Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T04:58:16.819Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Determination of Electron Distribution and Bonding from Soft X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2019

J. E. Holliday*
Affiliation:
United States Steel Corporation, Monroeville, Pennsylvania
Get access

Abstract

From measurements of the shift in wavelength with chemical combination, it appears there is very little transfer of charge between the metal and nonmetal atoms for the Group-IV transition-metal carbides and diborides. For Group-VI transition-metal carbides and beyond, there appears to be a definite transfer of charge from the carbon to the metal atom. The bonding in the Group-IV transitionmetal carbides is largely co valent, and metallic for the Group-IV transition-metal diborides. A comparison of shapes of emission bands with crystal structure indicates that, in general, NaCl-type structures have symmetrical peaks with narrow bandwidths compared to hexagonal structure, which have asymmetrical peaks, broad bandwidths, and long tails to the bottom of the bands.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International Centre for Diffraction Data 1965

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Meisel, A. and Nefedow, W., “Influence of the Chemical Binding on the Shape and Width of X-Ray Emission Lines,” Z. Physik. Chem. (Leipzig) 219: 194204, 1962.Google Scholar
2. Yainshtein, E. E. and Chrikov, V. I., “Some Structural Features of the Titanium X-Ray Emission Spectrum in Carbonates,” Soviet Phys. Doklady (English Transi.) 7: 724, 1963. See also E. A. Zhurkovskii and E. E. Vainshtein, “A Comparative Investigation of the Fine Structure of X-Ray Emission Bands for K-β Group of Titanium iri the Metal and its Compounds With Some Light Elements,” Soviet Phys. Doklady (English Transi.) 4: 1308, 1960.Google Scholar
3. Blokhin, M. A. and Shuvaev, A. T., “Concerning the Influence of the Chemical Bonds on the X-Ray Emission Spectrum of Titanium,” Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR Phys. Ser. (English Transi.) 26: 429, 1962.Google Scholar
4. Vainshtein, E. E. et al., “Fine Structure of Titanium K-Absorption Spectra in Carbides,” Soviet Phys. Doklady (English Transi.) 3: 960, 1958.Google Scholar
5. Fischer, David W., “Changes in the Soft X-Ray L Emission Spectra with Oxidation of the First Series Transition Metals,” J. Appl. Phys. 36: 2048, 1965.Google Scholar
6. Bonnelle, Christiane, “Contribution à L'Étude des Métaux de Transition du Premier Groupe, du Cuivre, et de Leurs Oxydes par Spectroscopie X dans le Domaine de 13-22 A,” Theses de Docteur Es-Sciences Physiques, L'Université de Paris, 1964.Google Scholar
7. Holliday, J. E., “A Soft X-Ray Spectrometer Using a Flow Proportional Counter,” Rev. Sci. Instr. 31: 891, 1960.Google Scholar
8. Holliday, J. E., “Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy in the 10 Å to 150 Å Region,” Handbook of X-Rays, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1966, Chapter 38.Google Scholar
9. Holliday, J. E., “Blazed Replica Gratings for Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy,” J. Opt, Soc. Ant. 52 (1312) :WB17, 1962.Google Scholar
10. Campbell, A. J., “K X-Ray Yields from Elements of Low Atomic Number,” Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A274: 319, 1963.Google Scholar
11. Ern, V. and Switendick, A. C., “Electronic Band Structure of TiC, TiN, and TiO,” Technical Report No. 192, Laboratory for Insulation Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1964.Google Scholar
12. Holliday, J. E., “Soft X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy in the 13 Å to 44 Å Region,” J. Appl. Phys. 33: 3259, 1962.Google Scholar
13. Skinner, H. W. B., Bollen, T., and Johnston, J. E., “Notes on Soft X-Ray Spectra Particularly of the Fe Group Elements,” Phil. Mag. 45: 1070, 1954.Google Scholar
14. Tomboulian, D. H., “The Experimental Methods of Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy and the Valence Band Spectra of the Light Elements,” in: S. Flugge (éd.), Handbuch der Physik, Vol. XXX, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1957, p. 244.Google Scholar
15. Williams, W. S. and Lye, R. G., “Research to Determine the Mechanisms Controlling the Brittle-Ductile Behavior of Refractory Cubic Carbides,” Technical Documentary Report ML-TDR-64-25, Part II, 1965.Google Scholar
16. Sidhu, S. S., private communication.Google Scholar
17. Fischer, D. W. and Baun, W. L., “The Effect of Chemical Combination on Soft X-Ray Emission Spectrum of Boron,” Technical Report AFML-TR-65-360, 1965.Google Scholar