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China's Changing Policies in Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2019

Mohamed A. El-Khawas
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Extract

China's foreign policy toward Africa has been of major concern to the great powers ever since the time that China embarked on an active policy in the African continent. By its action, China presented a direct challenge to Soviet leadership in the Third World, and at the same time put an end to the seclusion the United States had tried to impose on the Communist regime.

Type
Research Article
Information
African Issues , Volume 3 , Issue 1 , Spring 1973 , pp. 24 - 28
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 1973 

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References

Footnotes

1 Kahin, George McTurnan, The Asian-African Conference, Bandung, Indonesia April, 1955 (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1956), p. 76 Google Scholar; Peking Review, no. 42 (Oct. 15, 1971), p. 5.

2 Kerr, Malcoln H., “The Middle East and China: The Scope and Limits of Convergent Interests,” in Halpern, A.M., ed., Policies Toward China: Views from Six Continents (New York, USA: McGraw Hill, 1965), pp. 438–439.Google Scholar

3 Donald W. Klein, “Peking's Evolving Ministry of Foreign Affairs,“ China Quarterly, No. 4 (October-December 1960), pp. 28-39.

4 Larkin, Bruce D., China and Africa, 1949-1970: The Foreign Policy of the People's Republic of China (Berkeley, California: University of California, 1970), pp. 17–29.Google Scholar

5 Ibid., p. 40.

6 W. A. C. Adie, “China, Russia and the Third World,” China Quarterly, No. 11 (July-September 1962), pp. 209-213; Robert A. Scalapino, “Sino-Soviet Competition in Africa,” Foreign Affairs, XLII, 4 (July, 1964), pp. 640-654.

7 Jan S. Prybyla, “Communist China's Economic Relations with Africa, 1960-1964,” Asian Survey, IV, 11 (November, 1964), pp. 1135-1143; Dick Wilson, “China's Economic Relations with Africa,” Race, V, 4 (April, 1964), pp. 61-71.

8 W. A. C. Adie, “Chou En-lai on Safari,“ China Quarterly, No. 18 (April-June, 1964), pp. 174-194.

9 Ismael, Tareq Y., “The People's Republic of China and Africa,” Journal of Modern African Studies, IX, 4 (1971), pp. 514-15.Google Scholar

10 Young, M. Crawford, “The Congo Rebellion,” Africa Report, X, 4 (April, 1965), pp. 6–11 Google Scholar; “Pekin et I'Afrique,” Afrique Contemporaine, No. 16 (November-December, 1964), pp. 17-21.

11 Comte, Gilbert, “Peking Shows Its New African Look,” Africa Report, XVI, 3 (March, 1971), p. 20.Google Scholar

12 For more information on “Operation Green Mamba,” see Hevi, Emmanuel J., The Dragon's Embrace: The Chinese Communists and Africa (London: Pall Mall Press, 1967), pp. 62–63 and 97-113Google Scholar; Ghana's Ministry of Information, Nkrumah's Subversion in Africa (Accra-Tema: State Publishing Co., 1966).

13 George T. Yu, “China's Failure in Africa,” Asian Survey, VI, 8 (August, 1966), pp. 461-468, arid “Dragon in the Bush: Peking's Presence in Africa,” Ibid., VIII, 1 (December, 1968), pp. 1018-1026; Harold C. Hinton, China's Turbulent Quest (London: The Macmillan Co., 1970), p. 111.

14 “For the list of revolutions and coups in Africa between 1960-1968, see Robert k Rotberg & AM A. Mazrui, Protest and Power in Black Africa (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), pp. 1040-1041.

15 Michael B. Yahuda, “Chinese Foreign Policy After 1963: The Maoist Phases,” China Quarterly, No. 36 (October-December, 1968), pp. 93- 113; Sim, Yawsoon, “Taiwan and Africa,” Africa Today, XVIII, 3 (July, 1971), pp. 20–23 Google Scholar; Slawecki, Leon M., “Two Chinas in Africa,” Foreign Affairs, XLI, 2 (January, 1963), pp. 398–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For the countries which recognized the Nationalist government, see George T. Yu, “Chinese Rivalry in Africa,” Race, V, 4 (April, 1964), pp. 41-42.

16 Adie, W. A. C., “Effects on Foreign Policy of Conflicts Within the Cultural Revolution Group,” in The Cultural Revolution and China's Foreign Policy (Bruxelles: Centre D'Etude Du Sud-Est Asiatique et de I'Extre'me Orient, 1968), pp. 1–11.Google Scholar

17 “China: Advance in Africa,” Africa Confidential, XIII, 17(August 25, 1972), p. 3.

18 “Comte, pp. 19-20; Larry Heinzerling, “China Resurging in Africa,” The Washington Post, 3 April 1972.

19 For the countries which recognized the Peking government by 1970, see Sydney D. Bailey, Chinese Representation in the Security Council and the General Assembly of the United Nations (Sussex, England: University of Sussex, 1970) ISIO Monographs, First Series, No. 1, pp. 32-33; The Washington Post, 3 April 1972; “Premier Chou on China-Africa Relations,” Peking Review, No. 5 (December 22, 1972), p. 23.

20 El-Khawas, Mohamed, “Africa, China and the United Nations,” African Review, II, 2 (July, 1972), pp. 109–118.Google Scholar

21 U. N. Monthly Chronicle, VIII, 10 (November, 1971), p. 60.

22 U. N., General Assembly, Official Records (XXVI session), Provisional A/PV. 1976, 25 October 1971.

23 “Tanzania: No More Than Meets the Eye,” Africa Confidential, XIII, 7 (April 7, 1972), p. 4; Ibid., XIII, 17 (August 25, 1972), pp. 3-4.

24 Ibid., p. 3; Comte, p. 20.

25 For the principles which guide China's foreign aid program, see Larkin, pp. 103-105.

26 Kovner, Milton, “Communist China's Foreign Aid to Less Developed Countries,” in U. S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, An Economic Profile of Mainland China (Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1967), Vol. 2, p. 612.Google Scholar

27 Smith, William E., We Must Run While They Walk (New York, USA: Random House, Inc., 1971), pp. 226-35;Google Scholar Kasuka Simwinji Mutukwa, “Imperial Dream Becomes Pan-African Reality,” Africa Report (January, 1972), pp. 10-15; Hatch, John, Tanzania: A Profile (New York, USA: Praeger, 1972), p. 191.Google Scholar

28 The New York Times, 25 May 1967; Africa Confidential, XII, 21 (October 15, 1971), p. 8.

29 Ibid., XIII, 17 (August 25, 1972), p. 3; “Emperor Haile Selassie I visits China,” Peking Review (October 15, 1971), pp. 5-7; The Washington Post, 3 April 1972.

30 Prybyla, p. 1143; Bruce D. Larkin, “China and Africa: A Prospective on the 1970's,” Africa Today, XVIII, 3 (July, 1971), p. 4.

31 Africa Confidential, XIII, 17 (August 25, 1972), p. 4; Peking Review, No. 50 (December 15, 1972), p. 21.

32 Africa Confidential, XIV, 3 (February 2, 1973), p. 8.

33 The Washington Post, 16 January 1973.