Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T16:59:45.538Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Transonic industrial wind tunnel testing in the 2020s

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2021

Abstract

Wind tunnels remain an essential element in the design and development of flight vehicles. However, graduates in aerospace engineering tend to have had little exposure to the demands of industrial experimental work, particularly at high speed, a situation exacerbated by a lack of up-to-date reference material. In an attempt to fill this gap, this paper presents an overview of the current and near-term status and usage of transonic industrial wind tunnels. The review is aimed at recent entrants to the field, with the aim of helping them make the step from research projects in small university facilities to commercial projects in large industrial facilities. In addition, a picture has emerged from the review that contradicts received wisdom that the wind tunnel is in decline. Globally, the industrial transonic wind tunnel is undergoing somewhat of a renaissance. Numbers are increasing, investment levels are rising, capabilities are being enhanced, and facilities are busy.

Type
Survey Paper
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal Aeronautical Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Kraft, E. After 40 years why hasn’t the computer replaced the wind tunnel?, ITEA J., 2010, 31, pp 329346.Google Scholar
Goethert, B.H., Transonic Wind Tunnel Testing, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1961 (reprinted by Dover Publications in 2007).Google Scholar
Goddard, F.E. (ed.) High Speed Problems of Aircraft and Experimental Methods, Part 2: Wind Tunnel Techniques, Oxford University Press, London, 1961.Google Scholar
Gorlin, S.M. and Slezinger, I.I. Wind Tunnels and Their Instrumentation, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1966 (originally published in Moscow, 1964).Google Scholar
Pope, A. and Goin, K.L. High-Speed Wind Tunnel Testing, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1965.Google Scholar
Ring, L.E. and Milillo, J.R. Transonic testing – a review, AIAA-70-580, 5th AIAA Aerodynamic Testing Conference, Tullahoma, May 1970.Google Scholar
Blackwell, J.A. Experimental testing at transonic speeds, Presented at the Transonic Perspective Symposium, NASA Ames, February 1981, also Ch. 4 in Transonic Aerodynamics, AIAA Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, vol. 81, New York, 1982.Google Scholar
Rathakrishnan, E., Instrumentation, Measurements, and Experiments in Fluids, CRC Press, London, 2007.Google Scholar
Chanetz, B., Délery, J., Gilliéron, P., Gnemmi, P., Gowree, E.R. and Perrier, P. Experimental Aerodynamics: An Introductory Guide, Springer, Switzerland, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodyer, M.J. The cryogenic wind tunnel, Progress Aerospace Sci., 1992, 29, pp 193220.Google Scholar
Ivanco, T.G. Unique testing capabilities of the NASA Langley transonic dynamics tunnel: an exercise in aeroelastic scaling, AIAA-2013-2625, June 2013.Google Scholar
Sawyer, R.S. and Krynytzky, A.J. Overview of the NWTC studies and experiments, AIAA-1997-0092, January 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irwin, C.A.K., Characteristics of High-Speed Wind Tunnels in the United Kingdom Relevant to Aeroelastic-Model Tests, RAE TR-65147, July 1965.Google Scholar
List of Commonwealth Wind Tunnels. Commonwealth Advisory Aeronautical Research Council, Report CC-740, January 1977.Google Scholar
Prince, S. Wind tunnels and the ATI technology infrastructure strategy, RAeS Conference on Wind Tunnel Capabilities, October 2015.Google Scholar
Sutton, E.P. The Development of Slotted Working-Section Liners for Transonic Operation of the RAE Bedford 3-ft Wind Tunnel, ARC R&M 3085, March 1955.Google Scholar
ARA’s Transonic Test Establishment. The Aeroplane, 4th May 1956, pp 344349.Google Scholar
High Speed Wind Tunnels, The Engineer, 21st October 1960, pp 677679.Google Scholar
Morrison, J. and Gouder, K. National wind tunnel facility: the wind tunnels are open for business, Impact, 2018, 2018, (5), pp 611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphreys, C. The dynamic approach to rotor blade research – ARA’s oscillatory test facility, ICAS-94-3.6.3, International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences, Anaheim, September 1994.Google Scholar
