Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T19:52:36.807Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Process of Urbanization in Africa (From the Origins to the Beginning of Independence)*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2014

Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The concept of the city on the sub-Saharan continent presents a vast field of study whose limits we must define. Urbanization entails spatial, social, and temporal phenomena and thus almost by definition requires an interdisciplinary approach. Such an approach could certainly encompass history, geography, demographics, economics, political science, architecture and town planning, as well as anthropology and sociology. The interdisciplinary study of urbanization deserves emphasis because the research conducted in these different directions over the course of the past twenty-five years has been very uneven. We must not confuse the concepts of urbanization and modernization, although to distinguish the difference between the two can be a delicate matter. Since the colonial intrusion, the importance of making such a distinction is all the greater because the development of the former notion was subsumed by that of the latter.

Another remark: The author's personality, in writing this overview paper, is obviously present. As a piece of work written by an historian, this text takes into account the past of African cities and their evolutionary process, from their pristine origins to the eve of independence. This paper is mainly about the past, it touches only occasionally on the characteristics of modern African towns since independence and their likely future; in spite of social sciences constituting a whole, an individual cannot grasp everything. The analyses devoted to town planning and urban economics have been left to another specialist. In conformity with the author's education and interests, temporal dimensions will receive priority over transversal conceptual divisions; thus, the concept of time and change will tend to be neglected.

Type
Articles
Information
African Studies Review , Volume 34 , Issue 1 , April 1991 , pp. 1 - 98
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

This paper was Commissioned by the SSRC/ACLS Joint Committee on African Studies for presentation at the 32nd annual meeting of the African Studies Association, November 2-4, 1989, Atlanta, Georgia. It was corrected, or partly translated, by Paul De Deckker, Professor, University of Bordeaux, and Deborah J. Hahn, Dartmouth College, and kindly revised by Tom Lodge.

References

Adams, Monni. 1980 “Traditional Asante Architecture.” African Arts 13/2: 57–65.Google Scholar
Aduayom, Messam. 1984 “La révolte de Lomé, 24-25 janvier 1933.” Cahier d'Etudes Africaines 24/1: 39–50 Google Scholar
Agbo, C. 1959 Histoire de Oidah du 16ème au 18ème siècles. Avignon: Presses Universelles.Google Scholar
Akinola, R.A. 1963 “The Ibadan Region.” Nigerian Geographical Journal 6: 102–115.Google Scholar
Akorede, V.E.A. 1979 “The Impact of Socio-Cultrual Changes on the Patterns of Urban Land Use: The Case of Ilorin.” African Urban Studies 5: 71–84.Google Scholar
Allen J., de Vere. 1981 “Swahili Culture and the Nature of East Coast Settlement.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 14/2: 306–334.Google Scholar
Allen J., de Vere and Wilson, Thomas eds. 1982 From Zinj to Zanzibar: Studies in History, Trade and Society on the Eastern Coast of Africa. Wiesbaden: Paideuma.Google Scholar
Alpers, Edward. 1975 Ivory and Slaves: Changing Patterns of International Trade in East Central Africa in the Later 19th Century. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Amaral, Ilidio de. 1968 Luanda (estudo de geografia urbana). Lisbon: Junta de Investigaçoes do Ultramar.Google Scholar
Amborn, H. 1970 “Die Problematik des Eisenverhuttung im Teiche Meroe.” Paideuma 16/10-11:71–95.Google Scholar
Amin, Samir ed. 1975 L'Agriculture africaine et le capitalisme. Paris: Maspero.Google Scholar
Amin, Samir and Forde, Darill eds. 1974 Modern Migrations in Western Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press/International African Institute.Google Scholar
Anignikin, Sylvain C. and Anignikin, Marthe B. 1986 “Etude sur l'évolution historique sociale et spatiale de la ville d'Abomey.” In Projet plans d'urbanisme en République Populaire du Bénin edited by Ministère de l'Equipement et des Transports. Paris: Urbanor. Xerox.Google Scholar
Anthony, David Henri III. 1983 “Culture and Society in a Town in Transition: A People's History of Dar es Salaam, 1865-1939.” Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin at Madison.Google Scholar
Arhin, Kwame. 1974 “Transit Markets in the Asante Hinterland in the Late Nineteenth Century.” Odu 9: 5–22.Google Scholar
Arrighi, G. 1967 The Political Economy of Rhodesia. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Bah, Thierno Mouctar. 1985 Architecture militaire traditionelle et poliorcétique dans le Soudan occidental, du 17ème à la fin du 19ème siècle. Paris: CEA/ACCT.Google Scholar
Bairoch, Paul. 1985 De Jericho à Mexico: Villes et Economies dans l'Histoire. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Baker, P.H. 1974 Urbanization and Political Change: The Politics of Lagos 1917-1967. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Balandier, Georges. 1965 La Vie quotidienne au royaume de Kongo du 16ème au 18ème siècles. Paris: Hachette.Google Scholar
Balandier, Georges. 1966 “The Colonial Situation: A Theoretical Approach.” In Social Change: The Colonial Situation, edited by Wallerstein, I. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Balandier, Georges. [1955] 1985 Sociologie des Brazzavilles noires. Paris: Presses des Sciences Politiques.Google Scholar
Ballong-Wen-Mewuda, . 1984 “Saint-Georges-de-la-Mine et son contexte socio-historique pendant l'occupation portugaise 1482-1637.” Centre de Recherches Africaines, Université Paris 1. Xerox.Google Scholar
Banton, Michael P. 1957 West African City: A Study of Tribal Life in Freetown. London: International African Institute and Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Barber, Karin. 1987 “Popular Arts in Africa.” African Studies Review 30/3: 23–32.Google Scholar
Barnes, Sandra T. 1986 Patrons and Power: Creating a Political Community in Metropolitan Lagos. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Bascom, William R. 1955 “Urbanization among the Yoruba.” American Journal of Sociology 60/5: 446–454.Google Scholar
Bascom, William R. 1959 “Urbanism as a Traditional African Pattern.” Sociological Review 7: 29–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bascom, William R. 1962 “Some Aspects of Yoruba Urbanism.” American Anthropologist 64: 699–709.Google Scholar
Basham, Richard. 1978 Urban Anthropology: The Cross-Cultural Study of Complex Societies. Palo Alto, Ca.: Mayfield Publishing Co..Google Scholar
Beach, D.N. 1980 The Shona and Zimbabwe 900-1850. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Beavon, K.S.O. and Rogerson, C. 1986 “Changing the Role of Women in the Urban Informal Sector of Johannesburg.” In Urbanization in the Developing World, edited by Drakakis-Smith, David, 205–225. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Benet, Francisco. 1963. “Sociology Uncertain: The Ideology of the Rural-Urban Continuum.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 6/1: 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berbain, Simone. 1942 Le comptoir français de Juda au 18ème siècle. Dakar: Mémoire de l'IFAN 3.Google Scholar
Berg, F.J. 1968 “The Swahili Community of Mombasa 1500-1900.” Journal of African History 9/1: 35–56.Google Scholar
Berry, Bryan J.L. 1973 The Human Consequences of Urbanization: Divergent Patterns in the Urban Experience of the 20th Century. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Berry, Bryan J.L. ed. 1976 Urbanization and Counterurbanization. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Berry, Sara. 1970 “The Marketing of Migrant Labor Services in African Cities: A Relatively Unexplored Topic.” African Urban Notes 5/3: 144–153.Google Scholar
Berry, Sara. 1985 Fathers Work for Their Sons: Accumulation, Mobility and Class Formation in an Extended Yoruba Community. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Béti, Mongo (Boto, Eza). 1954 Ville cruelle. Paris: Présence Africaine.Google Scholar
Betts, Raymond F. 1969 “The Problem of Medina in the Urban Planning of Dakar, Senegal.” African Urban Notes 4/3: 5–15.Google Scholar
Betts, Raymond F. 1971 “The Establishment of the Medina in Dakar, Senegal, 1914.” Africa 41/2: 143–152.Google Scholar
Betts, Raymond F. 1985 “Dakar, Ville impériale (1857-1960).” In Colonial Cities, edited by Ross, Robert and Telkamp, J., 193–205. Leiden: Martinus Nijhof for the Leiden University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binsbergen, van Wim. Forthcoming “Exploring Continuity and Transformation in Urban Zambia. Church, Party and Social Control in a Lusaka Township.” In African Towns: The Sociological Perspective, edited by Bergh, R. Leiden: Netherlands Association of Urban Studies in Developing Countries.Google Scholar
Blumin, Sutart M. 1983 “When Villages Become Towns: The Historical Contexts of Town Formation.” In The Pursuit of Urban History, edited by Fraser, D. and Sutcliff, A., 54–68. London: Edwards Arnold.Google Scholar
