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Wage labourers in the fragmented labour market of the Gezira, Sudan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Extract

The Gezira scheme has been the focus of considerable attention in the literature of development in tropical Africa, especially during the colonial period. This was because the scheme represented one of the largest agricultural projects initiated by a colonial government. Views on the scheme have been divergent: Gaitskell (1959) describes it as a ‘story of development’ while Barnett (1977) calls it an ‘illusion of development'. The focus of the studies, which are extensive compared to other Sudanese studies, has largely concentrated on the relationship (or so-called partnership) between tenants and government, production requirements and output, as well as occasionally on various aspects of the tenants’ lives and activities. Wage labour, which is the main form of labour, has only been given scant consideration. Even so, the focus has been on its contribution to the total labour requisite and its supply and demand patterns. The social relations of wage labour, and especially relations between tenants and wage labourers as the essential core of production relations in the scheme, have been awarded very little attention. This is the main concern of this article. Compared with most labour-market studies, my intention is to go beyond a mere study of factors affecting supply and demand. In conditions of transition to capitalism and fragmented labour markets, the perception of the social and cultural aspects of labour is indispensable for an adequate understanding of the internal mechanisms of the labour market.

Résumé

Abdelkarim: Travailleurs manuels salariés dans le marché fragmenté de la main-d'oeuvre de Gezira

Le Plan Gezira fut établi en 1926 par l'administration coloniale britannique pour assurer la production de coton pour l'industrie textile britannique et pour fournir des revenus à l'administration de la quasi-colonie. Depuis son établissement, Gezira représente l'un des plus importants projets agricoles au Soudan. Il fournit au moins un emploi partiel à environ 400,000 travailleurs et 100,000 métayers et couvre jusqu'à 2 millions d'acres, ce qui représente presque la moitié de la totalité des terres irriguées et environ 11 pour cent de la totalité des terres cultivées au Soudan. Les terres sont sous contrôle gouvernemental. Les petits exploitations, dont la majorité varie entre 15 et 40 acres, sont distribuées a des métayers. Le Gezira est considésré comme une ‘association’ entre le gouvernement, l'administration du plan et les métayers. Le rôle des métayers consiste à fournir la main-d'oeuvre. La main-d'oeuvre apportée par la famille du métayer, qui, comme on le pensait au début, fournirait la majeure partie de la main-d'oeuvre, s'est en fait révélée comme étant secondaire par rapport à la main-d'oeuvre salariée.

La préoccupation majeure de cette étude est la révélation des principaux aspects du marché de la main-d'oeuvre dans le Gezira. Il est démontré que les métayers et les membres de leur maison quittent de plus en plus la région pour chercher du travail. Les gens plus défavorisés (par exemple, au Soudan occidental) viennent supplémenter et remplacer la main-d'oeuvre des families de métayers. Les deux principaux composants du marché de la main-d'oeuvre, qu'elle soit permanente ou saisonnière, sont alors comparés selon des critères tels que le type de main-d'oeuvre, les modes de recrutement et le barème des salaires.

Il est suggéré qu'avant que le capitalisme soit complètement dèveloppè, les marchès de la main-d'oeuvre ne puissent être conçus en termes purement économiques. Les relations économiques sont plutôt enfouies dans une complexité de relations sociales et culturelles.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1986

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References

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