Hostname: page-component-cc8bf7c57-hbs24 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-09T22:32:59.437Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

BANKING IN THE BUSH: WAITING FOR CREDIT IN SOUTH AFRICA'S RURAL ECONOMY

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 January 2012

Abstract

Drawing on fieldwork in a rural area of KwaZulu-Natal, this article shows how people experience government and other institutions in a patchwork of encounters spread out over time, disjointedly, and via various intermediaries. Aspirations change over time and in response to these encounters. Specifically, the article focuses on the setting up of a government-regulated microfinance institution. I consider the divergence between state-led models of ‘entrepreneurship’ and the practice of individuals' engagement with the organization and their own expectations about it. One government stipulation was that the bank demonstrated its effective operation through regular inflows and outflows of cash, prior to paying out any loans. As such, members were encouraged to invest money in order to qualify for a loan at a later stage. I describe the factors that enhanced or inhibited the willingness of members to invest in the bank, arguing that these strategies were influenced not only by existing levels of economic vulnerability experienced by individuals, but also by particular expectations of the bank, including its perceived reliability, stability and degree of formality vis-à-vis existing conceptions about banking. The example demonstrates that processes of formalization are often partial and incomplete. Rather than examining them in the narrow terms of success or failure, the article focuses on the intersection of moral and economic actions that emerge in the prolonged states of limbo that they create.

Résumé

S'appuyant sur des travaux de recherche menés dans la région rurale du KwaZulu-Natal, cet article montre comment les personnes vivent l’État et d'autres institutions dans une multiplicité de rencontres étalées dans le temps, sans cohérence, et au travers d'intermédiaires divers. Les aspirations évoluent avec le temps et en réaction à ces rencontres. L'article traite en particulier de la création d'une institution de microfinance sous le contrôle de l’État. L'auteur étudie la divergence entre les modèles d'entreprise dirigés par l’État et la pratique des particuliers de nouer le contact avec l'organisation, et les attentes qu'ils en ont. L’État exigeait entre autres que la banque fasse la preuve de son bon fonctionnement à travers des entrées et sorties d'argent régulières, avant d'octroyer des prêts. À ce titre, les adhérents étaient encouragés à investir de l'argent afin de remplir les conditions requises pour l'octroi d'un prêt plus tard. L'auteur décrit les facteurs qui ont renforcé ou diminué la propension des adhérents à investir dans la banque, en soutenant que ces stratégies étaient influencées non seulement par les niveaux de vulnérabilité économique éprouvés alors par les personnes, mais également par les attentes particulières de la banque, y compris sa perception de la fiabilité, de la stabilité et du degré de formalité vis-à-vis des conceptions existantes sur l'activité bancaire. Cet exemple démontre que les processus de formalisation sont souvent partiels et incomplets. Plutôt que de les examiner en termes restreints de succès ou d’échec, l'article s'intéresse à l'intersection des actions morales et économiques qui apparaissent dans les états d'incertitude prolongés qu'ils créent.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Bähre, E. (2007) Money and Violence: financial self-help groups in a South African township. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Bank, L. J. and Qambata, L. (1999) ‘No visible means of subsistence: rural livelihoods, gender and de-agrarianisation in the Eastern Cape, South Africa’, Joint Working Paper, Institute of Social and Economic Research, Rhodes University and African Studies Centre, Leiden.Google Scholar
Bateman, M. (2010) Why Doesn't Microfinance Work? The destructive rise of local neoliberalism. London: Zed Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryceson, D. F. (2004) ‘Agrarian vista or vortex: African rural livelihood policies’, Review of African Political Economy 31 (102): 617–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Day, C., Barron, P., Monticelli, F. and Sello, E. (2009) ‘District Health Barometer 2007/08’, Health Systems Trust, <http://www.hst.org.za/publications/850>, accessed 22 October 2011.,+accessed+22+October+2011.>Google Scholar
Francis, E. (2000) Making a Living: changing livelihoods in rural Africa. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gupta, A. (1995) ‘Blurred boundaries: the discourse of corruption, the culture of politics, and the imagined state’, American Ethnologist 22 (2): 375402.Google Scholar
Guyer, J. I. (2004) Marginal Gains: monetary transactions in Atlantic Africa. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hart, K. (2010) ‘Informal economy’ in Hart, K., Laville, J. and Cattani, A. D. (eds), The Human Economy: a citizen's guide. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Hull, E. (forthcoming) ‘Paperwork and the contradictions of accountability in a South African hospital’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute.Google Scholar
James, D. (2007) Gaining Ground? ‘Rights’ and ‘property’ in South African land reform. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, D. (2011) ‘The return of the broker: consensus, hierarchy, and choice in South African land reform’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 17 (2): 318–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marais, H. (2011) South Africa Pushed to the Limit: the political economy of change. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Mayet, M. (2007) ‘The new green revolution in Africa: Trojan horse for GMOs?’, paper presented at a workshop, ‘Can Africa Feed Itself? Poverty, Agriculture and Environment – Challenges for Africa’, Oslo, Norway, 6–9 June, <http://zunia.org/uploads/media/knowledge/fixed_20_03_2009_05trojan.pdf>, accessed 24 October 2011.,+accessed+24+October+2011.>Google Scholar
Murray, C. (2000) ‘Changing livelihoods: the Free State, 1990s’, African Studies 59 (1): 115–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porteous, D. and Hazelhurst, E. (2004) Banking on Change: democratizing finance in South Africa, 1994–2004 and beyond. Cape Town: Double Storey Books.Google Scholar
Pottier, J. (1999) Anthropology of Food: the social dynamics of food security. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Pschorn-Strauss, E. (2005) ‘Bt Cotton in South Africa: the case of the Makhathini farmers’, Seedling (April): 1324, <http://www.grain.org/article/entries/492-bt-cotton-in-south-africa-the-case-of-the-makhathini-farmers>, accessed 24 October 2011.Google Scholar
Servet, J. M. (2010) ‘Microcredit’ in Hart, K., Laville, J. L. and Cattani, A. D. (eds), The Human Economy: a citizen's guide. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Shipton, P. (2010) Credit between Cultures: farmers, financiers, and misunderstanding in Africa. New Haven CT and London: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sithole, P., Todes, A. and Williamson, A. (2007) ‘Gender and women's participation in municipality-driven development: IDP and project-level participation in Msinga, eThekwini and Hibiscus Coast’, Critical Dialogue 3 (1): 31–7.Google Scholar
Thirtle, C., Beyers, L., Ismael, Y. and Piesse, J. (2003) ‘Can GM-technologies help the poor? The impact of Bt Cotton in Makhathini Flats, KwaZulu-Natal’, World Development 31 (4): 717–32.Google Scholar
Tsing, A. L. (2000) ‘Inside the economy of appearances’, Public Culture 12 (1): 115–44.Google Scholar
Witt, H., Patel, R. and Schnurr, M. (2006) ‘Can the poor help GM crops? Technology, representation and cotton in the Makhathini Flats, South Africa’, Review of African Political Economy 33 (109): 497513.Google Scholar