Braudel, Fernand. 1976 “Pre-Modern Towns.” In Capitalism and Material Life 1400-1800, edited by Weidenfeld, and Nicolson, , 373–440. Reprint in The Early Modern Town, a Reader, edited by Clark, Peter, 53-90. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Breese, Gerald. 1969 The City in Newly Developing Countries: Readings on Urbanism and Urbanization. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Brokensha, David. 1966 Social Change at Larteh, Ghana. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Brooks, Alan and Brickhill, Jeremy. 1980 Whirlwind before the Storm: The Origins and Development of the Uprising in Soweto and the Rest of South Africa from June to December 1976. London: International Defense and Aid Fund for South Africa.Google Scholar
Brown, Beverly B. 1971 “Muslim Influence on Trade and Politics in the Lake Taganyika Region.” African Historical Studies 4/3: 617–629.Google Scholar
Brown, Beverly B. 1973 “Ujiji: The History of a Lakeside Town, 1800-1914.” Ph.D. diss., Boston University.Google Scholar
Brown, James Wilson. 1978 “Kumasi 1896-1923: Urban Africa during the Early Colonial Period.” African Urban Studies 1: 57–66.Google Scholar
Brown, Walter T. 1970 “Bagamayo: An Historical Introduction.” Tanzania Notes and Records 71: 69–83.Google Scholar
Brown, Walter T. 1971 “The Politics of Business: Relations between Zanzibar and Bagamayo in the Late 19th Century.” African Historical Studies 4/3: 631–643.Google Scholar
Brown, Walter T. 1972 “Bagamayo.” Ph.D. Dissertaton, Boston University.Google Scholar
Bujra, Janet M. 1975 “‘Entrepeneurs’ of Early Nairobi.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 9: 213–234.Google Scholar
Burton, Richard F. 1872 Zanzibar: City, Island and Coast. London: Tinsley Brothers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byerlee, Derek. 1974 “Rural-Urban Migration in Africa: Theory, Policy and Reseach Implications.” International Migration Review 8/4: 543–566.Google Scholar
Cahen, Michel ed. 1989 Bourgs et villes en Afrique lusophone. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Cahier d'Etudes Africaines. 1973 “Villes africaines.” 13/51: 397–605.Google Scholar
Cahier d'Etudes Africaines. 1981 “Villes africaines au microscope.” 81-83: 1–404.Google Scholar
Caldwell, J.C. 1968 Population Growth and Family Change in Africa: The New Elite in Ghana. London: Hurst and Co.Google Scholar
Caldwell, J.C. 1969 African Rural-Urban Migration: The Movement to Ghana's Towns. London: Hurst and Co.Google Scholar
Call, John W. 1986 “Anglo-Indian Medical Theory and the Origin of Segregation in West Africa.” American Historical Review 91/2: 307–335.Google Scholar
Callaway, Barbara J. 1987 Muslim Hausa Women in Nigeria: Tradition and Change. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Camara, Camille. 1968 Saint-Louis du Senegal. Dakar: IFAN.Google Scholar
Cameiro da Cunha, Manela. 1986 Negros, Estrangeiros: os escravos libertos e sua volta à Africa. Sao Paulo: Nobel Edusp.Google Scholar
Cameiro da Cunha, Marianno and Verger, Pierre. From Slave Quarters to Town Houses: Braziliam Architecture in Nigeria and the People's Republic of Benin. Sao Paulo: Nobel Edusp.Google Scholar
Castells, M. 1977 The Urban Question: A Marxist Approach. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Childe, Gordon V. 1950 “The Urban Revolution.” The Town Planning Review 21/1:3–17.Google Scholar
Childe, Gordon V. 1957 “Civilization, Cities, and Towns.” Antiquity 121: 36–38.Google Scholar
Chittick H., Neville. 1970 “Kilwa and the Arab Settlement of the East African Coast.” In Papers in African Prehistory, edited by Fage, J.D. and Oliver, R.A., 239–256. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chittick H., Neville. 1974 Kilwa. An Islamic Trading City on the East African Coast, vol. 1 History and Archaeology, vol. 2 The Finds. Nairobi: The British Institute in Eastern Africa.Google Scholar
Chittick H., Neville and Rotberg, Robert I. 1975 East Africa and the Orient: Cultural Syntheses in Precolonial Times. London: Africana Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Cissoko, Sekene Mody. 1969 “L'intelligentsia de Tombouctou aux 15-16ème siècles.” Présence Africaine 72: 48–72.Google Scholar
Cissoko, Sekene Mody. 1975 Tombouctou et l'Empire Songhay. Dakar: Novelles Editions Africaines.Google Scholar
Clarkson, M. [1956] 1963 “The Problem of Begging and Destitution in Urban Areas of the Gold Coast.” In Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference of the West African Institute of Social and Economic Research, 142–148.Google Scholar
Cock, Jacklyn. 1980 Maids and Madams: A Study in the Politics of Exploitation. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, Abner. 1969 Customs and Politics in Urban Africa: A Study of Hausa Migrants in Yoruba Towns. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Cole, P. 1975 Modern and Traditional Elites in the Politics of Lagos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Collier, Paul and Lal, Deepak. 1986 Labour and Poverty in Kenya 1900-1980. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Connah, Grahm. 1987 African Civilizations, Precolonial Cities and States in Tropical Africa: An Archaeological Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 1987 On the African Waterfront: Urban Disorders and the Transformation of Work in Colonial Mombasa. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick ed. 1983 Struggle for the City: Migrant Labor, Capital and the State in Urban Africa. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. 1988a “Villes coloniales et histoire des Africains.” 20ème siècle: Revue d'Histoire 20: 47–68.Google Scholar
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. 1988b “Essai de définition et pérodisation: les villes précoloniales.” In Processus d'urbanisation en Afrique, vol. 1, edited by Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine, 27–35. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine ed. 1981 Mutations économiques et sociales dans la première moitié du 20ème siècle, à la campagne et à la ville: transformation du régime foncier, genèse des entreprises. Cahier Afrique noire 4. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine ed. 1982-1983 Histoire des villes et des sociétés urbaines en Afrique noire, vol. 1, Les villes précoloniales, vol. 2, Les villes coloniales. Cahier Afrique noire 5-6. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine ed. 1984 Problémés urbains contemporains en Afrique: recherches en histoire. Cahier Afrique noire 7. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine ed. 1988 Processus d'Urbanisation en Afrique, 2 vols. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Cordonnier, Rita. 1987 Femmes africaines et commerce. Les revendeuses de tissu de la ville de Lomé, Togo. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Cox, Oliver C. 1964 “The Preindustrial City Reconsidered.” The Sociological Quarterly 5: 133–147.Google Scholar
Crummey, Donald. n.d. “Some Precursors of Addis Ababa: Towns in Christian Ethiopia in the 18th and 19th Centuries.” Revised paper presented to the International Symposium on the African Horn, Cairo, 01 1985. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Curle, A.J. 1937 “The Ruined Towns of Somaliland.” Antiquity 11: 315–327.Google Scholar
Curtin, Philip. 1983 “African Enterprise in the Mangrove Trade: The Case of Lamu.” In Enterprises et Entrepeneurs en Afrique, 19ème et 20ème siècles, edited by Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine, I: 129–140. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
1985 “Medical Knowledge and Urban Planning in Tropical Africa.” American Historical Review 90/3: 594–613.Google Scholar
Datta, Satya. 1990 “The Global Restructuring of Capitalism, the Cities of the Thirld World and the Production/Reproduction Complex—A New Perspective on Theoretical Fundamentals.” Symposium on Third World Urbanization. Uppsala: Swedish Science Press.Google Scholar
Daunton, W.J. 1978 “Towns and Economic Growth in 18th Century England.” In Towns in Societies, edited by Abrams, Ph. and Wrigley, E.A., 245–278. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
David, P. 1964 Maradi: L'ancien Etat et l'ancienne ville. Niamey: Institute de recherches nigériennes, IFAN.Google Scholar
Davidson, Basil. [1959] 1970 The Lost Cities of Africa. Boston: Little Brown and Co.Google Scholar
Davies, Kingsley. 1965 “The Urbanization of the Human Population.” Scientific American 213/3: 41–63.Google Scholar
Deblé, I. and Hugon, Philippe. 1982 Vivre et survivre dans les villes africaines. Paris: Presse Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Delcourt, Jean. 1983 Naissance et croissance de Dakar. Dakar: Clairafrique.Google Scholar
Deniel, Raymond. 1985 Femmes des villes africaines. Abidjan: Inades.Google Scholar
Denyer, Susan. 1978 African Traditional Architecture: An Historical and Geographical Perspective. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
De Planhol, Zavier. 1959 The World of Islam. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Devisse, Jean, Robert, D. and Robert, S. 1970 Tegdaoust, vol. 1, Recherches sur Aoudaghost. Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques.Google Scholar
