Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T06:40:03.308Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A review of train aerodynamics Part 1 – Fundamentals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2016

C. J. Baker*
Affiliation:
Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education, School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

Abstract

This paper is the first of a two-part review of train aerodynamics. After an initial introduction and broad survey of train aerodynamic issues, and a discussion of measurement, modelling and computational techniques, the nature of the flow around trains is considered – in the open air, with and without crosswinds, and in confined geometrical situations and tunnels. The flow in different regions around the train is described and the main flow features outlined. Part 2 of the paper will then consider a number of issues that are of concern in the design and operation of modern trains based on this description of the overall flow field.

Type
Survey Paper
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Aeronautical Society 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Bellwood, J.E. and Jenkinson, D. Gresley and Stanier: A Centenary Tribute. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1976, ISBN 0-11-290253-7.Google Scholar
2. Gawthorpe, R.G. Aerodynamics of trains in tunnels, Railway Engineer International, 1978, 3, (4), pp 4147.Google Scholar
3. Cooper, R.K. The probability of trains overturning in high winds, Proceedings 5th International Conference on Wind Engineering, 1979, Fort Collins, CO, USA, 2, 1185.Google Scholar
4. NRM (2013) Aerodynamic testing of small model of APT at Pendine, NRM Archive, http://www.nrm.org.uk/ourcollection/photo?group=BR%20Research%20Derby&objid=1999-7442_BR_RCP_58, accessed 26/7/2013.Google Scholar
5. Gawthorpe, R.G. Aerodynamic problems with overhead line equipment, Railway Engineer International, 1978, 3, (4), pp 3840.Google Scholar
6. Gawthorpe, R.G. Aerodynamics of Trains in the Open Air, Railway Engineer International, 1978, 3, (3), pp 712.Google Scholar
7. Vardy, A.E. Generation and alleviation of sonic booms from rail tunnels, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Engineering and Computational Mechanics, 2008, 161, (3), pp 107 –119.Google Scholar
8. Friedl, H., Reiterer, M. and Kari, H. Aerodynamic excitation of noise barrier systems at high-speed rail lines – Fatigue analysis, 2011, IOMAC’11 – 4th International Operational Modal Analysis Conference.Google Scholar
9. Quinn, A.D., Hayward, M., Baker, C.J., Schmid, F., Priest, J.A. and Powrie, W. A full-scale experimental and modelling study of ballast flight under high-speed trains, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: J Rail and Rapid Transit, 2010, 224, (2), pp 6174, 10.1243/09544097JRRT294.Google Scholar
10. CEN, Railway Applications – Aerodynamics. Part 1 Symbols and Units, 2003, BS EN 14067-1:2003.Google Scholar
11. CEN, Railway Applications – Aerodynamics Part 2 Aerodynamics on Open Track, 2010, E BS EN 14067-2:2003.Google Scholar
12. CEN Railway Applications – Aerodynamics Part 3 Aerodynamics in tunnels, 2003, BS EN 14067-3:2003.Google Scholar
13. CEN Railway Applications – Aerodynamics Part 4 Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics on open track, 2009, BS EN 14067-4:2005+A1:2009.Google Scholar
14. CEN Railway Applications – Aerodynamics Part 5 Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels, 2010, BS EN 14067-5: 2006+A1:2010.Google Scholar
15. CEN Railway Applications – Aerodynamics. Part 6 Aerodynamics Tests for crosswind assessment, 2010, BS EN 14067-6:2010.Google Scholar
16. TSI EU Technical Specification for Interoperability Relating to the ‘Rolling Stock’ Sub-System of the Trans-European High-Speed Rail System, HS RST TSI, 2008/232/EC.Google Scholar
17. TSI EU Technical Specification for Interoperability Relating to the ‘Infrastructure Sub-System of the Trans-European High-Speed Rail System HS RST TSI, 2008/217/EC.Google Scholar
