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Elections in an African Rural Area1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2012

Extract

What happens when an African tribal community is suddenly brought within a parliamentary system based on adult suffrage? On the surface, the process is a familiar one: an election date is announced, parties begin to be active, candidates are chosen, a government information van goes round to explain the procedure of voting, polling day arrives, and the member for X constituency is declared returned. The electorate has made its choice and the new member takes his seat in parliament. But, in substance, what happens? What are the issues on which the electorate divides—supposing there is a contest? How does a candidate put himself forward? What should he do, or have in his favour, in order to win? And—the most difficult question of all: how real are such contests in terms of local understanding of what the election is about? The following account is an attempt to answer these questions for one part of West Africa: the Kassena-Nankanni North and Bongo constituencies in northern Ghana during the 1954 and 1956 general elections.

Résumé

LES ÉLECTIONS DANS UNE RÉGION RURALE AFRICAINE

Des élections générales eurent lieu en 1954 et 1956 dans la Côte de l'Or afin de déterminer la condition de la marche vers l'indépendance et de décider la lutte pour le pouvoir entre le ‘Convention People's Party ’ et ses adversaires. Ces luttes électorales sont examinées en termes de conflits locaux dans deux circonscriptions de l'extrême nord du pays et l'influence des querelles de village et de lignage sur l'inféodation aux partis est également étudiée. Dans la première de ces deux circonscriptions, Kassena-Nankanni-North, le conflit régional qui s'est manifesté après 1954 entre le CPP et le ‘Northern People's Party ’ était compliqué de la rivalité venimeuse existant entre le Navropio, chef de la région Navrongo (Kassena-Nankanni), et les chefs des états Kassena au sein de la fédération Kassena-Nankanni situés plus au nord. Le CPP essuyait un échec sévère dans la circonscription septentrionale par suite de cette dispute locale. Lors de la deuxième élection en 1956, la force du CPP au pouvoir commençait à se faire sentir. C'étaient alors les chefferies de la région septentrionale de Kassena qui se trouvaient divisées entre factions pro et anti CPP. Seule la prépondérance numérique dans sa propre chefferie a permis au candidat NPP de battre (par une faible majorité) son adversaire CPP. Après l'avènement de l'indépendance en mars 1957, le député NPP fut pressé par les chefs qui l'avaient soutenu contre le CPP de ‘franchir le tapis ’, car ils reconnaissaient alors la force de l'aphorisme de St. Paul ‘Que chaque âme soit soumise aux pouvoirs supérieurs ’.

Dans l'autre circonscription étudiée (Bongo), un modèle similaire de conflits de partis et des disputes traditionnelles comparables sont examinés dans le but d'expliquer comment la rivalité qui existait de longue date entre les deux lignages principaux Anafobissi et Abagnabissi, avait permis au candidat indépendant en 1954 de battre son adversaire du NPP et de quelle manière, lui aussi (lors de la deuxième élection en 1956) avait fait un revirement du côté du CPP et avait été réélu en 1956 en dépit de l'opposition du Bona, le chef nouvellement installé de Bongo.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1961

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References

page 2 note 1 T. Hilton, Department of Geography, University College of Ghana, 1958.

page 5 note 1 Two other Independent candidates each polled between 600 and 700 votes.

page 7 note 1 Tedam used the clenched-fist symbol of the N.P.P. in 1956.

page 7 note 2 Of Paga Local Council.

page 7 note 3 i.e. Bolgatanga.

page 8 note 1 The Na-Yiri of Mamprusi, traditionally the most important chief in the north, was also put forward as a candidate but failed to find a seconder. Voting was: Navropio 15, Yabumwura 6, Ya-Na 6. The Chianapio, too, as a member of the regional House of Chiefs, might be considered to have done well for himself. In his inaugural address the Navropio appealed ‘not only to you, Members of the House, but to each and every one in this Region to give our Government his or her unfailing support and loyalty in all matters. If we support the Government, the Government will help us in all our needs; but if we don't, we should not expect the Government to help us. God helps those who help themselves.’ The concentration of power in Kassena-Nankanni was still continuing when I revisited the district early in 1960: one of the Navropio's relatives was the party-appointed District Commissioner, another was the acting superintendent of the local Builders' Brigade camp, a third was the newly appointed lay Magistrate for the area.

page 11 note 1 But not in the Via district, where Kofi Akumolga had married the daughter of the Vianaba.

page 12 note 1 Mr. Amoro himself commented on this: ‘This practice of keeping mute even when dissatisfied is undergoing reform, and people are beginning to speak up for their rights.’ The idea of ‘destoolment ’ is spreading from the Akan area into the north under the gruesome title of ‘deskinning ’. Thus, charges were brought in 1959 against the Ya-Na of Yendi and a ‘deskinment case ’ committee of inquiry appointed to look into it.

page 12 note 2 There was a certain administrative justification behind the proposal, Mamprusi being a very large district council area, but it was generally regarded as a political move aimed at Mumuni Bawumia and the Na-Yiri. A Commissioner was appointed to inquire into the merits of the case and his recommendations that the proposal be abandoned were accepted by the Government.

page 13 note 1 Bongo C.P.P. 1956:

Chairman: Joachim Agilogo. R.C. illiterate farmer, grandson of a former chief.

Secretary: Felix Anongyele. R.C. Teacher.

Treasurer: John Baptist Atubga. R.C. Catechist.