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On the Survival of the Bushmen: With an Estimate of the Problem Facing Anthropologists1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 August 2012

Extract

The last decade has seen a considerable revival of interest in the physical anthropology of the Bushman-Hottentot peoples. In the period 1952-5 no fewer than 34 papers with a bearing on this topic have been published, of a total of 46 in the decade 1946-55. This contrasts with 7 works in this category in the four years 1948-51. The subject-matter has been shared fairly evenly between studies on the living and those on skeletal remains. In the former category are studies on Nama Hottentots (Wells), Strandlopers (Dart), Koranas (Grobbelaar, Tobias), Sandawe (Trevor), Lake Chrissie Bushmen (Toerien), Northern Bushmen (Wells, Gusinde, Erikson, Williams, Tobias), River Bushmen (Hurwitz and Harington), Central Bushmen (Tobias), hybrids (Trevor, Wells, Tobias), and on blood groups (Zoutendyck, Kopec and Mourant, Grobbelaar). In the second category are craniological studies by Cosnett, Dart, Drennan, Dreyer and Meiring, Grobbelaar, Hope, Keen, Sauter, Tobias, Toerien, Wells, on a variety of recent, proto-historic, and prehistoric remains. Two thirds of all these studies have been focused primarily upon Bushmen. Furthermore, plans for additional anthropometrical and anthroposcopic surveys of surviving Bushmen are at present being elaborated in the Department of Anatomy of the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg—from which Department, under the general direction and inspiration of Professor Raymond A. Dart, more than half the studies referred to have emanated. It is hoped that, in the coming years, a series of expeditions will visit Bushman tribes, more particularly in those areas which have not hitherto been studied from a physical anthropological point of view.

Résumé

QUELQUES NOTES SUR LA SURVIVANCE DES BOSCHIMANS

Le terme ‘Boschiman’ a une application plus étendue qu'il ne l'était supposé jusqu'ici et sa définition, en l'espèce, dépend principalement du critérium de la langue et du fait que des individus ou des tribus se reconnaissent mutuellement comme Boschimans ou Sarwa. Le nombre total de Boschimans qui existent encore à l'heure actuelle dans l'Afrique sud-est, le protectorat de Betchouanaland, l'Angola, la Rhodésie, l'Union sud-africaine et le Basutoland, dépasse 50.000, chiffre surprenant étant données les évaluations bien inférieures qui continuent d'être citées et l'impression générale qu'ils sont en voie de s'éteindre rapidement. Autrefois, ils ont dû être très nombreux et les documents historiques, ainsi que les vestiges d'ossements préhistoriques, indiquent que, dans le temps, ils habitaient de vastes étendues de territoire, y compris les régions les plus fertiles de l'Afrique méridionale, d'où ils sont maintenant disparus. Ceci indique que les Boschimans n'ont pas dû être une race distinctive qui s'est développée par suite des conditions désertiques. Il semble qu'ils aient été refoulés vers leurs centres actuels par la poussée des tribus de langue bantoue et les colons européens, et que ces facteurs, ainsi que les rigueurs d'une existence dans le désert, les aient amenés à modifier leur culture et à adopter un mode d'existence plus stabilisé. Il s'est produit un nombre considérable de métissages avec d'autres peuples, de sorte que l'intégrité tribale et raciale est en voie de disparaître rapidement. Il importe donc d'évaluer le nombre et la disposition des Boschimans survivants et d'étudier leur composition raciale. Cette tâche pourrait être accomplie d'année en année par un programme comprenant l'étude de deux ou trois tribus par an.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1956

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