Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T15:10:56.075Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Boundary Layers and Skin Friction in High-Speed Flow*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2016

A. D. Young
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

In this paper an attempt is made to review present knowledge of the subject of boundary layers at high speeds, without delving too deeply into the theory, and to draw attention to the results of practical interest. The introductory remarks describe broadly the special features of boundary layers in compressible flow, namely the existence of both thermal and velocity layers and their interdependence, the sensitivity of the external flow to the layers, and their inter-action with shock waves. The results of importance arising from the theory of the laminar boundary layer and of its stability to small disturbances are then discussed, followed by a summary of the present inadequate state of knowledge of turbulent boundary layer characteristics. It is noted that progress in the latter must await the production of more experimental data. The paper concludes with a discussion of scale effects and the allied problem of boundary layer—shock wave inter-action.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Aeronautical Journal , Volume 55 , Issue 485 , May 1951 , pp. 285 - 302
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Aeronautical Society 1951

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

A version of this paper was read before the Institute of Physics at their Conference on Fluid Flow in November 1950 (Proceedings to be published by Edward Arnold & Co. Ltd.), and in a shortened form, was read as a Section Lecture of the Royal Aeronautical Society on the 21st March 1950.

References

1. Prandtl, L. (1904). Uber Flussigkeitsbewegung bei sehr kleiner Reibung. Verhandlung des Dritten Internationalen Mathematiker-Kongresses, Heidelberg, pp. 484–491. Leipzig, 1904.Google Scholar
2. Cope, W. F. and Hartree, D. R. (1948). The Laminar Boundary Layer in Compressible Flow. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A, Vol. 241, p. 1. June 1948.Google Scholar
3. Kármán, Th. von and Tsien, H. S. (1938). Boundary Layers in Compressible Fluids. Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 5, April 1938.Google Scholar
4. Howarth, L. (1948). Concerning the Effect of Compressibility on Laminar Boundary Layers and their Separation. Proc. Roy. Soc. A. 194, p. 16, 1948. A.R.C. 10,821.Google Scholar
5. Busemann, A. (1935). Gasströmung mit laminarer Grenzschicht entlang einer Platte. Z.A.M.M., Vol. 15, p. 23. February 1935.Google Scholar
6. Hantzsche, W. and Wendt, H. (1940 and 1941). Zum Kompressibilitätseinfluss bei der laminaren Grenzschicht der ebenen Platte. Jahrbuch der Deutschen Luftfahrtforschung, 1940, I., p. 517.Google Scholar
Die laminare Grenzschicht der ebene Platte mit und ohne Wärmeübergang. Jahrbuch der Deutschen Luftfahrtforschung, 1941, I., p. 40.Google Scholar
7. Emmons, H. W. and Brainerd, J. G. (1941 and 1942). Temperature Effects in a Laminar Compressible-Fluid Boundary Layer along a Flat Plate. Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 8, September 1941.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Effect of Variable Viscosity on Boundary Layers with a Discussion of Drag Measurements. Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 9, March 1942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Crocco, L. (1946). Lo strato limite laminare nei gas. Monografie Scientifiche di Aeronautica, No. 3, December 1946. A.R.C 11,453.Google Scholar
9. Edited by Goldstein, S. (1938). Modern Developments in Fluid Dynamics, Vol. II., Chap. 14. Oxford, 1938.Google Scholar
10. Young, A. D. (1949). Skin Friction in Compressible Flow. The Aeronautical Quarterly, Vol. 1., August 1949.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Illingworth, C. R. (1949). Steady Flow in the Laminar Boundary Layer of a Gas. Proc. Roy. Soc. A. 199, p. 533, 1949.Google Scholar
12. Howarth, L. (1938). On the Solution of the Laminar Boundary Layer Equations. Proc. Roy. Soc. A. 164, p. 542, 1938.Google Scholar
13. Stewartson, K. (1949). Correlated Compressible and Incompressible Boundary Layers. Proc. Roy. Soc. A. 200, p. 84, 1949.Google Scholar
14. Lees, L. and Lin, C. C. (1944). Investigation of the Stability of the Laminar Boundary Layer in a Compressible Fluid. N.A.C.A. T.N. 1115, 1944.Google Scholar
15. Lees, L. (1946). The Stability of the Laminar Boundary Layer in a Compressible Fluid. N.A.C.A. T.N. 1360, 1946.Google Scholar
16. Liepmann, H. W. and Fila, G. H. (1946). Investigations of Effects of Surface Temperature and Single Roughness Elements on Boundary-Layer Transition. N.A.C.A. T.N. 1196, 1946.Google Scholar
17. Frick, C. W. Jnr. and McCullough, G. B. (1942). Tests of a Heated Low-Drag Airfoil. N.A.C.A. A.C.R., December 1942.Google Scholar
18. Squire, H. B. (1942). Heat Transfer Calculation for Aerofoils. R. & M. 1986, 1942.Google Scholar
19. Squire, H. B. and Young, A. D. (1937). The Calculation of the Profile Drag of Aerofoils. R. & M. 1838, 1937.Google Scholar
20. Eckert, H. U. (1950). Characteristics of the Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate in Compressible Flow from Measurements of Friction in Pipes. Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 17, p. 573, September 1950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21. Wilson, R. E. (1950). Turbulent Boundary-Layer Characteristics at Supersonic Speeds—Theory and Experiment. Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 17, p. 585, September 1950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22. Young, A. D. and Winterbottom, N. E. (1942). High-speed Flow in Smooth Cylindrical Pipes of Circular Section. R. & M. 2068, 1942.Google Scholar
23. Transonic Research Group (1948). Guggenheim Aeronautics Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. Final Report for Contract No. W.33-038, a.c. 1717, 1948.Google Scholar
24. Ackeret, J., Feldman, F. and Rott, N. (1946). Untersuchungen an Verdichtungsstösen und Grenzschichten in schnell bewegten Gasen. Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für Aerodynamik, E.T.H, Zürich, No. 10, 1946.Google Scholar
25. Liepmann, H. W., Roshko, A. and Dhawan, S. (1949). Guggenheim Aeronautics Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Final Report for Contract No. NAW-5631, 1949.Google Scholar
26. Fage, A. and Sargent, R. F. (1947). Shockwave and Boundary-layer Phenomena near a Flat Surface. Proc. Roy. Soc. A. 190, p. 1, 1947.Google Scholar
27. Liepmann, H. W. (1946). The Interaction between Boundary Layer and Shock Waves in Transonic Flow. Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 13, p. 623, December 1946.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28. Liepmann, H. W., Ashkenas, I. L. and Cole, T. D. (1947). Guggenheim Aeronautics Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Supplement No. 6 to Contract No. W.33-038, a.c. 1717(11592), 1947.Google Scholar