Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T22:44:25.940Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

By the Sweat of Their Brow? ‘Street Children’, NGOs and Children's Rights in Addis Ababa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2011

Abstract

In the past two decades NGOs helping ‘street children’ in Addis Ababa have distinguished themselves by their adherence to highly controversial assumptions about the nature of childhood and the failure of the poor to raise their children in ways that they conceive as ‘proper’. The ratification of the UN Declaration on the Rights of the Child by the Ethiopian government has inspired them to stop food relief in order to persuade the children in their care to seek a way out of their miserable ways of life through work on the street. In a remarkable replication of late Victorian philanthropic thinking, NGOs dispel hereby local middle-class fears that relief agencies may foster truancy and idleness and reassuringly define the code—work—that confers legitimacy on children's presence on the streets. Anticipating their escape from undeniably harsh and unjust family relations, the children of the poor are enticed into accepting this solution as the price of a ‘decent’ and morally acceptable childhood. They remain nevertheless highly critical of the rights-based approach, claiming that in the name of their rights they are denied what used to be children's normal entitlement such as protected food prices, free basic health and education. The article is based on the findings of an action research project by social workers among the children assisted by eight Addis Ababa-based NGOs in the period 1996-98.

Résumé

Au cours des deux dernières décennies, des ONG d'aide aux « enfants des rues » se sont distinguées à Addis-Abeba en adhérant à des idées extrêmement controversées concernant la nature de l'enfance et l'incapacité des pauvres à élever leurs enfants d'une manière qu'elles considèrent comme « convenable ». La ratification de la Déclaration des droits de l'enfant de l'ONU par le gouvernement éthiopien les a incitées à suspendre l'aide alimentaire pour persuader les enfants dont elles ont la charge de trouver un moyen d'échapper à leurs conditions de vie misérables en travaillant dans la rue. A l'image de la pensée philanthropique de la fin de l'époque victorienne, ces ONG dissipent en ce faisant la crainte des classes moyennes locales de voir les organisations humanitaires encourager l'absentéisme scolaire et l'oisiveté, et définissent de façon rassurante le code : le travail, qui confère une légitimité à la présence des enfants dans la rue. Désireux d'échapper à des rapports familiaux indéniablement difficiles et injustes, les enfants des familles pauvres se laissent persuader d'accepter cette solution comme le prix d'une enfance « décente » et moralement acceptable. Ils demeurent néanmoins très critiques à l'égard de l'approche axée sur les droits, affirmant qu'au nom de ces droits on leur refuse ce à quoi ils avaient autrefois normalement droit, comme la protection du prix des denrées alimentaires, ainsi que des soins de santé et une éducation de base gratuits. l'article se base sur les conclusions d'une étude active réalisée entre 1996 et 1998 par des travailleurs sociaux auprès d'enfants aidés par huit ONG établies à Addis-Abeba.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Alston, P., ed. 1994. The Best Interests of the Child: reconciling culture and human rights. Oxford: Clarendon Press, for UNICEF.Google Scholar
Aptekar, Lewis and Behailu Abebe, . 1997. ‘Conflict in the neighbourhood: street and working children in the public space’, Childhood 4 (4), 447-90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beurden, Jos van. 1998. Ethiopia: NGO country profile 1998. Oegstgeest: GOM.Google Scholar
Bowie, Katherine A. 1998. ‘The alchemy of charity, of class and Buddhism in northern Thailand’, American Anthropologist 100 (2), 469-81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burman, E. 1993. ‘The abnormal distribution of development: policies for Southern women and children’, Gender, Place and Culture 2 (1), 21-35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Children and Youth Affairs Organisation and Forum on Street Children Ethiopia. 1996. ‘Proceedings of the National Conference on the Problem of Child Prostitution in Ethiopia, 15-17 July 1996’. Unpublished report.Google Scholar
Cunningham, H. 1991. The Children of the Poor: representations of childhood since the seventeenth century. Oxford and Cambridge MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Donzelot, J. 1977. La Police des families. Paris: Minuit.Google Scholar
Escobar, A. 1995. Encountering Development: the making and unmaking of the Third World. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Forum on Street Children Ethiopia. 1998. ‘Participatory Action Research Training for Street Educators, Youth and Community Workers: the case of Ethiopia’. Unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Himmelfarb, G. 1992. Poverty and Compassion: the moral imagination of the late Victorians. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs and Radda Barnen. 1988. ‘Survey on Street Children in selected Areas of Addis Ababa, December 1988’. Unpublished report.Google Scholar
Nieuwenhuys, O. 1993. Children’s Lifeworlds: gender, labour and welfare in the developing world. London and New York: Routledge. Reprinted, Delhi: Social Science Publishers, 1999.Google Scholar
Nieuwenhuys, O. 1999. ‘The paradox of the competent child and the global childhood agenda’, in Fardon, R.van Binsbergen, W. and van Dijk, R. (eds), Modernity on a Shoestring: dimensions of globalisation, consumption and development in Africa and beyond, pp. 33-48. Leiden and London: EIDOS.Google Scholar
Pirenne, J. 1989. Mes fils de la rue d Addis Abeba. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar
Polanyi, K. 1957. The Great Transformation: the political and economic origins of our time. Boston MA: Beacon Press. [Originally published in 1944.]Google Scholar
Purdy, L. 1992. In their Best Interests? The case against equal rights for children. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rist, G. 1997. The History of Development: from Western origins to global faith. London and New York: Zed.Google Scholar
US Department of State. 1999. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Ethiopia, 25 February 2000.Google Scholar
Wydick, B. 1999. ‘The effect of microenterprise lending on child schooling in Guatemala’, Economic Development and Cultural Change 80 (2), 853-96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar