Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T00:06:59.310Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Reliability, maintainability and development cost implications of variable camber wings

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 July 2016

J. P. Fielding  and
M. A. F. Vaziry-Zanjany
J. P. Fielding
Affiliation:
Aerospace TechnologyCollege of AeronauticsCranfield University, UK
M. A. F. Vaziry-Zanjany
Affiliation:
Aerospace TechnologyCollege of AeronauticsCranfield University, UK
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A computer assisted conceptual aircraft design methodology (CACAD) has been developed to size turbofan powered transport aircraft. New modules for predicting the maintenance costs of each airframe system and subsection of structure, were developed and incorporated into CACAD.

Many aspects of variable camber wing technology (VCW) were modelled. These included different types of drag saving due to chordwise, as well as spanwise camber variation. Models were also derived for mass, maintenance cost, and extra development cost increments for wing trailing edge devices, flight control, and hydraulic systems. These were incorporated into CACAD, and then a multidisciplinary trade-off study resulted in predicted savings of up to 3·5% in direct operating cost (DOC). The technology was evaluated for DOC improvement against a number of existing, future, and derivative aircraft, under different sensitivity conditions. Reliability, maintainability, and development (R, M&D) predictions were shown to be decisive in determining the feasibility of VCW technology. The study showed that long range, low to medium capacity, derivative aircraft are the most suitable applications for VCW technology.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Aeronautical Journal , Volume 100 , Issue 995 , May 1996 , pp. 183 - 195
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Aeronautical Society 1996 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Vaziry-Zanjany, M.A.F. Aircraft Conceptual Design Modelling, Incorporating Reliability, and Maintainability Predictions, PhD Thesis, Cranfield University, 1996.Google Scholar
2. Harris, R. and Bradfield, F. Model experiments with variable camber wings, ARC R&M No 677, 1920.Google Scholar
3. Jones, E. et al Lift and drag of the Bristol Fighter with Fairey variable camber wings, ARC R&M No 1085, 1926.Google Scholar
4. Whitford, R. Design for air combat, Jane's publishing company 1987.Google Scholar
5. Ferris, J. Wind-tunnel investigation of a variable camber and twist wing, NASA TN D-8475, 1977.Google Scholar
6. Boeing Commercial Aircraft Company, Assesment of variable camber wing for application to transport aircraft, NASA CR 158430, 1980.Google Scholar
7. Spillman, J.J. Variable camber geometry for transport aircraft wings, Proceedings of Aerotech 92, Conference 14-17 January 1992.Google Scholar
8. Spillman, J.J. The use of variable camber to reduce drag, weight and cost of transport aircraft, Aeronaut J, January 1992, 96, (951), pp 1–9.Google Scholar
9. Macey, P. A Feasibility Study on the Application of Variable Camber Flaps on a Military Tactical Transport Aircraft, MSc Thesis, Cranfield Institute of Technology 1992-93.Google Scholar
10. Lunn, J.D. Weight Effects of Variable Camber Wings, MSc Thesis, Cranfield Institute of Technology, 1992.Google Scholar
11. Rao, A.J. Variable Camber Wings for Transport Aircraft, PhD Thesis, Cranfield Institute of Technology, 1987-88.Google Scholar
12. Mackinnon, A.V. and Stollery, J.L. Windtunnel tests on variable camber wing College of Aeronautics Report No 9304, Cranfield Institute of Technology, March 1993.Google Scholar
13. Mackinnon, A.V. An Experimental Study of a Variable Camber Wing (VCW), PhD Thesis, Cranfield Institute of Technology, October 1993.Google Scholar
14. Macci, S.H.M. Structural and Mechanical Feasibility Study of a Variable Camber Wing (VCW) for Transport Aircraft, PhD Thesis, Cranfield Institute of Technology, August 1992.Google Scholar