Diabaté, Henriette. 1975 La Marche des femmes sur Grand-Bassam, 1949. Dakar: Nouvelles Editions Africaines.Google Scholar
Dihoff, G. 1970 Profile of a Nigerian City. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Du Toit, Brian M. and Safa, Helen I. 1975a Migration and Development: Implications for Ethnic Identity and Political Conflict. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Du Toit, Brian M. and Safa, Helen I. 1975b Migration and Urbanization: Models and Adaptive Strategies. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Dubois, F. 1897 Tombouctou la Mystérieuse. Paris: Flammarion.Google Scholar
Dubresson, Alain. 1979 L'Espace Dakar-Rufisque en devenir: de l'héritage urbain à la croissance industrielle. Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Duby, Georges. 1980 “France rurale, France urbaine, confrontation.” In Histoire de la France urbaine, 1: 1–35. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Dunn, John and Robertson, A.F. 1973 Dependence and Opportunity: Political Change in Ahafo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dutto, Carl A. 1975 Nyeri Townsmen, Kenya. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau.Google Scholar
Eastman, Carol M. 1988 “Women, Slaves and Foreigners: African Cultural Influences and Group Processes in the Formation of the Northern Swahili Coastal Society.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 21/1: 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elkan, Walter. 1967 “Circular Migration and the Growth of Towns in East Africa.” International Labour Review 96/6: 581–589.Google Scholar
Epstein, A.L. 1958 Politics in an Urban African Community: Luanshya. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Epstein, A.L. 1961 “The Network and Urban Social Organization.” The Rhodes-Livingstone Institute Journal 29: 29–61.Google Scholar
Epstein, A.L. 1967 “Urbanization and Urban Change in Africa.” Current Anthropology 8: 275–296.Google Scholar
Epstein, A.L. 1981 Urbanization and Kinship: The Domestic Domain on the Copperbelt of Zambia, 1950-1956. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Fage, J.D. 1978 A History of Africa. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Fair, T.D.J. and Davies, R.J. 1976 “Constrained Urbanization: White South Africa and Black Africa Compared.” In Urbanization and Counterurbanization, edited by Berry, Bryan J.L., 149–168. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Fanon, Franz. 1961 Les Damnés de la Terre. Paris: Maspero.Google Scholar
Feagin, J.R. and Smith, M.P. eds. 1987 The Capitalist City. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Fetter, Bruce. 1976 The Creation of Elizabethville, 1910-1940. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.Google Scholar
Filipowiak, W. 1966 “Expédition archéologique polono-guinéene à Niani.” Africana Bulletin 4: 116–127.Google Scholar
Filipowiak, W. 1979 Etudes archéologiques sur la capitale médiévale du Mali. Szecscin: Museum Narodowe.Google Scholar
Fitch, James Marston and Branch, Daniel P. 1960 “Primitive Architecture and Climate.” Scientific American 203: 134–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forde, Darryl ed. 1956 Social Implications of Industrialization and Urbanization South of the Sahara. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Fox, Richard G. 1977 Urban Anthropology: Cities in their Cultural Settings. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Fraenkel, Merran. 1964 Tribe and Class in Monrovia. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Franqueville, André. 1984 Yaoundé: Construire une capitale. Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Frenkel, Stephen and Western, John. 1988 “Pretext of Prophylaxis? Racial Segregation and Malarial Mosqultos in a British Colony: Sierra Leone.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 78/2:211–288.Google Scholar
Freund, Bill. 1987 “Labour and Labour History in Africa.” African Studies Review 27/1:1–58.Google Scholar
Frey, R. 1954 Brazzaville. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Frishman, Alan. 1977 “The Population Growth of Kano, Nigeria.” In African Historical Demography, 212–250. Edinburgh: Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Furedi, Frank. 1973 “The African Crowd in Nairobi.” Journal of African History 14/2: 275–290.Google Scholar
Gale, Thomas S. 1979 “The History of British Colonial Neglect of Traditional African Cities.” African Urban Studies 5: 11–24.Google Scholar
Gardinier, David E. 1969 “Urban Politics in Douala, Cameroon, 1944-1955: Duala Reactions to Proposed Municipal Reforms.” African Urban Notes 4/3: 20–29.Google Scholar
Garlake, Peter S. 1982 Life at Great Zimbabwe. Harare: Mambo Press.Google Scholar
Gayibor, N. 1988 “Les villes négrières de la côte des esclaves au 18ème siècle.” In Processus d'urbanisation en Afrique, edited by Coquery-Vidrovitch, CatheRINE, 1: 50–58. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Geiger, Susan. 1987 “Women in Nationalist Struggles: TANU Activities in Dar es Salaam.” International Journal of African Historical Struggles 20: 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghaidan, Usam. 1975 Lamu: A Study of the Swahili Town. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau.Google Scholar
Giddeus, A. 1981 A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gluckman, M. 1961 “Anthropological Problems Arising from the African Industrial Revolution.” In Social Change in Modern Africa, edited by Southall, A. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Goddard, S. 1965 “Town-Farm Relationships in Yorubaland: A Case Study.” Oyo Africa 35:21–29.Google Scholar
Gordon, R.J. 1977 Mines, Masters and Migrants: Life on a Namibian Compound. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.Google Scholar
Gouellain, Roger. 1975 Douala, Ville et Histoire. Paris: Musée de I'Homme.Google Scholar
Griffeth, Robert. 1984 “The Hausa City-States from 1450 to 1804.” In The City-State in Five Cultures, edited by Griffeth, Robert and Thomas, Carol G., 143–180. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press Ltd.Google Scholar
Grunebaum, G.E. von. 1961 Islam. Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Gubler, Jacques. 1980 “Architecture and Colonialism: An Historiographical Safari.” Lotus International 26/5: 5–19.Google Scholar
Gugler, Josef. 1976 “Migrating to Urban Centres of Unemployment in Tropical Africa.” In Internal Migration: The New World and the Third World, edited by Richmond, A.H. and Kubat, D., 184–204. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Gugler, Josef. [1969] 1986 “On the Theory of Rural/Urban Migration: The Case of Subsaharan Africa.” In Migration. Sociological Studies, 2nd ed., edited by Jackson, J.A., 134–155. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gugler, Josef ed. 1970 Urban Growth in Subsaharan Africa. Kampala: Makerere University.Google Scholar
Gugler, Josef and Flanagan, William G. 1978 Urbanization and Social Change in West Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Guilbot, Jacques. 1949 “Les conditions de vie des indigènes de Douala.” Etudes Camerounaises 27:179–239.Google Scholar
Gutkind, Peter C.W. 1960 “Notes on the Kibuga of Buganda.” Uganda Journal 24: 29–43.Google Scholar
Gutkind, Peter C.W. 1962 “The African Urban Milieu: A Force in Rapid Change.” Civilisations 12/2:167–195.Google Scholar
Gutkind, Peter C.W. 1963 The African Administration of the Kibuga of Buganda. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Gutkind, Peter C.W. 1966 “African Urban Chiefs: Agents of Stability or Change in African Urban Life?” Anthropologica 8: 249–265.Google Scholar
Gutkind, Peter C.W. 1969 “Tradition, Migration, Urbanization, Modernity and Unemployment in Africa: The Roots of Instability.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 3/2: 343–365.Google Scholar
Gutkind, Peter C.W., Cohen., R. and Copans, J. 1978 African Labor History. London: Sage Publishing.Google Scholar
Guyer, Jane I. 1987 Feeding African Cities. Studies in Regional Social History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Guyer, Jane I. and Peters, P. eds. 1984 Conceptualizing the Household. New York: Social Science Research Council.Google Scholar
Hackett, I.J. 1989 Religion in Calabar: The Religious Life and History of a Nigerian Town. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Hacquart, Monseigneur. 1900 Monographie de Tombouctou. Paris: Société d'Editions Maritimes et Coloniales.Google Scholar
Hake, Andrew. 1977 African Metropolis: Nairobi's Self-Help City. London: Sussex University Press.Google Scholar
Hamdan, G. 1960 “The Growth and Functional Structure of Khartoum.” The Geographical Review 50/1:21–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hance, William A. 1960 “The Economic Location and Function of Tropical African Cities.” Human Organization 19/3: 135–136.Google Scholar
Hance, William A. 1970 Population, Migration and Urbanization in Africa. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Hanna, William J. and Hanna, Judith L. 1967 “The Integrative Role of Urban Africa's Middle Places and Middlemen.” Civilisations 7/1-2: 12–29.Google Scholar