Gibb, J. The cause and cure of periodic flows at transonic speeds, ICAS-88-3.10.1, International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences, Jerusalem, August 1988.Google Scholar
National Facilities Study Volume 2: Task Group on Aeronautical Research and Development Facilities Report, NASA TM-109855, 1994.Google Scholar
Parsons, D.G., Eckstein, A.G. and Azevedo, J.J. F-35 aerodynamic performance verification, AIAA-2018-3679, AIAA Aviation Forum, Atlanta, June 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraft, E.M. and Huber, A.F. A vision for the future of aeronautical ground testing, ITEA J., 2009, 30, pp 237250.Google Scholar
Melanson, M.R. An assessment of the increase in wind tunnel testing requirements for air vehicles over the last fifty years, AIAA-2008-0830, 46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, January 2008.Google Scholar
Rasuo, B. On status of wind tunnel wall correction, ICAS-2006-3.4.4, 25th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences, Hamburg, September 2006.Google Scholar
Peters, W.L., Lawrence, W.R., Mills, M.L. and Milam, W.E. Cycle time reduction strategies and improvements in transonic testing in the AEDC wind tunnel 16T, AIAA-99-0179, 37th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, January 1999.Google Scholar
Kegelman, J.T. Accelerating ground test cycle time: the six-minute model change and other visions for the 21st century, AIAA-98-0142, 36th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 1998.Google Scholar
Abercrombie, J.M. Flight test verification of F-15 performance predictions, Paper 17 in AGARD CP-242 Performance Prediction Methods, October 1977.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J.G. The Test Facility’s Role in the Effective Development of Aerospace Systems, US Air Force Systems Command report AFSC-TR-71-01, September 1971.Google Scholar
Melanson, M.R., Chang, M. and Baker, W.M. Wind tunnel testing’s future: a vision of the next generation of wind tunnel test requirements and facilities, AIAA-2010-0142, 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Orlando, January 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraft, E.M. Transforming ground and flight testing through digital engineering, AIAA-2020-1840, January 2020.Google Scholar
Watanabe, S., Kuchi-ishi, S., Murakami, K, Hashimoto, A., Kato, H., Yamashita, T., Yasue, K., Imagawa, K., Saiki, H. and Ogino, J. Towards EFD/CFD integration: development of DAHWIN - digital/analog-hybrid wind tunnel, AIAA-2014-0982, January 2014.Google Scholar
Dunn, S.C. Direction and integration of experimental ground test capabilities and computational methods, AIAA-2016-0896, January 2016.Google Scholar
Best, J.T., Kraft, E.M. and Huber, A.F. Revitalizing the technical excellence of the workforce at the Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) and beyond, AIAA-2008-1611, US Air Force T&E Days, Los Angeles, February 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, A.F., Kraft, E.M. and Best, J.T. Growing technical excellence in the AEDC T&E workforce, AIAA-2009-1762, US Air Force T&E Days, Albuquerque, February 2009.Google Scholar
West, T.D. Reinvigorating technical rigor in test, evaluation and analyses at the arnold engineering development complex, AIAA-2018-2923, AIAA Aviation Forum, Atlanta, June 2018.Google Scholar
Colantonio, R. Overview of AETC and the new funding model, Oral Presentation at the AIAA Aviation Forum, Denver, June 2017.Google Scholar
Bell, J. National partnership for aeronautical ground testing – overview and NASA perspective, 2017 AVTech Symposium, Dayton, October 2017.Google Scholar
Marshall, T.J. An overview of the NASA aeronautics test program strategic plan, AIAA-2010-4666, 2010.Google Scholar
Proffitt, T.Y., Jacobs, C.A., Howard, J., Shinn, D.E., Pachlhofer, P.M., Hegland, T.M. and Sydnor, G.H. FY16 facility assessment for the aeronautics evaluation and test capabilities project, AIAA-2017-3142, June 2017.Google Scholar
Paryz, R.W. Subsonic transonic applied refinements by using key strategies – STARBUKS in the NASA langley research center national transonic facility, AIAA-2014-1481, 2014.Google Scholar
Barlow, J.B., Rae, W.H. and Pope, A. Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Testing, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, P. and Pankhurst, R.C. The design of low-speed wind tunnels, Prog. Aerospace Sci., 1964, 5, pp 169 (also NPL Aero Report 1039).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferri, A. and Bogdonoff, S.M. Design and Operation of Intermittent Supersonic Wind Tunnels, AGARDograph AG-1, May 1954.Google Scholar
High Speed Wind Tunnel and Test Systems Design Handbook. Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control publication AER-EIR-13552-E, available online at https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/highspeedwindtunnel.html Google Scholar
Brown, D. Information for Users of the National Research Council’s 5 ft × 5 ft Blowdown Wind Tunnel at the National Aeronautical Establishment, 3rd ed, NRC report LTR-HA-6, September 1977.Google Scholar
Benne, M.E., Hilker, R.C., McCall, S.W. and Rueger, M.C. A 50 year chronology of the Boeing Polysonic Wind Tunnel: an era of aerodynamic invention and innovation, AIAA-2010-0760, January 2010.Google Scholar
Ueno, M., Kohzai, T. and Koga, S. JAXA Transonic Wind Tunnel Test of the NASA CRM, JAXA RM-13-107E, March 2014.Google Scholar
Gatliff, P.W.R. and Gunnel, G.H.A. Electrical equipment for transonic wind tunnel, English Electric J., 1957, 15, (2), pp 315.Google Scholar
The Aircraft Research Association’s Facilities. Aircraft Eng. Aerospace Technol., 1956, 28, (5), pp 140147.Google Scholar
Garner, H.C., Rogers, E.W.E., Acum, W.E.A. and Maskell, E.C. Subsonic Wind Tunnel Wall Corrections, AGARDograph AG-109, October 1966.Google Scholar
Ewald, B.F.R. (Ed.) Wind Tunnel Wall Correction, AGARDograph AG-336, October 1998.Google Scholar
Davis, J.W. Optimization of Wave Cancellation in Variable Porosity Transonic Wind Tunnel Flows, NASA TN-D-7432, November 1973 Google Scholar
Capone, F.J. and Coates, E.M. Determination of Boundary-Reflected-Disturbance Lengths in the Langley 16-Foot Transonic Tunnel, NASA TN D-4153, September 1967.Google Scholar
Becker, J.V. The High-Speed Frontier: Case Histories of Four NACA Programs, NASA SP-445, 1980.Google Scholar
Corneliussen, S.T. The Transonic Wind Tunnel and the NACA Technical Culture, in From Engineering Science to Big Science, NASA SP-4219, 1998, pp 91134.Google Scholar
Hansen, J.R. Engineer in Charge: A History of the Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, NASA SP-4305, 1987.Google Scholar
Hartman, E.P. Adventures in Research: A History of Ames Research Center 1940-1965, NASA SP-4302, 1970Google Scholar
Bedrzhitsky, E.I. and Roukavets, V.P. Historical Review of the Creation and Improvement of Aerodynamic Test Facilities at TsAGI, paper 1 in AGARD CP-585, Aerodynamics of Wind Tunnel Circuits and Their Components, October 1996.Google Scholar
Haines, A.B. and Jones, J.C.M. The Centre-Line Mach-Number Distributions and Auxiliary-Suction Requirements for the A.R.A. 9-ft x 8-ft Transonic Wind Tunnel, ARC R&M 3140, 1960.Google Scholar
Pindzola, M. and Chew, W.L. A Summary of Perforated Wall Wind Tunnel Studies at the Arnold Engineering Development Center, AEDC-TR-60-9, August 1960.Google Scholar
Capone, F.J., Bangert, L.S., Asbury, S.C., Mills, C.T.L. and Bare, E.A. The NASA Langley 16-Foot Transonic Wind Tunnel, NASA TP-3521, September 1995.Google Scholar
Wind Tunnel Testing - Part 1. Management Volume, AIAA Recommended Practice R-092-1-2003(2018), September 2003.Google Scholar
Wind Tunnel Testing - Part 2. Practitioners Volume, AIAA Recommended Practice R-092-2-2003(2018), September 2003.Google Scholar
Test Planning Guide for High Speed Wind Tunnels. NASA Ames Wind Tunnel Division, March 2018.Google Scholar
Test Planning Information and Requirements for Wind Tunnel Test in the Aerospace Flight Dynamics Wind Tunnels, AEDC, August 1988.Google Scholar
Meija, K. Production wind tunnel testing & the fundamental skills required - an industry perspective, AIAA-2008-3827, June 2008.Google Scholar
Steinle, F. and Stanewsky, E. Wind Tunnel Flow Quality and Data Accuracy Requirements, AGARD Advisory Report AR-184, November 1982.Google Scholar
Madl, D.O., Trepal, T.A. Money, A.F. and Mitchell, J.G. Effect of the Proposed Closure of NASA’s Subsonic Wind Tunnels: An Assessment of Alternatives, Institute for Defense Analyses Paper P-3858, April 2004.Google Scholar
Dunn, S.C., Micol, J.R., Myren, D.J. and Paryz, R.W. GTTC future of ground testing: meta-analysis of 20 documents, AIAA-2018-0387, January 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, T., Stokes, N., Roberts, D. and Quinn, M. Time-resolved surface pressure and model deformation measurements in an industrial transonic wind tunnel, AIAA-2019-2905, June 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calibration and Use of Internal Strain-Gage Balances with Application to Wind Tunnel Testing, AIAA Recommended Practice R-091A-2020, March 2020.Google Scholar
