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Female farming and the evolution of food production patterns amongst the Beti of south-central Cameroon*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Extract

In his Economic History of West Africa (1973) Hopkins points out that relatively little attention has been paid to the history of food production by contrast with export crops, even though it has been clear since early research on African food systems (e.g., Johnston 1958) that patterns of production have been changing. The determinants of shifts in land use and crop rotations are complex but two major factors have been suggested: population pressure on land resources, and the relative prices of different crops. The population pressure argument tends to assume that subsistence is maintained, so that any change in the relationship of population to food land requires shifts in farming practice to allow the maintenance of the same level of living (Boserup 1965). The price argument tends to assume that the agriculture system is penetrated by the market principle, so that farmers' decisions to maintain subsistence production patterns depend on projections about the prices of the cash crops available for sale and the food items needed to purchase (Chibnik 1978). From work on African farming systems comes a modification which suggests that the management of both these constraints depends to some extent on the broader social and economic context in which decisions are made. In particular it has been suggested that the position of women farmers in both indigenous social organisation and national economies is different from men's; they work under different constraints in their farming and have different opportunities for alternative employment (Boserup 1970; Meillassoux 1975). If the sexual division of labour is an important aspect of farming, men's and women's differential access to resources might be expected to have an independent effect on cropping patterns.

Résumé

Les cultures féminines et l'évolution de la production vivrière chez les Beti du centre-sud, Cameroun.

La production vivrière des petits cultivateurs africains n'est ni tout à fait une production de subsistence ni tout à fait une production de marché. C'est pourquoi les décisions qui affectent laproduction subissent l'influence des facteurs complexes qui composent la structure économique et sociale. Citons, parmi ces facteurs, la division du travail et le contrôle des resources selon le sexe des individus; leur évolution, à partir des formes pre-coloniales de l'organisation sociale, est due à la commercialisation des cultures et aux transformations politiques et religieuses. Le présent article est une étude ethnographique de la production alimentaire chez les Beti du Cameroun juste avant l'ère coloniale. La thèse soutenue est que les techniques de culture, la mobilisation de la main d'œuvre et le système de valeurs et de contrôle étaient étroitement liés, de sorte que tout changement survenant dans un de ces domaines affectait les autres. Les modèles de cultures vivrières sont confrontés à une documentation obtenue à partir d'études de cas et d'enquètes menées pendant les années de production du cacao. L'argument présenté est que les changements de priorité aussi bien que les persistances sont avant tout dus à la position occupée par les femmes dans le systéme économique indigène et national.

Type
The Interdependence of Women and Men
Information
Africa , Volume 50 , Issue 4 , October 1980 , pp. 341 - 356
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1980

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