Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T17:33:04.818Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

CULTURAL POLITICS IN THE POST-COLONY: MUSIC, NATIONALISM AND STATISM IN MALI, 1964–75

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 November 2012

Abstract

This article examines the shifting experience of national belonging and state patronage at a crucial juncture in Mali's post-colonial history, the ten-year period that marked the end of the country's First Republic (1960–8) and the beginning of its Second Republic (1968–91). My focus is on the contested politics of culture that characterized this period, elucidated through the experiences and expressions of two popular dance bands, Las Maravillas de Mali and Les Ambassadeurs du Motel. By following the post-colonial careers of Las Maravillas and Les Ambassadeurs I explore social and musical encounters with national community and state authority from which broader questions of political sovereignty and accountability emerge.

Resumé

Cet article examine l'expérience changeante d'appartenance nationale et de patronage d’État à un moment crucial de l'histoire postcoloniale du Mali, à savoir la décennie qui marqua la fin de la première République du pays (1960–1968) et le début de sa seconde (1968–1991). Il s'intéresse à la politique de culture contestée qui a caractérisé cette période, à travers les expériences et les expressions de deux groupes de danse populaire, Las Maravillas de Mali et Les Ambassadeurs du Motel. En suivant les carrières postcoloniales de Las Maravillas et des Ambassadeurs, l'article examine les démêlés sociaux et musicaux avec la communauté nationale et l'autorité de l'État, dont émergent des questions plus larges de souveraineté et de responsabilité politiques.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Askew, K. (2002) Performing the Nation: Swahili music and cultural politics in Tanzania. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Askew, K. (2006) ‘Sung and unsung: musical reflections on Tanzanian postsocialisms’, Africa 76 (1): 1543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bagayogo, S. (1992) ‘Littérature orale et légitimation politique au Mali, 1960–1990’ in Constructions identitaires: questionnements théoriques et études de cas. Québec: CÉLAT, Université Laval.Google Scholar
Bailleul, C. (1996) Dictionnaire bambara-français. Bamako: Editions Donniya.Google Scholar
Bamba, S. and Prévost, L. (1996) De la tradition à la World Music. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Campmas, P. (1978) ‘L'Union Soudanaise: section soudanaise de Rassemblement Democratique Africain, 1946–1968’. Thèse de 3ème cycle, Histoire, Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail.Google Scholar
Chafer, T. (2007) ‘Education and political socialisation of a national-colonial political elite in French West Africa, 1936–47’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 35 (3): 437–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chalfin, B. (2010) Neoliberal Frontiers: an ethnography of sovereignty in West Africa. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charry, E. (2000) Mande Music: traditional and modern music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Chatterjee, P. (1994) The Nation and its Fragments: colonial and post-colonial histories. Delhi: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clerfeuille, S. and Seck, N. (1993) Les Musiciens du Beat africain. Paris: Bordas.Google Scholar
Counsel, G. (2006) ‘Mande Popular Music and Cultural Policies in West Africa’. Ph.D. thesis, Department of English, University of Melbourne.Google Scholar
County, B. and Skinner, R. T. (2008) ‘ Faso and Jamana: provisional notes on Mande social thought in Malian political discourse, 1946–1979’ in Belcher, S., , J. Jansen and N'Daou, M. (eds), Mande Mansa: essays in honor of David Conrad. Münster: LIT Verlag.Google Scholar
Cutter, C. H. (1968) ‘The politics of music in Mali’, African Arts 1 (3): 38–9, 74–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delavignette, R. (1950) Freedom and Authority in French West Africa. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Diarrah, C. O. (1991) Vers la IIIe République du Mali. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Diawara, M. (1997) ‘Mande oral popular culture revisited by the electronic media’ in Barber, K. (ed.), Readings in African Popular Culture. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Diawara, M. (2003) L'Empire du verbe et l’éloquence du silence: vers une anthropologie du discours dans les groupes dits dominés au Sahel. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.Google Scholar
Durán, L. (2007) ‘Ngaraya: women and musical mastery in Mali’, Bulletin of SOAS 70 (3): 569602.Google Scholar