18. Schetz, J.A. Aerodynamics of high speed trains, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 2001, 33, pp 371414, 10.1146/annurev.fuid.33.1.371.Google Scholar
19. Raghunathan, R.S., Kim, H.D. and Setoguchi, T. Aerodynamics of high speed railway train, Progress in Aerospace sciences, 2002, 38, (6–7), pp 469514, 10.1016/S0376-0421(02)00029-5.Google Scholar
20. Baker, C.J. The flow around high speed trains, J Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2010, 98, (6–7), pp 277298, 10.1016/j.jweia.2009.11.002.Google Scholar
21. Baron, A., Mossi, M. and Sibilla, S. The alleviation of the aerodynamic drag and wave effects of high-speed trains in very long tunnels, J Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2001, 89, (5), 365401, 10.1016/S0167-6105(00)00071-4.Google Scholar
22. Deeg, P., Jonsson, M., Kaltenbach, H.-J., Schober, M. and Weise, M. Cross comparison of measurement techniques for the determination of train induced aerodynamic loads on the trackbed, 2008, Proceedings of the conference on Bluff Bodies Aerodynamics and its Applications, Milano, Italy.Google Scholar
23. Baker, C.J., Dalley, S.J., Johnson, T., Quinn, A. and Wright, N.G. The slipstream and wake of a high speed train, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers F, J Rail and Rapid Transit, 2001, 215, pp 8399, 10.1243/0954409011531422.Google Scholar
24. Baker, C.J., Quinn, A., Sima, M., Hoefener, L. and Licciardello, R. Full-scale measurement and analysis of train slipstreams and wakes: Part 1 Ensemble averages, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: J Rail and Rapid Transit, 2013, 10.1177/0954409713485944.Google Scholar
25. Kwon, H., Park, Y., Lee, D. and Kim, M. Wind-tunnel experiments on Korean high-speed trains using various ground simulation techniques, J Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 89, (13), pp 11791195, 10.1016/S0167-6105(01)00107-6.Google Scholar
26. Rail Safety and Standards Board Recommendations for Determination of Aerodynamic Rolling Moment Coeffcient, 2009, GM/RC2542.Google Scholar
27. Baker, C.J., Gilbert, T. and Jordan, S. The validation of the use of moving model experiments for the measurement of train aerodynamic parameters in the open air, 2013, Proceedings of the World Congress on Rail Research, Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar
28. Dorigati, F. Rail Vehicles In Crosswinds; Analysis of Steady and Unsteady Aerodynamic Effects Through Static and Moving Model Tests, 2013, PhD thesis, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.Google Scholar
29. Franke, J., Hellsten, A., Schlunzen, H. and Carisimo, B. The Best Practise Guideline for the CFD simulation of flows in the urban environment: an outcome of COST 732, 2010, The Fifth International Symposium on Computational Wind Engineering (CWE2010) Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.Google Scholar
30. Hermanns, L., German Gimenez, J. and Alarcon, E. Efficient computation of the pressures developed during high-speed train passing events, Computers and Structures, 2005, 83, pp 793803.Google Scholar
31 Diedrichs, B. On computational fluid dynamics modelling of crosswind effects for high-speed rolling stock, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2003, Part F: J Rail and Rapid Transit 217: 203, 10.1243/095440903769012902.Google Scholar
32 Hemida, H. and Krajnović, S. LES study of the influence of the nose shape and yaw angles on flow structures around trains, J Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2010, 98, (1), pp 3446, 10.1016/j.jweia.2009.08.012.Google Scholar
33. Howe, M.S., Fukuda, T. and Maeda, T. Theoretical and experimental investigation of the compression wave generated by a train entering a tunnel with a fared portal, J Fluid Mechanics, 425, pp 111132, 2000, 10.1017/S0022112000002093.Google Scholar
34. Sterling, M., Baker, C.J., Jordan, S.C. and Johnson, T. A study of the slipstreams of high speed passenger trains and freight trains, Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers Part F: J Rail and Rapid Transport, 2008, 222, 177-19, 10.1243/09544097JRRT133.Google Scholar