Hannerz, Ulf. 1980 Explaining the City: Inquiries Towards an Urban Anthropology. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Hansen, Karen Tranberg. 1982 “Lusaka's Squatters: Past and Present.” African Studies Review 25/2-3: 117–136.Google Scholar
Hardoy, J.E. and Satterthwaite, D. eds. 1986 Small and Intermediate Urban Centers: Their Role in National and Regional Development in the Third World. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Harlan, Jack Rodney, Wet, J.M.J. de and Stemler, A. eds. 1976 Origins of African Plant Domestication. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Harrell-Bond, B.E., Howard, A.M. and Skinner, D.E. 1978 Community Leadership and the Transformation of Freetown (1801-1976). The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Harris, R., Todaro, Michael P. 1970 “Migration, Unemployment and Development: A Two Sector Analysis.” American Economic Review: 126–142.Google Scholar
Hasan, Yusuf Fadl. 1971 Sudan in Africa (Napata, Meroe, Nubia). Khartoum: Khartoum University Press.Google Scholar
Heisler, Helmut. 1971 “The Creation of a Stabilized Urban Society: A Turning Point in the Development of Northern Rhodesia/Zambia.” African Affairs 70: 125–145.Google Scholar
Hindson, Douglas C. 1985 “Orderly Urbanization and Influx Control: From Territorial Apartheid to Regional Spacial Ordering in South Africa.” Cahier d'Etudes Africaines 25–3/99: 401–432.Google Scholar
Hirson, B. 1979 Year of Fire, Year of Ash: The Soweto Revolt. London: Zed Press.Google Scholar
Holl, Augustin. 1986 Economie et société néolithique du Dhar Tichitt (Mauritanie). Paris: Recherches sur les Civilisations.Google Scholar
Home, R.K. 1976 “Urban Growth and Urban Government: Contradictions in the Colonial Political Economy.” In Nigeria: Economy and Society, edited by Williams, G. London: Rex Collins.Google Scholar
Home, R.K. 1983 “Town-Planning, Segregation and Indirect Rule in Colonial Nigeria.” Third World Planning Review 5/2: 165–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honwana, Luis Bernardo. 1969 We Kill Mangy Dog and Other Mozambican Stories. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Honwana, Raul and Isaacman, Allen eds. 1988 The Life History of Raul Honwana: An Inside View of Mozambique from Colonialism to Independence, 1905-1975. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Hopkins, Anthony G. 1966 “The Lagos Strike of 1897.” Past and Present 35: 135–155.Google Scholar
Hopkins, Anthony G. 1968 “Imperialism in Lagos, 1880-1892.” Economic History Review 21/3: 580–606.Google Scholar
Hopkins, Anthony G. 1980 “Property Rights and Empire Building: The British Annexation of Lagos, 1861.” Journal of Economic History 40: 777–798.Google Scholar
Hopkins, Nicolas S. 1972 Popular Government in an African Town: Kita, Mali. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Horton, Mark Chatwin. 1987 “The Swahili Corridor.” Scientific American 257/3: 86–93.Google Scholar
Horvath, Ronald J. 1969a “The Wandering Capitals of Ethiopia.” Journal of African History 10/2: 205–219.Google Scholar
Horvath, Ronald J. 1969b “In Search of a Theory of Urbanization. Notes on the Colonial City.” East Lake Geographers 5:69–82.Google Scholar
Hoselitz, B.F. 1954 “Generative and Parasitic Cities.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 3: 278–294.Google Scholar
Hull, Robert W. 1976a African Cities and Towns before the European Conquest. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Hull, Robert W. 1976b “Urban Design and Architecture in Precolonial Africa.” Journal of Urban History 2:4.Google Scholar
Igbafe, P.A. 1979 Benin under British Administration: The Impact of Colonial Rule on an African Kingdom, 1897-1938. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.Google Scholar
Iliffe, John. 1984 “Poverty in 19th Century Yorubaland.” Journal of African History 25/1: 43–57.Google Scholar
Iliffe, John. 1987 The African Poor. A History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
International Labor Organization. 1972 Employment: Incomes and Equality. Geneva.Google Scholar
Isaacman, Allen F. 1976 The Tradition of Resistance in Mozambique: Anti-colonial Activity in the Zambezi Valley, 1850-1921. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Izeogu, C.V. and Salau, A.T. 1985 “City Profile: Port Harcourt.” Cities 14–23.Google Scholar
Janmohamed, Karim K. 1977 “A History of Mombasa, c. 1895-1935: Some Aspects of Economic and Social Life in an East African Port Town during Colonial Rule.” Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University.Google Scholar
Jewsiewicki, Bogumil. 1978 “Histoire économique d'une ville coloniale: Kisangani 1877-1960.” Cahiers du CEDAF5.Google Scholar
Johnson, Ladd Lind. 1970 “Luanda, Angola: The Development of Internal Forms and Functional Patterns.” Ph.D. diss., University of California at Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Johnson, Marion. 1964, 1965 “Migrants' Progress.” Bulletin of Ghana Geographical Association 9/2: 4-27; 10/1: 13–40.Google Scholar
Joseph, Richard. 1977 Radical Nationalism in Cameroon: Social Origins of the UPC Rebellion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Joshi, Heather. 1976 Abidjan: Urban Development and Employment in the Ivory Coast. Geneva: International Labor Organization.Google Scholar
Jules-Rosette, Benetta W. 1981 Symbols of Change: Urban Transition in a Zambian Community. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Kane-Berman, John. 1978 Soweto: Black Revolt, White Reaction. Johannesburg: Ravan.Google Scholar
Kanogo, Tabitha. 1987 Squatters and the Roots of Mau-Mau, 1905-1968. Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Kay, George and Smout, Michael. 1977 Salisbury. A Geographical Survey of the Capital of Rhodesia. Seven Oaks, Kent: Hodder and Stoughton.Google Scholar
Kea, Ray A. 1982 Settlements, Trade and Politics in the 17th Century Gold Coast. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Keller, Edmund. 1974 “Urbanization and the Emergence of the Politics of Independence: Belgian Congo (Zaire).” Mawazo 4/2: 37–51.Google Scholar
Kilson, Marion. 1974 African Urban Kinsmen. The Ga of Central Accra. London: C. Hurst and Co.Google Scholar
King, Anthony D. 1976 Colonial Urban Development: Culture, Social Power and Environment. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
King, Anthony D. 1980 “Exporting Planning: The Colonial and Neo-Colonial Experience.” In Shaping an Urban World: Planning in the 20th Century, edited by Cherry, Gordon E., 203–225. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
King, Anthony D. 1984a The Bungalow. The Production of a Global Culture. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
King, Anthony D. 1984b “Colonial Architecture Re-visited: Some Issues for Further Debate.” In Changing South Asia: City and Culture, edited by Ballhatchet, Kennet and Taylor, David, 99–106. London: Asia Research Service, University of London.Google Scholar
King, Anthony D. 1984c “The Social Production of Building Form: Theory and Research.” Environment and Planning Development: Society and Space 2: 429–446.Google Scholar
Kipre, Pierre. 1985 Villes de Côte d'Ivoire, 1893-1940, vol. 1, Fondations des villes coloniales en Côte d'Ivoire, vol. 2, Economie et société urbaine. Abidjan: Nouvelles Editions Africaines.Google Scholar
Koblah, Samuel Mugwlka. 1984-1985 “The Origins of Squatting and Community Organization in Nairobi.” African Urban Studies 19-20: 1–107.Google Scholar
Kouroma, Ahmadou. 1970 Les Soleils des indépendances. Paris: Le Seuil.Google Scholar
Krapf-Askari, Eva. 1969 Yoruba Towns and Cities. An Enquiry into the Nature of Urban Social Phenomena. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Kuper, Hilda ed. 1965 Urbanization and Migration in West Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Kuper, Leo, Watts, Hilstan, and Davies, Ronald L. 1958 Durban: A Study in Racial Ecology. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
La Fontaine, J. 1970 City Politics: A Study of Leopoldville. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lakroum, Monique. 1989 “Dix années de recherches urbaines: reflet des réalités africaines?” In Les Investissements publics urbains en Afrique de l'Ouest, 1930-1985, edited by Dulucq, Sophie and Goerg, Odile, 203–208. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Lapidus, Ira M. [1967] 1984 Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Larimore, A. 1969 “The Africanization of Colonial Cities in East Africa.” East Lakes Geographer 5: 50–68.Google Scholar
Lassere, Guy. 1958 Libreville, la ville et la région. Paris: Colin.Google Scholar
Law, Robin. 1977 “Towards a History of Urbanization in Pre-colonial Yorubaland.” African Historical Demography. Edinburgh: Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Law, Robin. 1983 “Trade and Politics behind the Slave Coast: The Lagoon Traffic and the Rise of Lagos, 1500-1800.” Journal of African History 24: 321–348.Google Scholar
Lawrence, A.W. 1964 Trade, Castles and Forts of West Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Lebeuf, Jean-Paul. 1951 Fort Lamy (AEF). Rapport d'une enquête préliminaire dans les milieux urbains de la Fédération. Paris: Herman.Google Scholar
Lebeuf, Jean-Paul. 1962 Archéologie tchadienne. Les Sao du Caméroun et du Tchad. Paris: Herman.Google Scholar
Lebeuf, Jean-Paul. n.d. Bangui (Oubangui-Chari, AEF). Paris: Editions de l'union françalse.Google Scholar
