and Tordoff, William. (1974) “Conclusion: Independent Zambia: achievements and prospects,” pp. 363–401 in Tordoff, William (ed.) Politics in Zambia. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Muller, Maria S. (1974) “Participation: Ward Development Committees and Party Branches and Sections,” unpublished paper, Development Planning Unit, School of Environmental Studies, University College, London.Google Scholar
Muller, Maria S. (1976) “Self-help: A case of water projects in two unauthorized settlements in Lusaka,” pp. 102–18 in Simons, H. J. et el Slums or Self-Reliance? Urban Growth in Zambia (Communication No. 12). Lusaka: Institute for African Studies, University of Zambia.Google Scholar
Parsons, Talcott. (1960) “Authority, Legitimation, and Political Action,” pp. 170–98 in Parsons, Talcott Structures and Process in Modern Societies. Glencoe: Free Press.Google Scholar
Pettman, Jan. (1974) Zambia: Security and Conflict. London: Julian Friedmann.Google Scholar
Pratt, Cranford. (1976) The Critical Phase in Tanzania 1945-1968. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pye, Ludan W. (1971) “The Legitimacy Crisis,” pp. 135–58 in Binder, Leonard et al Crises and Sequences in Political Development. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Quick, Stephen Adee. (1975) “Bureaucracy and Rural Socialism: The Zambian Experience.” Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Thomas. (1969) “Political Competition and One-Party Dominance in Zambia.” Journal of Modern African Studies 7 (October): 407–24.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Thomas. (1974) “The popular basis of anti-colonial protest,” pp. 40–61 in Tordoff, William (ed.) Politics in Zambia. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, Andrew. (1969) “White Judges Under Attack: Growing Pressure for a One-Party State.” Round Table 263 (October): 423–30.Google Scholar
Rogowski, Ronald. (1974) Rational Legitimacy: A Theory of Political Support. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rothchild, Donald. (1971) “The Beginning of Student Unrest in Zambia.” Transition 40 (December): 65–74.Google Scholar
Samoff, Joel. (1974) Tanzania: Local Politics and the Structure of Power. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Scarritt, James R. (1971) “Elite Values, Ideology, and Power in Post Independence Zambia.” African Studies Review 14 (April): 31–54.Google Scholar
Scarritt, James R.. (1972) Political Development and Culture Change Theory: A Propositional Synthesis with Application to Africa. Beverly Hills: Sage Professional Papers in Comparative Politics 3, 01–029.Google Scholar
Scarritt, James R.. (1973) “European Adjustment to Economic Reforms and Political Consolidation in Zambia.” Issue: A Quarterly Journal of Africanist Opinion 3, 2 (Summer): 18–22.Google Scholar
Scarritt, James R.. (1975) “From Tribalism to Sectionalism? Political Cleavages in Zambia and Uganda.” Umoja: A Journal of Black Experience 2, 2 (July): 1–12.Google Scholar
Scarritt, James R.. (1976) “Importancia de las estrategias de ordenacion y ritmo para lograr el cambia: los Estados africanos de habla inglesa.” Revista Mexicana de Sociologia 38 (July-September): 559–78.Google Scholar
Scarritt, James R.. (forthcoming) Zambia: The Search for Humanism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Scarritt, James R.. and Hatter, John L.. (1970) Racial and Ethnic Conflict in Zambia. Denver: University of Denver, Graduate School of International Studies, Center on International Race Relations, Studies in Race and Nations.Google Scholar
Scott, Ian. (1976) “Party Functions and Capabilities: the Local-level UNIP organization during the First Zambian Republic (1964-73).” African Social Research 22 (December): 107–29.Google Scholar
Scott, Ian. (1978) “Middle Class Politics in Zambia.” African Affairs 77 (July): 321–34.Google Scholar
Seymour, Tony. (1975) “Squatter Settlement and Class Relations in Zambia.” Review of African Political Economy 3 (May-October): 71–77.Google Scholar
Seymour, Tony. (1976) “Squatters, Migrants, and the Urban Poor: A Study of Attitudes toward Inequality with Special Reference to a Squatter Settlement in Lusaka, Zambia.” Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sussex.Google Scholar
Shaw, Timothy M. (1976a) Dependence and Underdevelopment: The Development and Foreign Policies of Zambia. Athens: Center for International Studies, Ohio University.Google Scholar
Shaw, Timothy M.. (1976b) “Zambia: Dependence and Underdevelopment.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 10 (1): 3–22.Google Scholar
Silverman, Philip Samuel. (1968) “Local Elites and the Image of a Nation: The Incorporation of Barotseland within Zambia.” Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Sklar, Richard L. (1975) Corporate Power in an African State: The Political Impact of Multinational Mining Companies in Zambia. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Stillman, Peter G. (1974) “The Concept of Legitimacy.” Polity 7 (Fall): 32–56.Google Scholar
Tordoff, William. (1974) Politics in Zambia. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Tordoff, William. and Scott, Ian. (1974) “Political parties: structures and policies,” pp. 107–54 in Tordoff, William (ed.) Politics in Zambia. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Verba, Sidney. (1971) “Sequences and Development,” pp. 283–316 in Binder, Leonard et al Crises and Sequences in Political Development. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Zulu, Justin B. (1970) Zambian Humanism: some major spiritual and economic challenges. Lusaka: National Educational Company of Zambia.Google Scholar