Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-03T19:09:40.677Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Politics of Protection: Perspectives on Vigilantism in Nigeria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Extract

Vigilantism has become an endemic feature of the Nigerian social and political landscape. The emergence of night guards and vigilante groups as popular responses to theft and armed robbery has a long and varied history in Nigeria. Since the return to democracy in 1999, however, Nigeria has witnessed a proliferation of vigilantism: vigilante groups have organized at a variety of levels from lineage to ethnic group, in a variety of locations from village ward to city street, and for a variety of reasons from crime fighting to political lobbying. Indeed, vigilantism has captured such a range of local, national and international dynamics that it provides a sharply focused lens for students of Nigeria's political economy and its most intractable issues – the politics of democracy, ethnicity and religion.

Contemporary Nigerian vigilantism concerns a range of local and global dynamics beyond informal justice.

Type
Introduction
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abbink, J. and van Kessel, I. (eds) (2004) Vanguard or Vandals: youth, politics and conflict in Africa. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Abrahams, R.G. (1987) ‘Sungusungu: village vigilante groups in Tanzania’, African Affairs 86 (343): 179–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abrahams, R.G. (1996) ‘Vigilantism: order and disorder on the frontiers of the state’ in Harris, Olivia (ed.), Inside and Outside the Law: anthropological studies of authority and ambiguity. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Abrahamsen, R. and Williams, M. C. (2007) ‘Introduction: the privatisation and globalisation of security in Africa’, International Relations 21: 131–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agbu, O. (2004) Ethnic Militias and the Threat to Democracy in Post-Transition Nigeria. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.Google Scholar
Akinyele, R.T. (2001) ‘Ethnic militancy and national stability in Nigeria: a case study of the Oodua People's Congress’, African Affairs 100 (401): 623–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amnesty International (2002) ‘Nigeria: Vigilante violence in the south and south-east’, AI Index: AFR 44/014/2002.Google Scholar
Anderson, D.M. (2002) ‘Vigilantes, violence and the politics of public order in Kenya’, African Affairs 101 (405): 531–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, D.M. and Killingray, D. (1991) ‘Consent, coercion and colonial control: policing the empire, 1830–1940’ in Anderson, D. M. and Killingray, D. (eds), Policing the Empire. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, M.G. (2002) ‘Bulletproof: exploring the warrior ethos in Ijo culture’ in Anderson, M. G. and Peek, P. M. (eds), Ways of the Rivers: arts and environment of the Niger Delta. Los Angeles CA: UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History.Google Scholar
Appadurai, A. (2002) ‘Deep democracy: urban governmentality and the horizon of politics’, Public Culture 14 (1): 2147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austen, R.A. (1986) ‘Criminals and the African cultural imagination: normative and deviant heroism in pre-colonial and modern narratives’, Africa 56 (4): 385–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, B. (2002a) ‘Living with non-state policing in South Africa: the issues and dilemmas’, Journal of Modern African Studies 40 (1): 2953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, B. (2002b) ‘When the Bakassi Boys came: eastern Nigeria confronts vigilantism’, Journal of Contemporary African Studies 20 (2): 223–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayley, D. and Shearing, C. (2001) ‘The new structure of policing: description, conceptualization and research agenda’. Research report, National Institute of Justice for the US Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Berry, S.S. (1989) ‘Social institutions and access to resources’, Africa 59 (1): 4155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buur, L. (2007) ‘Fluctuating personhood: vigilantism and citizenship in Port Elizabeth's townships’ in Pratten, D. and Sen, A. (eds), Global Vigilantes: perspectives on justice and violence. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Buur, L. and Jensen, S. (2004) ‘Introduction: vigilantism and the policing of everyday life in South Africa’, African Studies 63 (2): 139–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buur, L., Jensen, S. and Stepputat, F. (eds) (2007) The Security–Development Nexus: expressions of sovereignty and securitization in Southern Africa. Uppsala and Cape Town: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet and HSRC Press.Google Scholar
Casey, C. (2007) ‘“Policing” through violence: fear, vigilantism, and the politics of Islam in Northern Nigeria’ in Pratten, D. and Sen, A. (eds), Global Viglantes: perspectives on justice and violence. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Chabal, P. and Daloz, J-P. (1999) Africa Works: the political instrumentalization of disorder. London: James Currey.Google Scholar
Comaroff, J. (Jean) and Comaroff, J. (John) L. (eds) (2000) Civil Society and the Political Imagination in Africa: critical perspectives, Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Comaroff, J. (Jean) and Comaroff, J. (John) L. (2006a) ‘Criminal obsessions, after Foucault: postcoloniality, policing and the metaphysics of disorder’ in J. and J. L. Comaroff (eds), Law and Disorder in the Postcolony. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comaroff, J. (Jean) and Comaroff, J. (John) L. (2006b) ‘Figuring crime: quantifacts and the production of the un/real’, Public Culture 18 (1): 209–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D.B., Cruise O'Brien (1996) ‘A lost generation? Youth identity and state decay in West Africa’ in Werbner, R. and Ranger, T. (eds), Postcolonial Identities in Africa. London and New York: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Das, V. and Poole, D. (2004) ‘Introduction’, in Das, V. and Poole, D. (eds), Anthropology in the Margins of the State. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Fleisher, M.L. (2000) ‘Sungusungu: state-sponsored village vigilante groups among the Kuria of Tanzania’, Africa 70 (2): 209–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geschiere, P. and Nyamnjoh, F. (2000) ‘Capitalism and autochthony: the seesaw of mobility and belonging’, Public Culture 12 (2): 423–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gore, C. and Pratten, D. (2003) ‘The politics of plunder: the rhetorics of order and disorder in Southern Nigeria’, African Affairs 102 (407): 211–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hann, C. and Dunn, E. (eds) (1996) Civil Society: challenging Western models. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hansen, T.B. and Stepputat, F. (2001) ‘Introduction’ in Hansen, T. B. and Stepputat, F. (eds), States of Imagination. Durham NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harnischfeger, J. (2003) ‘The Bakassi Boys: fighting crime in Nigeria’, Journal of Modern African Studies 41 (1): 2349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heald, S. (1986) ‘Witches and thieves: deviant motivations in Gisu society’, Man 21 (1): 6578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heald, S. (2006) ‘State, law, and vigilantism in northern Tanzania’, African Affairs 105 (419): 265–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heald, S. (2007) ‘Controlling crime and corruption from below: Sungusungu in Kenya’, International Relations 21: 183–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honwana, A. and de Boeck, F. (eds) (2005) Makers and Breakers: children and youth in postcolonial Africa. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch (2002) ‘Bakassi Boys: the legitimization of murder and torture’, HRW Reports 14 (5A).Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch (2003) ‘The O'odua People's Congress: fighting violence with violence’, HRW Reports 15 (4).Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch (2004) ‘“Political Sari'a”? Human rights and Islamic law in northern Nigeria’, HRW Reports 16 (9A).Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch (2005) ‘“Rest in pieces”: police torture and deaths in custody in Nigeria’, HRW Reports 17 (11A).Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch (2006) ‘“They do not own this place”: government discrimination against “non-indigenes” in Nigeria’, HRW Reports 18 (3A).Google Scholar
Ikelegbe, A. (2001) ‘The perverse manifestation of civil society: evidence from Nigeria’, Journal of Modern African Studies 39 (1): 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kagwanja, P.M. (2006) ‘“Power to Uhuru”: youth, identity and generational politics in Kenya's 2002 elections’, African Affairs 105 (418): 5175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karlström, M. (2000) ‘Civil society and its presuppositions: lessons from Uganda’ in J. L., and Comaroff, J. (eds), Civil Society and the Political Imagination in Africa: critical perspectives. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Last, M. (2004) ‘Towards a political history of youth in Muslim northern Nigeria, 1750–2000’ in Abbink, J. and van Kessel, I. (eds), Vanguard or Vandals: youth, politics and conflict in Africa. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Leach, M. (2004) ‘Introduction to Special Issue: security, socioecology, polity: Mande hunters, civil society, and nation-states in contemporary West Africa’, Africa Today 50 (4): 716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lund, C. (2006a) ‘Twilight institutions: an introduction’, Development and Change 37 (4): 673–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lund, C. (2006b) ‘Twilight institutions: public authority and local politics in Africa’, Development and Change 37 (4): 685705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lund, C.Marenin, O. (1987) ‘The Anini saga: armed robbery and the reproduction of ideology in Nigeria’, Journal of Modern African Studies 25 (2): 259–81.Google Scholar
Lund, C.Mbembe, A. (2001) On the Postcolony. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
McCall, J.C. (2004) ‘Juju and justice at the movies: vigilantes in Nigerian popular videos’, African Studies Review 47 (3): 5168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meagher, K. (2007) ‘Hijacking civil society: the inside story of the Bakassi Boys vigilante group of south-eastern Nigeria’, Journal of Modern African Studies 45 (1): 89115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, B. and Geschiere, P. (1999) Globalization and identity: dialectics of flow and closure. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Nolte, I. (2004) ‘Identity and violence: the politics of youth in Ijebu-Remo, Nigeria’, Journal of Modern African Studies 42 (1): 6189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nolte, I. (2007) ‘Ethnic vigilantes and the state: the Oodua People's Congress in south-western Nigeria’, International Relations 21 (2): 217–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratten, D. and Sen, A. (eds) (2007) Global Vigilantes: perspectives on justice and violence. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Reno, W. (2002) ‘The politics of insurgency in collapsing states’, Development and Change 33 (5): 837–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D.J. (2004) ‘The Bakassi Boys: vigilantism, violence and political imagination in Nigeria’, Current Anthropology 19 (3).Google Scholar
Spencer, J. (2003) ‘Collective violence’ in Das, V. (ed.), Oxford India Companion to Sociology and Social Anthropology. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tamuno, T.N. (1970) The Police in Modern Nigeria 1861–1965: origins, development and role. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.Google Scholar
Ukiwo, U. (2002) ‘Deus ex machina or Frankenstein monster: the changing roles of Bakassi Boys in eastern Nigeria’, Democracy and Development: A Journal of West African Affairs 3 (1): 3951.Google Scholar
Ukiwo, U. (2003) ‘Politics, ethno-religious conflicts and democratic consolidation in Nigeria’, Journal of Modern African Studies 41 (1): 115–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watts, M. (2003) ‘Development and governmentality’, Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 24 (1): 634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar