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Ebola imaginaries and the Senegalese outbreak: anticipated nightmare and remembered victory

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 March 2020

Abstract

Although Senegal experienced a single ‘imported’ Ebola case, this epidemiological event was experienced locally as a full outbreak in its first phase. Two imaginaries developed in parallel: the nightmare of an uncontrolled infectious threat bringing social disruption and spreading through Senegal to other continents; and the vision of an efficient mobilization of the national public health system as a model for other West African countries hit by Ebola. Based on field data, the article analyses how these antagonistic imaginaries shaped the national narrative of the epidemic and affected its interpretations on an international level. The health system's capacity to control the epidemic gradually dominated the nightmare fantasy in the national narrative, and has effectively articulated a technical discourse and protective measures rooted in lay perceptions – in particular the physical distancing of risk. Charles Rosenberg's model for analysing the temporality of epidemic narratives, which distinguishes four phases (progressive revelation, agreement on an explanatory model, political and ritual action, and closure), proved to be relevant, provided that two phases were added. These phases – before the beginning and after the end of the epidemiological event – appear significant in terms of the social production of the meaning of epidemics.

Résumé

Résumé

Bien que le Sénégal ait connu un seul cas d'Ebola « importé », cet événement a été perçu comme une épidémie à sa phase initiale. Deux imaginaires se sont développés en parallèle : le cauchemar d'une menace infectieuse incontrôlée et socialement disruptive pouvant se propager à travers le pays vers d'autres continents; et la vision d'une mobilisation efficace du système de santé national, modèle pour l'Afrique de l'Ouest. À partir de données du terrain, l'article analyse comment ces imaginaires antagonistes ont façonné le récit national de l’épidémie et affecté ses interprétations au niveau international. Les capacités de contrôle de l’épidémie par le système de santé ont progressivement dominé l'imaginaire du cauchemar dans un récit qui a articulé efficacement un discours technique et des mesures de protection profanes – notamment la mise en place de barrières face au risque. Le modèle d'analyse de la temporalité des récits épidémiques de Charles Rosenberg distinguant quatre phases (révélation progressive; accord sur un modèle explicatif; action politique et rituelle; clôture) s'est révélé pertinent, à la condition que lui soient ajoutées deux autres phases, avant le début et après la fin de l’évènement épidémiologique, signifiantes sur le plan de la production sociale du sens des épidémies.

Type
Generative fictions
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2020

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