35. Soper, D., Baker, C.J. and Sterling, M. Slipstream development of a container freight train, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Train Aerodynamics, 2013, Birmingham, UK.Google Scholar
36. Brockie, N.J.W. and Baker, C.J. The aerodynamic drag of high speed trains, J Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1990, 34, pp 273290, 10.1016/0167-6105(90)90156-7.Google Scholar
37. Rapide (2001) Railway aerodynamics of passing interaction with dynamic effects. Synthesis report, Aerodynamics Workshop, Cologne, Germany.Google Scholar
38. Schulte-Werning, B., Heine, C. and Matschke, G. Unsteady wake characteristics of high speed trains, PAMM Proceedings Applied Maths and Mechanics, 2003, 2, pp 332333.Google Scholar
39. Baker, C.J. Flow and dispersion in ground vehicle wakes, J Fluids and Structures, 2001, 15, (7), pp 10311060, 10.1006/jfs.2001.0385.Google Scholar
40. Ido, A., Saitou, S., Nakade, K. and Iikura, S. Study on under-floor flow to reduce ballast flying phenomena. Proceedings of the World Congress on Rail Research, Seoul, South Korea, 2008, Paper S2.3.4.2.Google Scholar
41. Jönsson, M., Haff, J., Richard, H., Loose, S. and Orellano, A. PIV Investigation of the flow field underneath a generic high speed train configuration, 2009, Euromech 509, External aerodynamics of railway vehicles, trucks, buses and cars, Berlin, Germany.Google Scholar
42. Cook, N.J. The Designer’s Guide to Wind Loading of Building Structures: Static structures, 1986, Butterworths, ISBN-10: 0408008709.Google Scholar
43. Cooper, R.K. Atmospheric turbulence with respect to moving ground vehicles, J Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 17, (2), pp 215238, 1016/0167-6105(84)90057-6.Google Scholar
44. Mair, W.A. and Stewart, A.J. The flow past yawed slender bodies, with and without ground effects, J Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1985, 18, (3), pp 301328, 10.1016/0167-6105(85)90088-1Google Scholar
45 Copley, J. The three-dimensional flow around railway trains, J Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 26, (1), 1987, pp 2252, 10.1016/0167-6105(87)90034-1.Google Scholar
46. Baker, C.J., Sterling, M., Bouferrouk, A., O’Neil, H., Wood, S. and Crosbie, E. Aerodynamic forces on multiple unit trains in cross winds, Proceedings of the Conference on Bluff Body Aerodynamics and its Applications, 2008, Milano, Italy.Google Scholar
47. Baker, C.J., Jordan, S.J., Gilbert, T., Sterling, M., Quinn, A., Johnson, T. and Lane, J. Transient aerodynamic pressures and forces on trackside and overhead structures due to passing trains. Part 1 Model scale experiments, J Rail and Rapid Transit, 2012, 228, pp 3669, 10.1177/0954409712464859.Google Scholar
48. Baker, C.J., Jordan, S.J., Gilbert, T., Sterling, M., Quinn, A., Johnson, T. and Lane, J. Transient aerodynamic pressures and forces on trackside and overhead structures due to passing trains. Part 2 Standards applications, J Rail and Rapid Transit, 2012, 228, pp 3669, 10.1177/0954409712464859.Google Scholar
49. Johnson, T. and Dalley, S. 1/25 scale moving model tests for the TRANSAERO Project. in TRANSAERO – A European Initiative on Transient Aerodynamics for Railway System Optimisation. 123-135, Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 79, 2002, Schulte-Werning, B., Gregoire, R., Malfatti, A. and Matschke, G. (Eds).Google Scholar
50. Gilbert, T. Aerodynamic Effects of High Speed Trains in Confned Spaces, 2013, PhD thesis, University of Birmingham, UK.Google Scholar
51. Gilbert, T., Baker, C. and Quinn, A. Aerodynamic pressures around high-speed trains: the transition from unconfined to enclosed spaces, J Rail and Rapid Transit, 2013, 227, (6), pp 608-62, 10.1177/0954409713494947.Google Scholar
52. Gilbert, T., Baker, C. and Quinn, A. Aerodynamic effects of high speed trains in confined spaces, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Train Aerodynamics, 2013, Birmingham, UK.Google Scholar