Lebeuf, Jean-Paul, Kirsch, Immo and Hermann, Joannes. 1989 Ouara, ville perdue (Tchad). Paris: Editions Recherches sur les Civilisations.Google Scholar
Leblanc, Michel and Malaisse, François. 1978 Lubumbashi, un écosystème urbain tropical. Lubumbashi: Universlté Nationale du Zaire.Google Scholar
Lecour-Grandmaison, Colette. 1972 Femmes dakaroises. Abidjan: Annales de L'Université.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, Henri. 1970 La Révolution urbaine. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Lepape, Marc. 1985 “De l'espace et des races à Abidjan.” Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines 25/3: 295–307.Google Scholar
Lerche, C.O. 1982 “Social Style in Nigeria, 1971-1978.” Journal of African Studies 9/1: 2–12.Google Scholar
Lhote, Henri. 1951 “Sur l'emplacement de la ville de Tadmekka, antique capitale des Berbères soudanais.” Notes Africaines 51: 65–69.Google Scholar
Lipton, Michael. 1976 Why Poor People Stay Poor: Urban Bias in World Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Little, Kenneth. 1971 “The Role of Voluntary Associations in West African Urbanization.” American Anthropologist 59: 579–595.Google Scholar
Little, Kenneth. 1973 African Women in Towns: An Aspect of Africa's Social Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Little, Kenneth. 1974 Urbanization as a Social Process. An Essay on Movement and Change in Contemporary Africa. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Little, Kenneth. 1977 “Urbanization and Regional Associations: Their Paradoxical Function.” In Urban Anthropology, edited by Southall, Aidan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lloyd, Peter C. 1962 Yoruba Land Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lloyd, Peter C. 1973 “The Yoruba: An Urban People?” In Urban Anthropology, edited by Southall, Aidan, 107–123. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lloyd, Peter C., Mabogunje, Akin and Awe, B. eds. 1967 The City of Ibadan. London: International African Insltute and Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lobato, Alexandre. 1970 Lourenço Marques. Xilunguine: Biografia de Cidade. Lisbon: Agencia Geral do Ultramar.Google Scholar
Lobban, Richard A. 1979 “Class, Endogamy and Urbanization in the ‘Three Towns” of the Sudan.” African Studies Review 22/9: 99–113.Google Scholar
Lopes, E.C. 1939 Sao Joao Batista de Ajuda. Lisbon: n.p.Google Scholar
Lubeck, Paul M. 1979 “Contrasts and Continuity in a Dependent City: Kano, Nigeria.” In Third World Urbanization, edited by Abu-Lughod, J. and Hay, Richard, 281–289. New York: Methuen.Google Scholar
Lubeck, Paul M. 1986 Islam and Urban Labor in Northern Nigeria: The Making of a Muslim Working Class. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lugan, Bernard. n.d. “Nyanza, une capital royale du Rwanda ancien.” University of Rwanda. Xerox.Google Scholar
Lux, André. 1960 “Le niveau de vie des chomeurs de Lulabourg.” Zaire 14: 1–34.Google Scholar
Mabogunje, Akin L. 1962a “The Growth of Residential Districts in Ibadan.” Geographical Review 52: 56–77.Google Scholar
Mabogunje, Akin L. 1962b Yoruba Towns. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.Google Scholar
Mabogunje, Akin L. 1964 “The Evolution and Analysis of Retail Structure of Lagos, Nigeria.” Economic Geography 40: 304–323.Google Scholar
Mabogunje, Akin L. 1968 Urbanization in Nigeria. London: Africana Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Mabogunje, Akin L. 1970 “Systems Approach to a Theory of Rural-Urban Migration.” Geographical Analysis 2: 1–18.Google Scholar
Mabogunje, Akin L. 1974 “Urbanization Problems in Africa.” In Urbanization, National Development and Regional Planning in Africa, edited by El-Shakhs, Salah and Obudho, R., 13–26. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Mabogunje, Akin L. 1989 The Development Process: A Spatial Perspective, 2nd edition. London: Hutchinson University Library.Google Scholar
Mabogunje, Akin L. 1990 “Urban Planning and the Post-Colonial State in Africa: A Research Overview.” African Studies Review 33/2: 121–203.Google Scholar
Mabogunje, Akin L. and Omer-Cooper, J.D. 1971 Owu in Yoruba History. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.Google Scholar
Magubane, Bernard. 1975 “The Native Reserves (Bantustans) and the Role of the Migrant Labor System in the Political Economy of South Africa.” In Migration and Development: Implications for Ethnic Identity and Political Conflict, edited by Safa, Helen I. and Du Toit, Brian M., 225–267. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Magubane, Bernard. 1979 “The City in Africa: Some Theoretical Issues.” In Development of Urban Systems in Africa, edited by El-Shakhs, Salah and Obudho, R., 31–56. New York: Praeger Google Scholar
Mainet, Guy. 1985 Douala: Croissance et Servitudes. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Mann, Kristin. 1985 Marrying Well: Marriage, Status and Social Change Among the Educated Elites in Colonial Lagos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mann, Kristin. 1987 “The Birth of a Colonial City: Trade, Credit and Land in 19th Century Lagos.” In Symposium on New Perspectives on Colonial Africa. Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois.Google Scholar
Margarido, Alfredo. 1970 “La Capitale de L'Empire Lunda: un urbanisme politique.” Annates 4: 857–861.Google Scholar
Marguerat, Yves. 1988 “Kumasi, l'espace et le temps. Trois siècles d'évolution d'une grande ville africaine.” In Processus d'urbanisation en Afrique, edited by Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine, 2: 9–24. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Marris, Peter. 1961 Family and Social Change in an African City: A Study of Re-housing in Lagos. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Martin, William G. and Mark, Beittel. 1987 “The Hidden Abode of Reproduction: Conceptualizing Households in Southern Africa.” Development and Change 18: 215–234.Google Scholar
Mathew, Gervase. “The Dating and Significance of the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea.” In East Africa and the Orient: Cultural Syntheses in Precolonial Times, edited by Chittick, H. Neville and Rotberg, Robert I. 147–163. London: Africana Publishing Co..Google Scholar
Mattera, Don. 1989 Sophiatown: Coming of an Age in South Africa. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Maud, John P.R. 1938 City Government: The Johannesburg Experiment. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Mauny, Raymond. 1951 “Notes d'archéologie sur Tombouctou.” Bulletin de l'IFAN 13: 837–852.Google Scholar
Mauny, Raymond. 1952 “Notes d'archéologie sur Tombouctou.” Bulletin de l'lFAN 14: 899–918.Google Scholar
Maximy, René de. 1984 Kinshasa, ville en suspens. Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Maximy, René de. 1988 “Tous les chemins ne mènent pas á Tombouctou.” In Processus d'Urbanisation en Afrique, edited by Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine, 1: 11–25. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Mayer, Phillip. 1962 “Migrancy and the Study of Africans in Towns.” American Anthropologist 64: 576–592.Google Scholar
Mayer, Phillip. 1963 Townsmen or Tribesmen: Conservatism and the Process of Urbanization in a South African City. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Maylam, Paul. 1982 “Shackled by the Contradictions: The Municipal Response to African Urbanization in Durban, 1920-1950.” African Urban Studies 14: 1–17.Google Scholar
Mbembe, Achille. 1989 “La Naissance du Maquis dans le Sud-Cameroon, l'esquisse d'une anthropologie historique de l'indiscipline.” Thèse, Université Paris 1.Google Scholar
Mbokolo, Elikia. 1982 “Peste et société urbaine à Dakar: l'épidémie de 1914.” Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines 22/1-2: 13–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthyn, Jeffrey J. and Swilling, Mark. 1985 “The Apartheid City and the Politics of Bus Transportation.” Political Geography Quarterly 4/3: 235–249.Google Scholar
McGee, T.C. 1964 “The Rural-Urban Continuum Debate, the Pre-industrial City and Rural-Urban Migration.” Pacific Viewpoint 5/2: 159–179.Google Scholar
McGee, T.C. 1971 The Urbanization Process in the Third World. London: C. Bell.Google Scholar
McGee, T.C. 1979 “Conservatism and Dissolution in the Third World City: the ‘Shanty Town,’ an Element of Conservatism.” Development and Change 10: 1–22.Google Scholar
Mcintosh, Susan Keech and Mcintosh, Roderick J. 1980 Prehistoric Investigations in the Region of Jenne, Mali. A Study in the Development of Urbanism in the Sahel, vol. 1, Archaeological and Historical Background and the Excavations at Jenne-Jeno. Oxford: B.A.R. Google Scholar
Mcintosh, Susan Keech and Mcintosh, Roderick J. 1986 “Recent Archaeological Research and Dates from West Africa.” Journal of African History 27: 413–422.Google Scholar
McNulty, M.L. 1966 “Urban Centers and the Spatial Pattern of Development in Ghana.” Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. Xerox.Google Scholar
McNulty, M.L. 1976 “West African Urbanization.” In Urbanization and Counterurbanization, edited by 213–232. Berry, Bryan J.L. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
