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A Blood-Stained Tax: Poll Tax and the Bambatha Rebellion in South Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2014

Abstract:

The Bambatha Revolt in South Africa is one of the most often cited rebellions against taxation in colonial Africa. Most discussions of the revolt have emphasized its material and political causes: the added costs of the new tax and the difficulty African farmers had in finding the cash to pay it; long-standing grievances between white settlers and Africans over control of the best farm and grazing land in Natal and Zululand; and generalized unrest among the African population caused by colonial policies and by social and economic circumstances. This article underlines that these were all real concerns for Africans and predisposed at least some of the population to act violently when the new poll tax was first collected in 1906. However, material grievances alone do not supply a complete explanation for the revolt, and there were additional causes linked to spiritual beliefs held by many Africans at the time of the rebellion. Africans resisted the poll tax in part because they feared that the state had acquired more potentially destructive power over them via the census that preceded the tax. Based on rumors that reportedly circulated prior to the rebellion, many Africans attributed their misfortune at the hands of the colonial state to their ancestors' having turned their backs on them; and people fully expected a coming thunderstorm to punish them severely for their neglect. One way of placating the ancestors and of undermining the power of the colonial state was through active participation in the rebellion. Moreover, rebels were not merely reacting to state actions; they were acting in accordance with their own belief systems that suggested that the ancestors strongly supported their resistance and would allow them to prevail. Thus, the Bambatha revolt was not, as other historians have suggested, a last-ditch, hopeless attempt to strike a blow against the colonial state and die; rather, it was an armed revolt that was seriously intended to overthrow the colonial state both by force of arms and by the power of supernatural actors.

Résumé:

Résumé:

La révolte de Bambatha en Afrique du Sud est l'une des rébellions contre l'impôt en Afrique coloniale les plus souvent citées. La purpart des débats concernant la révolte ont souligné ses causes matérielles et politiques, dont les arguments suivants: les coûts ajoutés du nouvel impôt et les difficultés que les fermiers africains avaient pour trouver l'argent pour le payer; les réclamations de longue date entre les colons blancs et les Africains au sujet du contrôle des meilleures fermes et des terres de pâturage au Natal et au Zoulouland; le malaise généralisé dans la population africaine provoqué par les politiques coloniales et par des circonstances sociales et économiques. Cet article souligne que tout ceci était de vrais soucis pour les Africains et que cela prédisposait au moins une partie de la population à agir avec violence quand le nouvel impôt local a été prélevé, pour la première fois en 1906. Cependant, les doléances matérielles seules ne donnent pas d'explication complète de la révolte et il y a d'autres raisons liées aux croyances spirituelles de beaucoup d'Africains au moment de la rébellion. Les Africains ont résisté à l'impôt local en partie parce qu'ils craignait que l'Etat ait obtenu plus de pouvoir potentiellement destructeur sur eux par l'intermédiaire du recensement qui avait précédé l'impôt. Basé sur des rumeurs qui ont apparemment circulé avant la rébellion, beaucoup d'Africains ont attribué leur malheur durant la période coloniale à leurs ancêtres pour leur avoir tourné le dos. Les gens s'attendaient en effet à ce qu'un orage les punît sévèrement pour leur négligence. L'une des façons d'apaiser les ancêtres et de miner la puissance de l'Etat colonial était la participation active à la rébellion. D'ailleurs, les rebelles ne réagissaient pas simplement contre les actions de l'Etat; ils agissaient selon leurs propres systèmes de croyance qui suggéraient que les ancêtres avaient fortement soutenu leur résistance et qu'ils leur permettraient de triompher. La révolte de Bambatha n'était pas ainsi, comme d'autres historiens l'ont suggéré, un dernier retranchement, une tentative désespérée de frapper un coup contre l'Etat colonial et de mourir; c'était plutôt une révolte armée qui était sérieusement destinée à renverser l'Etat colonial aussi bien par la force des armes que par la puissance d'acteurs supernaturels.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 2000

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