Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T05:17:30.787Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The adverse cyclic and collective pitch effect in a rotor

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 June 2019

Hak Yoon Kim Open the ORCID record for Hak Yoon Kim [Opens in a new window]
Hak Yoon Kim*
Affiliation:
Hanseo University, Taean, Chung-nam, S Korea
*
[email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Numerical simulations have been carried out for a 32.16-ft-diameter rotor in autorotational forward flight. Coupled flapping and rotational equations were solved using the transient simulation method (TSM) to ascertain the quasistatic torque equilibrium conditions. The Pitt/Peters inflow theory was adopted in the simulations, and an airfoil look-up table made by a compressible Navier-Stokes solver was used. The adverse cyclic and collective pitch inputs were introduced in a similar fashion to helicopter control in that the cyclic lever is pulled back and the collective lever is pushed down for increasing airspeeds. The simulation results showed that the longitudinal cyclic pitch input combined with a lowered collective pitch increases the rotating torque for a low shaft angle and an advance ratio greater than one, producing both high lift and a high lift-to-drag ratio. Upon introducing the adverse cyclic and collective pitch inputs, the control range broadened, and a torque equilibrium condition was detected at 414.7kt (700ft/s) of airspeed in the simulation.

Keywords

TSMautorotationcyclic pitchcollective pitchhigh advance ratio
Type
Research Article
Information
The Aeronautical Journal , Volume 123 , Issue 1264 , June 2019 , pp. 805 - 827
Copyright
© Royal Aeronautical Society 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Harris, F.D. An overview of autogyros and the McDonnell XV-1 convertiplane, NASA/CR-2003-212799, October 2003.Google Scholar
Hickey, D.H. Full-Scale wind-tunnel tests of the longitudinal stability and control characteristics of the XV-1 convertiplane in the autorotating flight range, NACA RM A55K21a, 1956.Google Scholar
Ruddell, A.J. Advancing blade concept (ABC) development, J American Helicopter Soc, 1977, 22, (1), pp 13–23.Google Scholar
De Simone, G., Blauch, R.S. and Fisher, R.A. The impact of missions on the preliminary design of an ABC rotor, J American Helicopter Soc, 1982, 27, (3), pp 32–42.Google Scholar
Ormiston, R.A. Revitalizing advanced rotorcraft research-and the compound helicopter 35th AHS Alexander, A. Nikolsky Honorary Lecture, J American Helicopter Soc, 2016, 61, (1), pp 1–23.Google Scholar
Walsh, D., Weiner, S., Lawrence, T., Wilson, M., Millott, T. and Blackwell, R. High airspeed testing of the sikorsky X2 technology (TM) demonstrator, 67th Annual Forum of the American Helicopter Society International, Virginia Beach, VA, 2011, 4 May.Google Scholar
Wood, T.L. High energy rotor system, The 32nd Annual National V/STOL Forum of the American Helicopter Society, Washington, DC., May 1976.Google Scholar
Kim, H.Y. and Park, S.O. An experimental study of an autorotating rotor-wing combination: moment of inertia effects and aerodynamic characteristics, J Korean Soc Aeronaut Space Sci, 2004, 32, (2), pp 7–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheatley, J.B. and Hood, M. Full-scale wind-tunnel tests of a PCA-2 autogiro rotor, NACA TR No. 515, 1934.Google Scholar
Niemi, E.E, JR. A method for determining the effects of rapid inflow changes on the dynamics of an autorotating rotor, Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, USA, April 1976.Google Scholar
Wheatley, J.B. An aerodynamic analysis of the autogiro rotor with a comparison between calculated and experimental results, NACA Report No. 487, 1934.Google Scholar
Gessow, A. and Crim, A.D. A method for studying the transient blade-flapping behavior of lifting rotors at extreme operating conditions, NACA TN 3366, 1955, Jan.Google Scholar
Pitt, D.M. and Peters, D.A. Theoretical prediction of dynamic-inflow derivatives, Theor Predict Dynamic-Inflow Deriv, 1981, 5, pp 21–34.Google Scholar
Chen, R.T.N. A survey of non-uniform inflow models for rotorcraft flight dynamics and control applications, Vertica, 1990, 14, (2), pp 147–184.Google Scholar
Houston, S.S. Validation of a rotorcraft mathematical model for autogyro simulation, J Aircraft, 2000, 37, (3), pp 403–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, H.Y., Sheen, D.J. and Park, S.O. Numerical simulation of autorotation in forward flight, J Aircraft, 2009, 46, (5), pp 1642–1648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, H.Y. and Choi, S.W. Trim range and characteristics of autorotation (2): advance ratio variation and flapping characteristics, J Soc Aeronaut Space Sci, 2011, 39, (6), pp 498–504.Google Scholar
Kim, H.Y. Performance analysis of autorotation (1): analysis method and the effect of aerodynamic table: advance ratio variation and flapping characteristics, J Soc Aeronaut Space Sci, 2012, 40, (1), pp 1–11.Google Scholar
Kim, H.Y. Performance analysis of autorotation (2): performance of high speed autorotation, J Soc Aeronaut Space Sci, 2012, 40, (1), pp 12–22.Google Scholar
Quackenbush, T.R. and Wachspress, D.A. Measurement and analysis of high advance ratio rotor performance, 64th Annual Forum of the AHS, Montreal, Canada, 2008 April 29-May 1.Google Scholar
Quackenbush, T.R. and Wachspress, D.A. Aerodynamic studies of high advance ratio rotor systems, 67th Annual Forum of the AHS, Virginia Beach, VA, 2011 May 2–4.Google Scholar
Bowen-Davies, G.M. and Chopra, I. Aeromechanics of a slowed rotor, J Am Helicopter Soc, 2015, 60, (3), pp 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rand, O. and Khromov, V. Compound helicopter: insight and optimization, J Am Helicopter Soc, 2015, 60, (1), pp 1–12.Google Scholar
Potsdam, M., Datta, A. and Jayaraman, B. Computational investigation and fundamental understanding of a slowed UH-60A rotor at high advance ratios, J Am Helicopter Soc, 2016, 61, (2), pp 1–117.Google Scholar
Rezgui, D. and Lowenberg, M.H. On the nonlinear dynamics of a rotor in autorotation: a combined experimental and numerical approach, Math, Phys Eng Sci, 2015, 373, (2051), pp pii: 20140411.Google Scholar
Kim, H.Y. Transient Simulation Method for Autorotation in Forward Flight, Appl Mech Mater, 2013, 284–287, pp 1001–1006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar