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Ideology, Regionalism, Self-Interest and Tradition: An Investigation into Contemporary Politics in Northern Ghana

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2011

Abstract

This article focuses on three concerns: (1) the historical and contemporary distinctiveness of the ‘north’ from the rest of Ghana; (2) the extent to which the ‘north’ is itself a distinct and united political entity; and (3) the relevance to the area of competing analyses of Ghanaian politics which emphasize:

  • the continuing importance of a distinct ‘northern’ political consciousness;

  • the role of competing Ghanaian political traditions based on ideology and related socio-economic divisions;

  • the growth of conscious ‘self-interest’ on the part of individual voters; and

  • the continued significance of local loyalties and rivalries, many of which pre-date the arrival of the British to the area in the final decades of the nineteenth century.

The article argues that while no monocausal analysis of northern politics is adequate, longstanding internal divisions and rivalries, and distinct local issues, have been highly significant in determining the characteristics of its politics. It further suggests that whilst individual self-interest and ideological and related socio-economic differences have some role in determining the political sympathies and allegiances of members of the political elite, their independent role in determining voting patterns at the local level is limited. Longstanding local divisions and patterns of loyalty may vary in their intensity and impact from time to time, but nevertheless continue to have the potential to shape general political and specific electoral behaviour. Such an analysis is not peculiar to the north, with areas in the south and east also having significant traditional rivalries. It is, however, of particular significance in the north because of its history and the prevalence of common assumptions about the north's having a distinct political identity.

Much of this article focuses on evidence gleaned from the 2004 elections, but it must be remembered that there are potentially serious limitations on the value of this source. In the first place it may be that electoral malpractice and various forms of vote rigging provide a distorted picture of what actually took place. While there were certainly attempts to buy votes in constituencies throughout the north, shooting incidents in Bawku and Tamale, and assaults and attempted assaults on election officials in at least three constituencies, the general impression was of a free, fair and credible election. Of more real significance, however, are the implicit features of an election – votes are aggregated so that we do not know the motivation behind individual voters' selections, and indeed each individual may have conflicting pressures and interests which have to be balanced into a single vote. It is certainly the contention here that underlying issues and actual electoral issues are not congruent; it is argued that only in a limited number of areas in the north did the underlying issues dominate the electoral outcome. It is, however, the potential for longstanding local divisions and loyalties to do so that is still significant today – and likely to remain so in the foreseeable future.

Résumé

Cet article met l'accent sur trois points : (1) la particularité historique et contemporaine du Nord du Ghana par rapport au reste du pays; (2) dans quelle mesure le Nord est en lui-même une entité politique unie distincte; et (3) la pertinence, pour la région, des analyses en concurrence de la politique ghanéenne qui soulignent:

  • l'importance continue d'une conscience politique “ du nord ” distincte;

  • le rôle des traditions politiques ghanéennes en concurrence, sur la base de l'idéologie et des divisions socioéconomiques liées;

  • la montée de l'intérêt personnel conscient de la part des électeurs;

  • l'importance continue des loyautés et rivalités locales, dont beaucoup sont antérieures à l'arrivée des Britanniques dans la région dans les dernières décennies du dix-neuvième siècle.

L'article soutient qu'en l'absence d'analyse monocausale satisfaisante de la politique du nord, les vieilles rivalités et divisions internes, ainsi que les problèmes locaux particuliers, ont joué un rôle très important dans la détermination des caractéristiques de sa politique. Il suggère par ailleurs que si l'intérêt personnel et les différences idéologiques et socioéconomiques liées jouent certes un rôle dans la détermination des sympathies et allégeances politiques des membres de l'élite politique, leur rôle indépendant dans la détermination des habitudes de vote au niveau local est cependant limité. Si les anciens modèles de loyauté et divisions peuvent varier en intensité et en impact de temps en temps, il n'en reste pas moins qu'ils ont encore la capacité de façonner le comportement politique en général, et le comportement électoral en particulier. Cette analyse n'est pas spécifique au nord, car des régions du sud et de l'est ont également d'importantes rivalités traditionnelles. En revanche, elle revêt une importance particulière pour le nord en raison de son histoire et de l'idée communément répandue selon laquelle le nord a une identité politique propre.

L'article met surtout en exergue les données recueillies lors des élections de 2004, mais il convient de garder à l'esprit les limitations potentiellement sérieuses de la valeur de cette source. En premier lieu, il se peut que des irrégularités et fraudes électorales de formes diverses offrent une vision déformée de ce qui s'est vraiment passé. Malgré des tentatives avérées d'achat de voies dans des circonscriptions du nord, des échanges de coups de feu à Bawku et à Tamale, et des agressions et tentatives d'agressions à l'encontre de responsables électoraux dans au moins trois circonscriptions, l'impression générale était celle d'une élection crédible, équitable et libre. Ce qui importe réellement davantage, cependant, ce sont les caractéristiques implicites d'une élection; les votes sont totalisés de telle façon que l'on ne connaît pas la motivation du choix des électeurs et il se peut même que chaque personne ait à concilier des pressions et des intérêts divergents dans un même vote. L'article affirme que les problèmes sous-jacents et les problèmes électoraux ne sont pas en conformité, et que les problèmes sous-jacents n'ont dominé le résultat des élections que dans un nombre limité de régions du nord. En revanche, c'est le potentiel des vieilles divisions et loyautés locales à le faire qui est encore significatif aujourd'hui et va probablement le rester dans un avenir prévisible.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2007

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