15. Greff, E. The development and design integration of a variable camber wing for long/medium range aircraft, Aeronaut J, November 1990, 94, (939), pp 301–312.Google Scholar
16. Szodruch, J. and Hilbio, R. Variable wing camber for transport aircraft, Prog Aerospace Sci, 1988, 25, pp 297–328.Google Scholar
17. Fielding, J.P., Macci, S.H.M., Mackinnon, A.V. and Stollery, J.L. The aerodynamic and structural design of variable camber wing (VCW), ICAS 1992.Google Scholar
18. Hilbig, H. and Wagner, H. Variable wing camber control for civil transport aircraft, ICAS-84-5.2.1, 1984.Google Scholar
19. Szodruch, J. The influence of camber variation on the aerodynamics of civil transport aircraft, AIAA 85-0353, 1985.Google Scholar
20. Renken, J.H. Mission adaptive wing camber control systems for transport aircraft, AIAA Paper 85-5006, 1985.Google Scholar
21. Stollery, J. and Fielding, J. Cranfield to work with British Aero space on variable camber wings, Aerogram, 5, (4) May 1989 Cran field Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
22. Feazel, M. MBB studies variable camber wings to improve lift, Expand Fleet Uniformity, Av Week Space Tech, 29 April 1985.Google Scholar
23. Renken, J.H. Integration of a variable wing camber function into an EFCS of a transport aircraft, AIAA-87-2879, Aircraft Design and Operations Meeting, 14-16 September, 1987, St. Louis, Missouri.Google Scholar
24. Towell, K.J. S-80 Variable Camber Wing: Mainbox, MSc Project Thesis, Cranfield Institute of Technology, 1981.Google Scholar
25. Landry, J.G.N. A90 500 Passenger Short Range Airliner: Variable Camber Outer Flaps, MSc Project Thesis, Cranfield Institute of Technology, 1991.Google Scholar
26. Larrive, L. A90 500 Seater Short Haul Airliner: Design of Variable Camber Inner Flaps, MSc Project Thesis, Cranfield Institute of Technology, 1991.Google Scholar
27. Carboon, J.P. F93/A WOMBAT Variable Camber Flap Design, MSc Project Thesis, Cranfield University, 1994.Google Scholar
28. Edi, P. A Feasibility Study on the Application of Variable Camber Wings on a Military Tactical Transport Aircraft, MSc Project Thesis, Cranfield University, 1994.Google Scholar
29. Verghese, P.K. S80 Variable Camber Wing Moving Surfaces, MSc Project Thesis, Cranfield Institute of Technology, 1981.Google Scholar
30. Torenbeek, E. Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design, Delft University Press, 1976.Google Scholar
31. Nettleton, T.R. A method of estimating the effects of rear fuselage up sweep and fuselage cross flow sectional shape on fuselage drag. Unpublished report, de Haviland Canada, November 1964.Google Scholar
32. Hoerner, S.F. Fluid-Dynamic Drag, published by the author, 1965.Google Scholar
33. Garner, H.C. Some remarks on vortex drag and its spanwise distribution in incompressible flow, Aeronaut J, July 1968, 72, (691), pp 623–625.Google Scholar
34. Anonymous, Subsonic aerodynamic loading distributions, DAeT 9147 lecture notes, College of Aeronautics, Cranfield University.Google Scholar
35. Collingbourne, J. Multivariate Optimisation Applied to the Initial Design of Transport Aircraft, Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) UK, TR-84044, 1984.Google Scholar
36. Corning, G. VTOL, Airplane Design, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 1984.Google Scholar
37. Howe, D. The prediction of aircraft wing mass, Cranfield University, Proceedings of Institute of Mechanical Engineers, 210, 1996.Google Scholar
38. Raymer, D.P. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Educational Series, 1989.Google Scholar
39. Roskam, J. Airplane Design(8 Volumes), The University of Kansas, 1991.Google Scholar
40. Hofton, A.N. Cranfield University, Direct Airframe Engineering Cost Breakdown. Unpublished report, Cranfield Institute of Technology, 1976.Google Scholar
41. Airbus Industrie, Direct maintenance costs, art or science? Product Support Directorate, Maintenance Cost Group, AI/SE 21003, 1989.Google Scholar
42. Greff, E. Private communication with Aerodynamic Department, Daimler Benz Aerospace Airbus, 1995.Google Scholar
43. Lambert, M. (Ed) Jane's all the World's Aircraft1993, 1994 and 1995 editions. Jane's Information Group.Google Scholar