Ferguson, J. (2006) Global Shadows: Africa in the neoliberal world order. Durham NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Foltz, W. (1965) From French West Africa to the Mali Federation. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (2007) Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977–1978. New York NY: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Geschiere, P. (2009) The Perils of Belonging: autochthony, citizenship, and exclusion in Africa and Europe. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, T. A. (2007) Griots and Griottes: masters of words and music. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Ivaska, A. M. (2005) ‘Of students, “‘Nizers”, and a struggle over youth: Tanzania's 1966 national service crisis’, Africa Today 51 (3): 83107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keïta, C. (1995a) Massa Makan Diabaté: un griot mandingue à la rencontre de l’écriture. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Keïta, C. (1995b) ‘ Jaliya in the modern world: a tribute to Banzumana Sissoko and Massa Makan Diabaté’ in Conrad, D. C. and Frank, B. E. (eds), Status and Identity in West Africa: Nyamakalaw of Mande. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Keïta, C. (1996) ‘A praise song for the father: family identity in Salif Keita's music’ in Jansen, J. and Zobel, Clemens (eds), The Younger Brother in Mande: kinship and politics in West Africa. Leiden: Research School CNWS.Google Scholar
Keïta, C. (2001) Salif Keïta: l'oiseau sur le fromager. Bamako: Le Figuier.Google Scholar
Konaté, M. (1990) Mali: ils ont assasiné l'espoir. Paris: Édition l'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Konè, K. G. (1995) Bamanankan Danyegafe. West Newbury MA: Mother Tongue Editions.Google Scholar
Mamdani, M. (1996) Citizen and Subject: contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Manchuelle, F. (1995) ‘Assimilés ou patriotes africains? Naissance du nationalisme culturel Afrique française (1853–1931)’, Cahiers d’Études africaines 35 (2–3): 333–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, G. (2006) Native Sons: West African veterans and France in the twentieth century. Durham NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Mbembe, A. (2010) Sortir de la grande nuit: essai sur l'Afrique décolonisée. Paris: Editions La Découverte.Google Scholar
McGovern, M. (2004) ‘Unmasking the State: developing modern political subjectivities in twentieth-century Guinea’. PhD thesis, Emory University.Google Scholar
Nossiter, A. (2011) ‘In blunt and sometimes crude rap, a strong political voice emerges’, New York Times, 18 September.Google Scholar
Piot, C. (2010) Nostalgia for the Future: West Africa after the Cold War. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plave Bennett, V. (1975) ‘Military government in Mali’, Journal of Modern African Studies 13 (2): 249–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivière, C. (1977) Guinea: the mobilization of a people, translated by V. Thompson and R. Adloff. London: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Roitman, J. (2005) Fiscal Disobedience: an anthropology of economic regulation in Central Africa. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanankoua, B. (1990) La Chute de Modibo Keïta. Paris: Editions Chaka.Google Scholar
Schulz, D. (1996) ‘Praise in Times of Disenchantment: griots, radios, and the politics of communication in Mali’. PhD thesis, Department of Anthropology, Yale University.Google Scholar
Schulz, D. (2001) ‘Music videos and the effeminate vices of urban culture in Mali’, Africa 71 (3): 345–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, R. T. (2008) ‘Celebratory spaces between homeland and host: politics, culture, and performance in New York's Malian community’ in Falola, T., Afolabi, N. and Adésànyà, A. (eds), Migrations and Creative Expressions in Africa and the African Diaspora. Durham NC: Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar
Skinner, R. T. (2012) ‘Artists, music piracy, and the crisis of political subjectivity in contemporary Mali’, Anthropological Quarterly 85 (3): 723–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Touré, Y. (1996) ‘La Biennale Artistique et Culturelle du Mali, 1962–1988: socio-anthropologie d'une action de politique culturelle africaine’. Thèse de doctorat de 3e cycle, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Marseille.Google Scholar
Traoré, M. (1971) Déclarations du Lieutenant Moussa Traoré: deux années de gestion du Comité Militaire de Libération Nationale. Koulouba: Imprimerie Nationale du Mali.Google Scholar
Traoré, M. (1979) ‘L'Avenir immediate du parti sera function de la foi, du dynamism et de l'abnégation des militants et des responsables’, L'Esso, Bamako, 29–30 September.Google Scholar
Whitehouse, B. (2012) ‘Fighting for the republic, with beats and rhymes’, ‘Bridges from Bamako’, blog, 5 June, <http://bamakobruce.wordpress.com/2012/06/05/les-sofas-de-la-republique/ > , accessed 7 June 2012.+,+accessed+7+June+2012.>Google Scholar
Yudicé, G. (2004) The Expediency of Culture: the uses of culture in the global era. Durham NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Discography