McQuillan, D. Aidan and Lanier, Royce. 1984 “Urban Upgrading and Historic Preservation: An Integrated Development Plan for Zanzibar's Old Stone Town.” Habitat International 8/2: 43–59.Google Scholar
Meillassoux, Claude. 1968 Urbanization of an African Community: Voluntary Associations in Bamako. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Meillassoux, Claude. 1971 “Le commerce précolonial et le développement de l'esclavage à Gumbu du Sahel.” In The Development of Indigenous Trade and Markets in West Africa, edited by Meillasoux, Claude, 182–189. London: International African Institute and Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Meillassoux, Claude. 1987 Maidens, Meals and Money. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Memon, P.A. and Esmond, B. “The Kenya Coast: An Anomaly in the Development of an ‘Ideal Type’ Colonial Spatial Settlement.” Kenya Historical Review 4/2: 187–206.Google Scholar
Miller, R. 1937 “Katsina, a City of the Desert Border.” Geography.Google Scholar
Miner, Horace. 1952 “The Folk-Urban Continuum.” American Sociological Review 17:5: 529–537.Google Scholar
Miner, Horace. 1953 The Primitive City of Timbuctoo. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Miner, Horace ed. 1967 The City in Modern Africa. London: Praeger.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Clyde G. 1954 “African Urbanization in Ndola and Luanshya.” Rhodes-Livingstone Communications 6. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Clyde G. 1959 “Labour Migration in Africa South of the Sahara: The Causes of Labour Migration.” Bulletin of the Inter-African Labour Institute 6: 12–46.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Clyde G. 1966 “Theoretical Orientations in African Urban Studies.” In The Social Anthropology of Complex Societies, edited by Banton, Michael, 37–67. London: Tavistock Publishing.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. Clyde. 1987 Cities, Societies and Social Perception. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Mondjannagni, Alfred. 1977 Campagnes et villes au sud de la République Populaire du Bénin. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Monteil, Charles. 1971 Une cité soudanaise: Djenné métropole du delta central du Niger. Paris and London: Anthropos and International African Institute.Google Scholar
Morlmore, M.J. 1970 Zaria and its Region. Zaria: n.p.Google Scholar
Morton-Williams, Peter. 1960 “The Yoruba Ogboni Cult in Oyo.” Africa 30: 362–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morton-Williams, Peter. 1964 “An Outline of the Cosmology and Cult Organization of the Oyo Yoruba.” Africa 34: 243–261.Google Scholar
Morton-Williams, Peter. 1972 “Some Factors in the Location, Growth and Survival of Towns in West Africa.” In Man, Settlement and Urbanism, edited by Ucko, P.J., Tringham, Ruth and Dimbley, G.W., 883–890. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Mumford, Lewis. 1961 The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.Google Scholar
Munson, P.J. 1972 “The Tichitt Tradtion: A Late Prehistoric Occupation of the Southwestern Sahara.” Ph.d. diss., University of Illinois at Chicago.Google Scholar
Mworoha, Emile. 1977 Peuples et rois de l'Afrique des grands lacs. Paris, Bujumbura: Nouvelles Editions Africaines.Google Scholar
Nolan, Riall W. 1979 “Migrants to the City in Africa: The Search for a Conceptual Framework.” African Urban Studies 5: 1–10.Google Scholar
Nurse, Derek and Spear, Thomas. 1985 The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language in an African Society, 800-1500. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
O'Hear, Ann. 1987 “Craft Industry in Ilorin: Dependency or Independence?” African Affairs 86/345: 505–522.Google Scholar
O'Connnor, Anthony M. 1983 The African City. London: Hutchinson University Library.Google Scholar
O'Loughlin, Carleen. 1972 “What is the Village? The Relevance of ‘Village Studies” in West African Social Research.” Ghana Social Science Journal 2/1: 19–26.Google Scholar
Oguntomisin, G.O. and Falola, Toyin. 1987 “Refugees in Yorubaland in the 19th Century.” Asian and African Studies 21/2: 165–185.Google Scholar
Oliver, Roland. 1959 “Ancient Capital Sites of Ankole.” Uganda Journal 23:51–64.Google Scholar
Onokerhoraye, Andrew Godwin. 1975 “Urbanism as an Organ of Traditional African Civilization: The Example of Benin, Nigeria.” Civilization 25/314: 294–306.Google Scholar
Owusu, Maxwell. 1970 Uses and Abuses of Political Power: A Case Study of Continuity and Change in the Politics of Ghana. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar
Paden, John N. 1973 Religion and Political Culture in Kano. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar
Pain, Marc. 1984 Kinshasa: La ville et la cite. Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Pankhurst, Richard. 1961 “Menelik and the Foundation of Addis Ababa.” Journal of African History 2/1 103–117.Google Scholar
Pankhurst, Richard. 1965 “Notes on the Demographic History of Ethiopian Towns and Villages.” Ethiopian Observer 9/1: 60–83.Google Scholar
Pankhurst, Richard. 1982 History of Ethiopian Towns, vol. 1, From the Middle Ages to the Early Nineteenth Century, vol. 2, From the 19th Century to 1935. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Parkin, David. 1966 “Urban Voluntary Associations as Institutions of Adaptation.” Man 1/1: 90–94.Google Scholar
Parkin, David ed. 1975 Town and Country in Central and East Africa. London: International African Institute. Google Scholar
Peace, A.J. 1979 “Prestige, Power and Legitimacy in a Modern Nigerian Town.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 13/1-2: 25–51.Google Scholar
Pearce, F.B. 1967 Zanzibar: The Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa. Reprint of 1920 edition. New York: n.p.Google Scholar
Peel, J.D.Y. 1980 “Urbanization and Urban History in West Africa.” Journal of African History 21/2: 269–278.Google Scholar
Peel, J.D.Y. 1984 Ijeshas and Nigerians. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Péfontan, Commandant. 1922 “Histoire de Tombouctou de sa fondation á l'occupatlon française (13èame siècle-1893).” Bulletin du Comité d'Etudes Historiques et Scientifiques de l'A.O.F.. pp. 81–133.Google Scholar
Peil, Margaret. 1975 “Social Life in Burgeoning Suburbs.” In The Population Factor in African Studies. edited by Moss, R.P. and Rathbone, R.J., 171–178. London: University of London Press.Google Scholar
Peil, Margaret. 1981 Cities and Suburbs: Urban Life in West Africa. New York: Africana Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Pellow, Deborah. 1977 Women in Accra: Options for Autonomy. Algonac, MI: Reference Publications.Google Scholar
Penvenne, Jeanne-Marie. 1982 “The Unmaking of an African Petite Bourgeoisie: Lourenco Marques, Mozambique.” African Studies Center Working Papers 57.Google Scholar
Peterson, H. 1969 Province of Freedom. A History of Sierra Leone 1787-1870. London: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar
Philips, Earl. 1969 “The Egba at Abeokuta: Acculturation and Political Change, 1830-1870.” Journal of African History 10/1: 117–131.Google Scholar
Philips, Earl. 1970 “The Egba at Ikorodu, 1865. Perfidious Lagos?” African Historical Studies 3/1: 23–35.Google Scholar
Pirie, Gordon H. and Hart, Deborah M. 1985 “The Transformation of Johannesburg's Black Western Areas.” Journal of Urban Studies 2/4: 387–410.Google Scholar
Plotnicov, Leonard. 1971 Strangers to the City: Urban Man in Jos, Nigeria. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Pons, Valdo. 1969 Stanleyville: An African Urban Community under Belgian Administration. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Posnansky, Merrick. 1973 “Aspects of Early West African Trade.” World Archaeology 5/2: 149–162.Google Scholar
Post, Kenneth, Post, W.J. and Jenkins, George D. 1973 The Price of Liberty: Personality and Politics in Colonial Nigeria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pouchepadass, Jacques. 1981 “Le Village et l'Etat en Inde.” In Societes paysannes du Tier Monde. edited by Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Pouwels, Randall L. 1987 Horn and Crescent: Cultural Change and Traditional Islam on the East African Coast, 800-1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Prussin, Labelle. 1967-1968 “The Architecture of Islam in West Africa.” African Arts 1/2: 32-35 and 70–74.Google Scholar
Prussin, Labelle. 1982 “Islamic Architecture in West Africa: The Foulbe and Manding Models.” Viq. The Journal of the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Fine Arts 5: 52–69.Google Scholar
Prussin, Labelle. 1986 Hatumere: Islamic Design in West Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rakodi, Carole. 1986 “Colonial Urban Policy and Planning in Northern Rhodesia and its Legacy.” Third World Urban Planning Review 8/3: 193–217.Google Scholar
Randles, W.G.L. 1968 L'ancien royaume du Congo des origines a la fin du 19eme siecle. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Randles, W.G.L. 1972 “Pre-colonial Urbanization in Africa South of the Equator.” In Man, Settlement and Urbanism. edited by Ucko, P.J., Tringham, Ruth and Dimbley, G.W., 891–897. London: G. Duckworth. Google Scholar
Rayfield, J.R. 1974 “Theories of Urbanization and the Colonial City in West Africa.” Africa 44: 163–185.Google Scholar