Lawson, S., Ciarella, A. and Wong, P. Development of experimental techniques for hybrid laminar flow control in the ARA transonic wind tunnel, AIAA-2018-3181, June 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, C., Booth, D., Kew, R. and King, D. Comparison of balance types, Proceedings of the 11th International Balance Symposium, Cologne, May 2018.Google Scholar
ESDU. Extrapolating Wind-Tunnel Data to Full-Scale Reynolds Number: Parts 1-3, ESDU Data Items 05022, 07010, 09015 and 11006.Google Scholar
Davie, R.P. Wind Tunnel Models, AGARD Report R-19, August 1956.Google Scholar
Muncey, J.J. and Pote, D.M. Design and Construction of Wind Tunnel Models, AGARD Report R-20, February 1956.Google Scholar
Kimzey, W.F., Covert, E.E., Rooney, E.C., Richey, G.K. and James, C.R. Thrust and drag: its prediction and verification, AIAA Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics Series, vol. 98, 1985.Google Scholar
Smith, C.L., Bergmann, J.C. and Riddle, T.R. Current airframe propulsion integration testing techniques at AEDC, AIAA-2004-6819, November 2004.Google Scholar
McWaters, M. F-35 conventional mode jet-effects testing methodology, AIAA-2015-2404, June 2015.Google Scholar
Celestina, M.L. and Long-Davis, M.J. Large-scale boundary layer ingesting propulsor research, Proceedings of the 24th Conference of The International Society for Air Breathing Engines, Canberra, September 2019.Google Scholar
Wood, M.E. Recent developments in store separation and grid survey techniques using the ARA two-sting rig, Aeronaut. J., 1986, 90, (891), pp 1826.Google Scholar
Veazey, D.T. Current AEDC weapons separation testing and analysis to support flight testing, AIAA-2004-6847, November 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, M.E. and Newman, D.A. The design and commissioning of an acoustic liner for propeller noise testing in the ARA transonic wind tunnel, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part G J. Aerospace Eng., 1990, 204, (2), pp 135144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, D.A., Stokes, N.P., Quinn, M.K., Coppin, J.H. and Birch, T.J. Evaluation of dynamic pressure-sensitive paint for improved analysis of cavity flows and CFD validation, AIAA 2016-0311, January 2016.Google Scholar
McConnell, J.K. Use of transonic free to roll testing in the design phase of the joint strike fighter, AIAA-2006-3925, June 2006.Google Scholar
Jin, L., Nong, C., Yuhui, S., Jing, H. and Ke, X. New dynamic stability rig for tri-sonic wind-tunnel, Procedia Eng., 2015, 99, pp 15911596.Google Scholar
Masini, L., Timme, S. and Peace, A.J. Analysis of a civil aircraft wing transonic shock buffet experiment, J. Fluid Mech., 2020, 884 A1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomariz-Sancha, A. Peace, A., Roberts, D.A. and Davidson, T.S.C., Towards the Industrialisation of a Transonic Gust Rig for Simulation of Gusts on Half-Models, AIAA-2018-0626, January 2018.Google Scholar
Davidson, T., Stokes, N., Roberts, D., and Quinn, M. Lights, camera, data: optical technique development at ARA, Proceedings of the RAeS Applied Aerodynamics Conference, Bristol, July 2018.Google Scholar
ARA. 50 years of aerodynamic expertise, Proceedings of the Aircraft Research Association Technical Conference, May 2002.Google Scholar
Hunter, D. ARA and Aerodynamic Technology: Acknowledge the Past, Look to the Future, RAeS Handley Page Lecture, May 2011, https://www.aerosociety.com/news/podcast-handley-page-lecture-ara-and-aerodynamic-technology/.Google Scholar
Greenwell, D.I. The Challenges of Transonic Wind Tunnel Testing in an Industrial Environment, Imperial College Aerodynamics Seminar, February 2019, https://fluids.ac.uk/talks/1191.Google Scholar
Colantonio, R. NASA wind tunnel “Bad Days”, Presented at the AVTech Air Vehicles Technology Symposium, Dayton, September 2019.Google Scholar
Davis, T.W. Review of transonic wall interference corrections and considerations for development, AIAA-2019-3094, January 2019.Google Scholar
Boundary Layer Simulation and Control in Wind Tunnels. AGARD Advisory Report AGARD-AR-224, April 1988.Google Scholar
DeLoach, R. The modern design of experiments for configuration aerodynamics: a case study, AIAA-2006-0923, January 2006.Google Scholar