Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-03T19:38:59.990Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Female farming and the evolution of food production patterns amongst the Beti of south-central Cameroon*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Extract

In his Economic History of West Africa (1973) Hopkins points out that relatively little attention has been paid to the history of food production by contrast with export crops, even though it has been clear since early research on African food systems (e.g., Johnston 1958) that patterns of production have been changing. The determinants of shifts in land use and crop rotations are complex but two major factors have been suggested: population pressure on land resources, and the relative prices of different crops. The population pressure argument tends to assume that subsistence is maintained, so that any change in the relationship of population to food land requires shifts in farming practice to allow the maintenance of the same level of living (Boserup 1965). The price argument tends to assume that the agriculture system is penetrated by the market principle, so that farmers' decisions to maintain subsistence production patterns depend on projections about the prices of the cash crops available for sale and the food items needed to purchase (Chibnik 1978). From work on African farming systems comes a modification which suggests that the management of both these constraints depends to some extent on the broader social and economic context in which decisions are made. In particular it has been suggested that the position of women farmers in both indigenous social organisation and national economies is different from men's; they work under different constraints in their farming and have different opportunities for alternative employment (Boserup 1970; Meillassoux 1975). If the sexual division of labour is an important aspect of farming, men's and women's differential access to resources might be expected to have an independent effect on cropping patterns.

Résumé

Les cultures féminines et l'évolution de la production vivrière chez les Beti du centre-sud, Cameroun.

La production vivrière des petits cultivateurs africains n'est ni tout à fait une production de subsistence ni tout à fait une production de marché. C'est pourquoi les décisions qui affectent laproduction subissent l'influence des facteurs complexes qui composent la structure économique et sociale. Citons, parmi ces facteurs, la division du travail et le contrôle des resources selon le sexe des individus; leur évolution, à partir des formes pre-coloniales de l'organisation sociale, est due à la commercialisation des cultures et aux transformations politiques et religieuses. Le présent article est une étude ethnographique de la production alimentaire chez les Beti du Cameroun juste avant l'ère coloniale. La thèse soutenue est que les techniques de culture, la mobilisation de la main d'œuvre et le système de valeurs et de contrôle étaient étroitement liés, de sorte que tout changement survenant dans un de ces domaines affectait les autres. Les modèles de cultures vivrières sont confrontés à une documentation obtenue à partir d'études de cas et d'enquètes menées pendant les années de production du cacao. L'argument présenté est que les changements de priorité aussi bien que les persistances sont avant tout dus à la position occupée par les femmes dans le systéme économique indigène et national.

Type
The Interdependence of Women and Men
Information
Africa , Volume 50 , Issue 4 , October 1980 , pp. 341 - 356
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1980

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexandra, P. and Binet, J. 1958. Boulou-Beti-Fang: Le Group Dit Pahouin, Paris: P.U.F.Google Scholar
Assoumou, J. 1977. L'Economie du Cacao. Paris: Jean-Pierre De Large.Google Scholar
Binet, J. 1956. Budgets Familiaux des Planteurs de Cacao au Cameroun. Paris: Orstom.Google Scholar
Boserup, E. 1965. The Conditions ofAgricultural Growth, London: George Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Boserup, E. 1970. Woman's Role in Economic Development. London: George Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Bukh, J. 1979. The Village Woman in Ghana. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.Google Scholar
Cameroun National Archives. APA 11819/C; Local Archives at Saa.Google Scholar
Chibnik, M. 1978. ‘The value of subsistence production,’ Journal of Anthropological Research, 34: 561576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coursey, D. G. 1967. Yams. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Dugast, I. 1949. Inventaire Ethnique du Sud Cameroun. Memoire de l'. I.F.A.N. (Centre de Cameroun).Google Scholar
Dugast, I. 1955. Monographie de la Tribu des Ndiki. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie.Google Scholar
Franqueville, A. 1971. Deux Essais sur les Relations Villes-Campagnes au Nord de Yaoundé. Orstom: Yaoundé.Google Scholar
Galletti, R., Baldwin, K. D. S.., and Dina, I. O. 1956. Nigerian Cocoa Farmers. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Guyer, J. I. 1978. ‘The food economy and French colonial rule in Central Cameroun,’ Journal of African History, 19(4), 577597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haswell, M. R. 1975. The Nature of Poverty. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Henn, J. K. 1978. Peasants, workers, and capital: The political economy of rural incomes in Cameroun, Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Hill, Polly. 1978. ‘Food farming and migration from Fame villages,’ Africa, 43(3), 220230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkins, A. G. 1973. An Economic History of West Africa. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Johnston, B. F. 1958. The Staple Food Economies of Western Tropical Africa, Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Kassam, A. H. and Kowal, J. M. 1973, ‘Productivity of Crops in the savannah and rain forest zones in Nigeria,’ Savannah, 2(1), 3949.Google Scholar
Laburthe-Tolra, P. 1972. Yaoundé d'après Zenker. Yaoundé, Extrait des Annales de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines.Google Scholar
Laburthe-Tolra, P. 1977. Minlaaba. Paris: Honoré Champion.Google Scholar
Marticou, H. 1962. Les Structures Agricoles du Centre-Sud Cameroun. Yaoundé: Secretariat au Dévéloppement Rural.Google Scholar
Meillassoux, C. 1975. Femmes, Grenierset Capitaux. Paris: Maspero.Google Scholar
Mutsaers, H. J. W., Mbouemboue, P. and Boyomo, Mouzong. 1978. Shifting Cultivation in Transition. National Advanced School of Agriculture, Yaounde, Dept. of Agriculture, Communication No. 6.Google Scholar
Ngoa, H. 1968. Le Mariage chez les Ewondo. Thèse, Paris: Sorbonne.Google Scholar
Phillips, T. A. 1964. An Agricultural Notebook. Ibadan: Longman's of Nigeria.Google Scholar
Sedes (Société d'Etudes Pour Le Dévéloppement Economique et Social). 1964-1965. Le niveau de vie des populations de la zone Cacaoyère du Centre Cameroun. Yaoundé, Direction de la Statistique.Google Scholar
Tessman, G. 1913. Die Pangwe. Berlin: Ernst Wasmuth.Google Scholar
Tissandier, J. 1969. Zengoaga. Paris: Orstom.Google Scholar
Tsals, Abbé T. 1956. Dictionnaire Ewondo-Francais. Lyon: Imprimerie Vitte.Google Scholar
Weber, J. 1974. Structures Agraires et Evolution des Milieux Ruraux. Yaounde: Orstom.Google Scholar