Maravillas de Mali, Las (1967) ‘Les Merveilles du Mali’, Egrem. EGR 6112. 33.3 rpm disc.Google Scholar
Les Ambassadeurs Internationaux (1978) Mandjou. Badmos. BLP 5040. 33.3 rpm disc.Google Scholar
Traoré, Boubacar (2003) Je chanterai pour toi. Marabbi. 468032. Compact Disc.Google Scholar

Videography

Cyriaque, E., Minier, R. and Guelaff, F.. Africa Mia: réparages Août 2000. Unreleased documentary video.Google Scholar
Diallo, M. Djanjo: les trésors musicaux des années 60 au Mali. Unreleased documentary video.Google Scholar
Keita, S. (1990) Destiny of a Noble Outcast. BBC/Island Visual Arts. Video cassette.Google Scholar

Interviews

Coulibaly, Marus (2008) Former member of the Malian National Orchestra, section A. Bamako, Mali. 13 August.Google Scholar
Coulibaly, Drahmane (2006) Former member of Las Maravillas de Mali. Bamako, Mali. 19 November.Google Scholar
Coulibaly, Drahmane (2008) Bamako, Mali. 5 August.Google Scholar
Coulibaly, Drahmane (2011) in M. Diallo, Djanjo: les trésors musicaux des années 60 au Mali. Unreleased documentary video.Google Scholar
Coulibaly, Fernand (2006) Former member of Le Badema National (Orchestra). Bamako, Mali. 23 November.Google Scholar
Dama, Karamoko Isiaka (2007) Former member of Les Ambassadeurs du Motel. Bamako, Mali. 25 January.Google Scholar
Dembelé, Panka (2007a) Former member and director of the Malian National Orchestra. Bamako, Mali. 29 April.Google Scholar
Dembelé, Panka (2007b) Bamako, Mali. 3 May.Google Scholar
Keita, Moussa (2000) Former High Commissioner for Youth and Sports. In E. Cyriaque, R. Minier and F. Guelaff, Africa Mia: Réparages Août 2000. Unreleased documentary video.Google Scholar
Maïga, Boncana (2000) Former member of Las Maravillas de Mali. In E. Cyriaque, R. Minier and F. Guelaff, Africa Mia: Réparages Août 2000. Unreleased documentary video.Google Scholar
Maïga, Boncana (2008) Bamako, Mali. 7 August.Google Scholar
Niambele, Adama (2011) Malian musicologist and culture aficionado. In M. Diallo, Djanjo: les trésors musicaux des années 60 au Mali. Unreleased documentary video.Google Scholar
Ouerdraogo, Yacoub (2007) Former member of the Segou Regional Orchestra and the Abidjan-based group, Les Asselars. Bamako, Mali. 26 April.Google Scholar
Traoré, Amadou (2007) Founding member of Pionnier Jazz and former member of the Malian National Orchestra, section B. Bamako, Mali. 26 June.Google Scholar