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Ice accretion and release in fuel systems

Large-scale rig investigations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 May 2018

J. K.-W. Lam  and
R. D. Woods
J. K.-W. Lam
Affiliation:
Airbus Operations Ltd, Filton, Bristol, UK
R. D. Woods*
Affiliation:
Woodford Engineering Consultancy (UK) Ltd, Cheadle Hulme, Cheshire, UK
*
[email protected]
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Abstract

Following the B777 accident at Heathrow in 2008, the certification authorities required Boeing, Airbus, and Rolls-Royce to conduct icing analysis and tests of their Rolls-Royce Trent engined aircraft fuel systems. The experience and the test data gained from these activities were distilled and released by Airbus to the EASA ICAR project for research and analysis. This paper provided an overview of the Airbus ice accretion and release tests. Brief narratives on the test rigs, the test procedure and methodology were given and key findings from the ice release investigations were presented. The accreted ice thickness was non-uniform; however, it is found typically c. $\mathrm{2\;\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}}$ thick. Analysis of the accreted ice collected from the rig tests showed the ice was very porous. The porosity is very much dependant on how the water was introduced and mixed in the icing test rigs. The standard Airbus method produced accreted ice of higher porosity compared to that produced by the injection method. The porosity of the accreted ice from Airbus icing investigations was found to be c. 0.90. The relationship of permeability with porosity was inferred from published data and models for freshly fallen snow in the atmosphere. Derived permeability $\mathrm{7.0\times 10^{-9}\;\mathrm{\mathrm{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{2}}}}$ was then applied in the CFD analysis of pipe flow with a porous wall lining to determine the shear stress on the accreted ice. It showed that 25%, 50% and 75% of the accreted ice has interface shear strength of less than $\mathrm{15.3\;\mathrm{Pa}}$, $\mathrm{20.7\;\mathrm{Pa}}$ and $\mathrm{26.1\;\mathrm{Pa}}$, respectively.

Keywords

fuel systemice accretionice releasefuel icingfuel contamination
Type
Research Article
Information
The Aeronautical Journal , Volume 122 , Issue 1253 , July 2018 , pp. 1051 - 1082
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Aeronautical Society 2018 

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Footnotes

*

now with Defence Strategic Fuels Authority, Ministry of Defence, Abbey Wood, Bristol, UK

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