Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T21:08:46.773Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Woman-Marriage, with Special Reference to the Louedu—its Significance for the Definition of Marriage

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2012

Extract

The marriage of a woman to a woman, found in many African societies, has not been given the attention it warrants, and is still imperfectly understood. Herskovits imputed to it sexual overtones that are foreign to the institution when, after stating quite definitely that such marriage did not imply a homosexual relationship, he went on to add ‘although it is not to be doubted that occasionally homosexual women who have inherited wealth…utilize this relationship to the women they marry to satisfy themselves’ (Herskovits, 1938, 1: 319–20). He made no attempt to substantiate his statement. And Lucy Mair, for all the clarity and grasp displayed in her excellent book on marriage, seems to have failed to appreciate the nature of the institution when she says, ‘According to Evans-Pritchard's account of the Nuer it is usually barren women who make such marriages, and indeed it is hard to imagine a woman who had her own children doing so’ (my italics; Mair, 1971: 60). In actual fact it is usually married women with children of their own who contract such marriages, except, it would appear, among the Nuer. By woman-marriage we mean the institution by which it is possible for a woman to give bridewealth for, and marry, a woman, over whom and whose offspring she has full control, delegating to a male genitor the duties of procreation.

Résumé

LE MARIAGE-ENTRE-FEMMES PLUS PARTICULIÈREMENT EN CE QUI CONCERNE LES LOUEDU. SA SIGNIFICATION POUR UNE DÉFINITION DU MARIAGE

Le mariage-entre-femmes est l'institution par laquelle une femme a la possibilité de donner une dot à une autre femme et de l'épouser; elle a sur cette femme et sur les enfants de celleci un contrôle absolu, déléguant à un géniteur mâle les devoirs de procréation.

On discute de certaines conceptions erronées concernant le mariage-entre-femmes d'après des éléments de comparaison provenant des Nuer, tels que les décrit Evans-Pritchard qui inventa le terme ‘mariage-entre-femmes’, pour les populations du Nigéria et du Dahomey, ainsi que pour les Venda et les Zulu.

On examine avec une attention particulière cette institution telle qu'on l'observe chez les Louedu, où n'importe quelle femme peut acquérir et contrôler la propriété et donner une dot pour sa bru afin que celle-ci lui rende des services et épouse son fils. Si elle n'a pas de fils, la femme peut épouser elle-même la jeune fille. Le mariage-entre-femmes de ce type est étroitement associé au mariage entre cousins du frère et de la soeur utérins, puisque c'est généralement le frère utérin qui se sert du cheptel de sa sœur. La coutume des Louedu de donner ses filles comme épouses à leur reine pour obtenir la pluie ou pour obtenir des faveurs personnelles ou politiques, et leur redistribution par la reine à des parents ou à des clients, a fait de cette institution un facteur fondamental du système politique.

Il est clair que le mariage-entre-femmes constitue un élément essentiel du système social dont il fait partie. Cette institution peut servir à plusieurs fins, elle fait preuve de souplesse dans la situation moderne et elle témoigne d'une conception du mariage, chez les peuples qui s'y soumettent, plus large, plus compréhensive et moins liée aux besoins sexuels des partenaires individuels que dans la société occidentale, car le mariage-entre-femmes ne comporte aucune implication sexuelle pour les individus au nom desquels il est contracté.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1974

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Bohannan, Laura. 1949. ‘Dahomean Marriage: a Revaluation’, Africa, xix. 4.Google Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1945. Some Aspects of Marriage and the Family among the Nuer. Rhodes-Livingstone Institute Papers, No. 11.Google Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1951. Kinship and Marriage among the Nuer. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Gluckman, Max. 1950. ‘Kinship and Marriage among the Lozi of Northern Rhodesia and the Zulu of Natal’, in Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. and Forde, Daryll (eds.) African Systems of Kinship and Marriage. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute.Google Scholar
Herskovits, M. J. 1937. ‘A Note on Woman Marriage in Dahomey’, Africa, x. 3.Google Scholar
Herskovits, M. J. 1938. Dahomey. New York: Augustine. 2 vols.Google Scholar
Jones, G. I. 1963. The Trading States of the Oil Rivers. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute.Google Scholar
Krige, E. J. 1964. ‘Property, Cross-Cousin Marriage and the Family Cycle among the Louedu’, in Gray, R. F. and Gulliver, P. H. (eds.), The Family Estate in Africa. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Krige, E. J.and D, J.. 1943. The Realm of a Rain Queen. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute.Google Scholar
Krige, J. D. 1939. ‘The Significance of Cattle Exchanges in Locedu Social Structure’, Africa, xii. 4.Google Scholar
Leach, E. R. 1961. Rethinking Anthropology. L.S.E. Monographs on Social Anthropology, No. 22. University of London: Athlone Press.Google Scholar
Mair, Lucy. 1971. Marriage. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Needham, R. (ed.) 1971. Rethinking Kinship and Marriage. A.S.A. Monographs, No. 11. London: Tavistock Publications.Google Scholar
Notes and Queries in Anthropology. 1951. London. (Sixth edition.)Google Scholar
Rivière, P. G. 1971. ‘Marriage: a Reassessment’, in Needham, R. (ed.) Rethinking Kinship and Marriage. A.S.A. Monographs, No. 11. London: Tavistock Publications.Google Scholar
Seligman, C. G., and Z, B.. 1965. Pagan Tribes of the Nilotic Sudan. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. (First edition 1932.)Google Scholar
Stayt, H. A. 1968. The Bavenda. London: Cass. (First edition 1931.)Google Scholar
Talbot, P., Amaury. 1969. The Peoples of Southern Nigeria. London: Cass. 4 vols. (First edition 1926.)Google Scholar
Van Warmelo, N. J. 1943-9. Venda Law. Pretoria: Department of Native Affairs Ethnological Publications No. 23, Part 1, 1943; Parts 2 and 3, 1948; Part 4, 1949.Google Scholar