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OBEDIENCE AND SELECTIVE GENOCIDE IN BURUNDI

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2015

Abstract

Following a localized Hutu uprising in 1972, the Tutsi-dominated state in Burundi embarked on a vast series of reprisals across the country, leaving between 100,000 and 300,000 dead. Prominent political leaders were liquidated, Hutu who were able or learning to read were arrested, and many who had achieved any marginal level of exceptionality in economic success or other social achievement were accused of treason and murdered. Described as a ‘selective genocide’, the means of this violence proved deeply informative of its nature and of the experience of those caught up in the bloodshed. In the northern province of Ngozi, selection was managed through roadblocks and lists of names, creating the inescapable image of a totalitarian and bureaucratic state order. These methods fuelled a strong reaction of obedience, both among the youth and other agents of the state who took part in the arrests, and among the victims, who are commonly described as reacting with ‘docility’ to the violence. A matter of ‘law-making violence’, the selective means of the genocide shaped the political and social order that emerged from it, the ‘implements’ of genocide substantially contributing to the recognition of discrete ethnic communities among the population at large.

Résumé

À la suite d’un soulèvement hutu localisé en 1972, le gouvernement burundais dominé par les Tutsi lança une vaste campagne de représailles qui fit entre 100 000 et 300 000 morts à travers le pays. D’importants leaders politiques furent éliminés, les Hutu qui pouvaient lire ou apprenaient à lire furent arrêtés, et beaucoup de ceux qui avaient atteint un niveau marginal atypique de réussite économique ou sociale furent accusés de trahison et assassinés. Décrit comme un « génocide sélectif », le moyen de cette violence s’est avéré fort instructif sur la nature et l’expérience de ceux qui se sont trouvés mêlés dans ces événements sanglants. Dans la province de Ngozi, dans le nord du pays, la sélection s’est faite à l’aide de barrages routiers et de listes de noms, créant l’image inéluctable d’un ordre étatique totalitaire et bureaucratique. Ces méthodes ont alimenté une forte réaction d’obéissance, tant chez les jeunes et autres agents de l’État qui ont participé aux arrestations, que chez les victimes, souvent décrites comme ayant réagi à la violence avec « docilité ». Un cas de « violence par l’appareil législatif », le moyen sélectif du génocide a façonné l’ordre politique et social qui en a émergé, les « instruments » du génocide contribuant considérablement à la reconnaissance de communautés ethniques discrètes au sein de l’ensemble de la population.

Type
Histories of violence
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2015 

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