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Karnu's Message and the ‘War of the Hoe Handle’: Interpreting a Central African resistance movement

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Extract

In writing the history of the Gbaya-speaking peoples, a group of some half-million population inhabiting east-central Cameroon and the western third of the Central African Republic, we are seldom able to recount the careers of famous individuals, and genealogical charters which link present leaders with long-dead heroes are uncommon. For the most part, in the pre-colonial and early colonial periods, the Gbaya were not organized politically at a level greater than very localised, clan-based groupings, and political leadership was more a matter of competition for short-lived political powers among locally influential men than of formally institutionalised chieftaincy (see Burnham, 1980a: 19 et seq.). However, in some cases during the late pre-colonial period, particularly in the westernmost parts of the Gbaya region, certain leaders began to consolidate their positions as a result of political and economic relations with the neighbouring Fulbe states of Adamawa and their associated Hausa and Kanuri traders (Burnham, 1980b). The names of men like Dogo Lokoti, Bafio and Mbartua (Bertoua) then occasionally figure in the oral histories and colonial documents, and we obtain glimpses of their personalities and careers. It is all the more striking, therefore, when we encounter a Gbaya figure who stands out clearly in the historical record. Without a doubt, Karnu, the inspiration behind the movement that has been called the Karnu Rebellion or the ‘War of the Hoe Handle’ in the Gbaya language, is the most widely known name in Gbaya history.

Résumé

Interpretation d'un mouvement centre africain: le message de Karnu

Malgré les nombreux commentaires publiés sur la Rebellion de Karnu de 1928, un important mouvement de résistance anti-coloniale mettant en cause les Gbaya et les populations voisines de l'Afrique équatoriale française et du Cameroun, on a très peu essayé d'interpréter ces evènements en relation avec le contexte culturel dans lequel ils ont émergés. Tirant de leur recherche prolongée sur le terrain sur la culture Gbaya ainsi que des enquêtes effectuées avec l'aide des témoins de la rébellion, les auteurs retracent la carrière de Karnu, le chef du mouvement, et analysent les résonances symboliques de son message qui rallia tant de groupes à sa cause. Le message de Karnu était celui d'une résistance sans effusions de sang, mais ses partisans qui étaient aux prises avec les francais et leurs collaborateurs les Fulbe, ne tinrent pas vraiment compte de ce message. Bien que le mouvement ne parvint pas à ses fins, le message de Karnu garde toute sa signification de nos jours et son contenu symbolique est souvent réinterprété pour s'adapter à des contextes historiques que Karnu lui-même n'aurait jamais prévu.

Type
Oral tradition and early colonial politics
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1983

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