Redfield, Robert. 1930 A Mexican Village. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Redfield, Robert. 1947 “The Folk Society.” American Journal of Sociology 51/4: 293–308.Google Scholar
Redfield, Robert and Singer, Milton B. 1954-1955 “The Cultural Role of Cities.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 3: 53–73.Google Scholar
Rehfish, R. 1964 “A Sketch of Early History of Omdurman.” Sudan Notes and Records 45: 35–47.Google Scholar
Richards, A.I. ed. 1952 Economic Development and Tribal Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, B. 1978 Cities of Peasants. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Robertson, Claire C. 1984 Sharing the Same Bowl: A Socio-Economic History of Women and Class in Accra. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Robinson, K.R. 1959 Khami Ruin. Excavations 1947-1955. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rodwin, Lloyd. 1984 Cities of the Mind: Mirages and Themes of the City in the Social Science. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Romero Curtin, Patricia. 1983 “Laboratory for the Oral History of Slavery: The Island of Lamu on the Kenya Coast.” The American Historical Review 88/4: 858–882.Google Scholar
Romero Curtin, Patricia. 1984 “Wedding in Lamu, Kenya: An Example of Social and Economic Change.” Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines 24-2/94: 131–155.Google Scholar
Romero Curtin, Patricia. 1986 “Where have all the Slaves Gone? Emancipation and Post-Emancipation in Lamu, Kenya.” Journal of African History 27: 497–512.Google Scholar
Ross, M.H. 1973 The Political Integration of Urban Squatters. Evanston: Northwestern University.Google Scholar
Ross, M.H. 1975 Grass Roots in an African City: Political Behavior in Nairobi. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Ross, Robert. 1985 “Cape-Town (1750-1850): Synthesis in the Dialectic of Continents.” In Colonial Cities. edited by Ross, Robert and Telkamp, J., 105–121. Leiden: Martin Nijhof for the Leiden University Press.Google Scholar
Ross, Robert and Telkamp, J. 1985 Essays on Urbanism in a Colonial Context. Comparative Studies in Overseas History. Leiden Centre for the History of European Expansion: Martinus Nijhof for the Leiden University Press.Google Scholar
Rosser, Colin. 1973 Urbanization in Tropical Africa: A Demographic Introduction. New York: Ford Foundation.Google Scholar
Rossi, Pietro ed. 1987 Modelli di Città. Strutture e Funzioni Politiche. Torino: Einaudi.Google Scholar
Ryder, A.F.C. 1969 Benin and its Europeans, 1485-1897. New York.Google Scholar
Saad, Elias N. 1983 Social History of Timbuktu. The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables, 1400-1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sabot, R.H. 1979 Economic Development and Urban Migration: Tanzania, 1900-1971. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sandbrook, Richard. 1982 The Politics of Basic Needs: Urban Aspects of Assaulting Poverty in Africa. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Sandbrook, Richard and Arn, Jack. 1977 The Labouring Poor and Urban Class Formation: The Case of Greater Accra. Centre for Developing Area Studies Occasional Monograph Series, no. 12. Montreal: McGill University.Google Scholar
Sassoon, Hamo. 1967 “New Views on Engaruka, Northern Tanzania. Excavations Carried Out for the Tanzanian Government in 1964 and 1966.” Journal of African History 8/2: 201–217.Google Scholar
Saunders, Christopher. 1984 Studies in the History of Capetown vol. 5. Capetown: Centre for African Studies, University of Cape-Town.Google Scholar
Savonnet, Guy. 1955 La ville de Thiès. Saint-Louis: IFAN.Google Scholar
Schildkrout, Enid. 1978 People of the Zongo. The Transformation of Ethnic Identities in Ghana. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schewerdtfeger, Friedrich W. 1982 Traditional Housing in African Cities. A Comparative Study of Houses in Zaria, Ibadan and Marrakech. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Seck, Assane. 1970 Dakar, Mètropole ouest-africaine. Dakar: IFAN.Google Scholar
Seeley, Janet. 1987 “Social Welfare in a Kenyan Town: Policy and Practice, 1902-1985.” African Affairs 86/345: 541–566.Google Scholar
Shack, William A. 1973 “Urban Ethnicity and the Cultural Process of Urbanization in Ethiopia.” In Urban Anthropology. edited by Southall, Aidan, 251–285. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shaw, Thurstan L. 1975 “Those Igbo-Ukwu Radiocarbon Dates: Facts, Fictions and Probabilities.” Journal of African History 16/4: 503–517.Google Scholar
Shaw, Thurstan L. n.d. “Further Sight in Igbo-Ukwu, including New Radio Carbonate.” In Proceedings, Ninth Panafrican Congress of Prehistory and Quaternar Studies, Jos, Nigeria, 1983. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Shillington, Kevin. 1985 Colonization of Southern Tswana. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.Google Scholar
Shinnie, P.L. 1967 Meroe: A Civilization of the Sudan. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.Google Scholar
Shinnie, P.L. and Kense, F.Y. n.d. Unttitled Paper, Presented at Third International Meroitic Conference. Toronto, 1977.Google Scholar
Simmance, Allan J.F. 1972 Urbanization in Zambia. New York: Ford Foundation.Google Scholar
Simon, David. 1984 “Third World Colonial Cities in Context: Conceptual and Theoretical Approaches with Particular Reference to Africa.” Progress in Human Geography 8/4: 493–514.Google Scholar
Simon, David. 1989 “Colonial Cities, Postcolonial Africa and the World Economy: A Reinterpretation.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 13/1: 68–91.Google Scholar
Simon, David. n.d. “Town Planning in Sub-Saharan Africa: Colonial Legacy or Tool of Change?” Conference on Town Planning in Africa, African Studies Association Development Planning Unit. London, July 1988.Google Scholar
Sinou, Alain. 1985 “Idéologies et pratiques de l'urbanisme dans le Sénégal colonial.” thèse de 3ème cycle E.H.E.S.S.Google Scholar
Sinou, Alain and Oloudé, Bachir 1988a Porto-Novo, Ville d'Afrique noire. Marseilles: Parentheses/ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Sjoberg, Gideon. 1955 “The Pre-Industrial City.” The American Journal of Sociology 60: 438–445.Google Scholar
Sjoberg, Gideon. 1960 The Preindustrial City. Past and Present. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Skinner, Elliot P. 1974 African Urban Life: The Transformation of Ouagadougou. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Smaites, A.E. 1975 A Geography of Towns. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Smith, M.P. 1980 The City and Social Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Smith, Mary. 1954 Baba of Karo, A Woman of the Muslim Hausa. London: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar
Southall, Aidan W. 1971 “The Impact of Imperialism upon Urban Development in Africa.” In Colonialism in Africa 1870-1860. vol. 3., edited by Turner, V., 216–255. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Southall, Aidan W. 1976 “Forms of Ethnic Linkage between Town and Country.” In A Century of Change in Eastern Africa. edited by Arens, W. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Southall, Aidan W. ed. 1973 Urban Anthropology. Cross-Cultural Studies of Urbanization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Southall, Aidan W. ed. 1979 Small Urban Centers in Rural Development in Africa. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Southall, Aidan W. and Gutkind, Peter C.W. 1957 Townsmen in the Making: Kampala and its Suburbs. East African Studies 9. Kampala: East African Institute of Social Research.Google Scholar
Stadler, A.W. 1979 “Birds in the Cornfields: Squatter Movements in Johannesburg, 1944-1947.” Journal of Southern African Studies 6/1: 93–123.Google Scholar
Stevenson, R.C. 1966 “Old Khartoum, 1821-1885.” Sudan Notes and Records 47: 1–38.Google Scholar
Stichter, Sharon. 1985 Migrant Laborers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stren, Richard. 1972 “Urban Policy in Africa: A Political Analysis.” African Studies Review 15: 489–516.Google Scholar
Stren, Richard, with Letemendia, C. 1986 Coping with Rapid Urban Growth in Africa: An Annotated Bibliography in English and French on Policy and Management of Urban Affairs in the 1980's/Aux Prises avec l'urbanisation rapid en Afrique. Montreal: Center for Developing Area Studies, McGill University.Google Scholar
Strobel, Margaret. 1979 Muslim Women in Mombasa, 1890-1975. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Summers, Roger. 1971 Ancient Ruins and Vanished Civilizations of Southern Africa. Cape Town.Google Scholar
Sutton, J.E.G. 1970 “Dar es Sallam: A Sketch of a Hundred Years.” Tanzania Notes and Records 71: 1–20.Google Scholar
Sutton, J.E.G. 1987 “Dawu-radiocarbon results.” Archaeology in Ghana 3.Google Scholar
Swanson, Maynard W. 1970 “Reflections on the Urban History of South Africa.” In Focus on Cities. edited by Watts, H.L. Durban: University of Natal.Google Scholar
Swanson, Maynard W. 1977 “The Sanitation Syndrome: Bubonic Plague and Urban Native Policy in the Cape Colony 1900-1909.” Journal of African History 18/3: 387–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sween, Joyce and Clignet, Remi. 1969 “Urban Unemployment as a Determinant of Political Unrest: The Case Study of Douala.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 3/2: 463–487.Google Scholar
Swilling, Mark. 1985 “Urban Social Movements Under Apartheid.” Cahier d'Etudes Africaines 25-3/99: 363–379.Google Scholar
Tardits, Claude. 1958 Porto-Novo: les nouvelles générations africaines entre leurs traditions et l'Occident. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Taylor, D.R.F. 1972 “The Role of the Smaller Urban Place in Development: The Case of Kenya.” African Urban Notes 6/3: 7–23.Google Scholar
Telkamp, Gerard G. 1978 Urban History and European Expansion. A Review of Recent Literature Concerning Colonial Cities and a Preliminary Bibliography. Leiden: Leiden Centre for the History of European Expansion.Google Scholar
Thadani, Veena. 1978–1979 “Women in Nairobi: The Paradox of Urban ‘Progress.’” African Urban Studies 3: 67–83.Google Scholar
Thilmans, G. and Ravisé, A. 1980 “Proto-histoire du Sénégal, 2: Sinthiou Baré et les sites du fleuve.” Mémoire du l'IFAN 91: 86–87.Google Scholar
Thomassey, P. and Mauny, Raymond. 1951 “Campagnes de fouilles à Koumbi-Saley.” Bulletin de l'IFAN. pp. 438–462.Google Scholar
Thorbek, Susanne. 1988 “Women and Urbanization.” Acta Sociologica 31/4: 283–301.Google Scholar
Thornton, John K. 1982 The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641-1718. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Tipple, A. Graham. 1981 “Colonial Housing Policy and the ‘African Towns’ of the Copperbelt: The Beginnings of Self-Help.” African Urban Studies 2: 65–85.Google Scholar
Todaro, Michael P. 1971 “Income Expectations, Rural-Urban Migration and Employment in Africa.” International Labour Review 104: 387–413.Google Scholar
Toynbee, Arnold. 1970 Cities in History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Van Dantzig, A. and Pridy, B. 1971 A Short History of the Forts and Castles of Ghana. Accra: n.p.Google Scholar
Van Onselen, Charles. 1977 Chibaro: African Mine Labour in Southern Rhodesia 1900-1922. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Van Onselen, Charles. 1982 New Babylon: Studies in the Social and Economic History of the Witswatersrand 1886-1914. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Van Zwanenberg, Roger. 1972 “History and Theory of Urban Poverty in Nairobi: The Problem of Slum Development.” Journal of Eastern Africa Research and Development 2/2: 165–203.Google Scholar
Vansina, Jan. 1978 The Children of Wool. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Vennetler, Pierre. 1968 Pointe-Noire et la façade maritime du Congo. Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Vennetler, Pierre. 1976 Les Villes d'Afrique tropicale. Paris: Masson.Google Scholar
Verhaegen, Benoit. 1975 Kisangani, Histoire d'une ville. Kinshasa: CRIDE.Google Scholar
Verhaegen, Benoit. 1981 “Stanleyville, 1940-1945.” Cahiers du CEDAF 8.Google Scholar
Vernières, Marc. 1977 Dakar et son double. Volontarisme d'Etat et spontanéité populaire dans l'urbanisation du tiers-monde: le cas de Dagoudane-Pikine. Paris: Bibliothèque nationale pour la Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques.Google Scholar
Vieira, José Luandihno. 1980 José Luandihno Vieira e a sua obra (Estudos, testemunhos, entrevistas). Lisbon: Ed. 70.Google Scholar
Villien-Rossi, M.L. 1966 “Bamako, capitale du Mali.” Bulletin de l'IFAN-B 28:1-2: 249–380.Google Scholar
Vincent, Jeanne-Françoise. 1962 Influence du milieu urbain sur la vie traditionelle des femmes bacongos de Brazzaville. Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Vincent, Joan. 1970 “The Dar es Salaam Townsman: Social and Politcal Aspects of City Life.” Tanzania Notes and Records 21: 149–156.Google Scholar
Vincent, Joan. 1971 African Elite: The Big Men of a Small Town. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Walker, Cheryl. 1982 Women and Resistance in South Africa. London: Onyx Press.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1964 The Road to Independence: Ghana and the Ivory Coast. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Walton, J. 1987 “Urban Protest and the Global Political Economy: The IMF Riots.” In The Capitalist City. edited by Smith, M.P. and Feagin, J.R. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Walton, J. and Masotti, T. eds. 1976 The City in Comparative Perspective: Cross National Research and New Directions in Theory. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. [1921] 1947 “Die Stadt. Begriff und Kategorin.” In Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Tubingen: J.C.B. Mohr.Google Scholar
Wiesner, Thomas S. 1976a “Kariobangi: The Case History of a Squatter Resettlement Scheme in Kenya.” In A Century of Change in Eastern Africa. edited by Arens, W., 199–223. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Wiesner, Thomas S. 1976b “The Structure of Sociability: Urban Migration and Urban-Rural Ties in Kenya.” Urban Anthropology 5: 199–223.Google Scholar
Werlin, Herbert H. 1974. Governing an African City: A Study of Nairobi. New York: Holmes and Meier.Google Scholar
Western, John. 1982 Outcast Cape Town. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Western, John. 1985 “Undoing the Colonial City?” The Geographical Review 75/3: 335–357.Google Scholar
Wettere-Verhasselt, Yola van. 1969 “Bobo-Dioulasso. Le développement d'une ville d'Afrique occidentale.” Cahiers d'Outre Mer. 88–94.Google Scholar
Wheatley, Paul. 1963 “What the Greatness of a City is Said to Be: Reflections on Sjoberg's ‘Preindustrial City,’” Pacific Viewpoint 4: 163–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheatley, Paul. 1970 “The Significance of Traditional Yoruba Urbanism.” Comparative Studies on Society and History 12/4: 393–423.Google Scholar
Wheatley, Paul. 1972 “The Concept of Urbanism.” In Man, Settlement and Urbanism. edited by Ucko, Peter J., Tringham, Ruth and Dimbley, G.W., 601–637. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Wheeler, M. 1956 “The First Towns.” Antiquity 30/119: 132–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, Luise Susan. 1983a “A History of Prostitution in Nairobi, Kenya circa 1900-1952.” Ph.D. diss., University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
White, Luise Susan. 1983b “A Colonial State and an African Petty Bourgeosie: Prostitution, Property and Class Struggle in Nairobi, 1936-1940.” In Struggle for the City, edited by Frederick Cooper. 167–195. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Whittlesey, Derwent. 1937 “Kano: a Sudanese Metropolis.” Geographical Review 27/2: 177–199.Google Scholar
Whitty, Anthony. 1972 “Zimbabwe and Inyanga.” In Man, Settlement and Urbanism. edited by Ucko, Peter J., Tringham, Ruth, and Dimbley, G.W., 899–902. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Wilks, Ivor. 1961 “The Northern Factor in Ashanti History: Begho and the Mande.” Journal of African History 2/1: 25–34.Google Scholar
Williams, Geoffrey J. 1986 Lusaka and its Environs: A Geographical Study of a Planned Capital City in Tropical Africa. Lusaka: Zambia Geographical Association. Google Scholar
Wilson, Monica and Mafeje, A. 1963 Langa: A Study of Social Groups in an African Township. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Winters, Christopher. 1977 “Traditional Urbanism in the North Central Sudan.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 67/4: 500–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winters, Christopher. 1982 “Urban Morphogenesis in Francophone Black Africa.” Geographical Review 72: 139–154.Google Scholar
Winters, Christopher. 1983 “The Classification of Traditional African Cities.” Journal of Urban History 10/1: 3–31.Google Scholar
Wirth, Louis. 1964 “Urbanism as a Way of Life.” In On Cities and Social Life. Selected Papers. edited by Wirth, Louis and Relss, Albert J., 60–83. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wirth, Louis and Reiss, Albert J. eds. 1964 On Cities and Social Life. Selected Papers. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wiseman, John. 1986 “Urban Riots in West Africa, 1977-1985.” Journal of Modern African Studies 24/3: 509–518.Google Scholar
Wolpe, Howard. 1974 Urban Politics in Nigeria: A Study of Port-Harcourt. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wright, Gwendolyn. 1987 “Tradition in the Service of Modernity: Architecture and Urbanism in French Foreign Policy, 1900-1930.” Journal of Modern History 59/2: 291–316.Google Scholar
Wright, Gwendolyn. n.d. At Home and Abroad: French Colonial Urbanism, 1880-1930. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Wright, Marcia. 1983 “Consciousness and Protest among Slave Women in Central Africa, 1886-1911.” In Women and Slavery in Africa. edited by Robertson, Claire and Klein, Martin, 246–270. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Wrigley, E.A. 1978 “Parasite or Stimulus: The Town in a Pre-Industrial Economy.” In Towns in Societies. edited by Abrams, Philip and Wrigley, E.A. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Yusuf, Ahmed Beitallah. 1974 “A Reconsideration of Urban Conceptions: Hausa Urbanization and the Hausa Rural-Urban Continuum.” Urban Anthropology 3/2: 200–221.Google Scholar
Zein, Abdul Hamid M. el. 1974 The Sacred Meadows: A Structural Analysis of Religious Symbolism in an East African Town. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar