Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T04:19:05.452Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
Series:   Elements in Politics and Society in Southeast Asia

Thailand

Contestation, Polarization, and Democratic Regression

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 April 2024

Prajak Kongkirati
Prajak Kongkirati
Affiliation:
Thammasat University

Summary

This Element aims to provide an overview of Thai politics with an up-to-date discussion of the characteristics of political regimes, political economy, and identity and mobilization that are grounded in historical analysis stretching back to the formation of the modern nation state. The thematic topics will focus on a) the chronic instability and ever-changing nature of political regimes resulting in the failure of democratic consolidation, b) the nexus of business and politics sustained by a patrimonial state structure, patronage politics and political corruption, and c) the contestation of identity and the causes and consequences of mass mobilization in the civic space and street politics.
Get access

Keywords

Thailandauthoritarianismpolarisationdemocratic backslidingcoup
Type
Element
Information
Series: Elements in Politics and Society in Southeast Asia
Online ISBN: 9781108565677
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 30 May 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Primary Sources

Secondary Sources

Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James. 2006. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sinpeng, Aim. 2021. Opposing Democracy in the Digital Age: The Yellow Shirts in Thailand. Michigan: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. 1977. “Withdrawal Symptoms: Social and Cultural Aspects of the October 6 Coup.” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 9(3): 13–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. 1990. “Murder and Progress in Modern Siam.” New Left Review, 181 (May–June): 33–48.Google Scholar
Laothamatas, Anek. 1992. Business Associations and the New Political Economy of Thailand: From Bureaucratic Polity to Liberal Corporatism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
ANFREL. 2019. Asian Network for Free Election’s interim report. https://anfrel.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/ANFREL-Thailand-Interim-Report-English-2.0–1.pdf (accessed October 12, 2021).Google Scholar
Lawattanatrakul, Anna. 2019. “A country for the young: first-time voters in the 2019 general election and how they can change the face of Thai politics.” Prachatai English, March 23. https://prachatai.com/english/node/7984.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 2018. “Anti-Royalism in Thailand Since 2006: Ideological Shifts and Resistance.” Journal of Contemporary Asia, 48(3): 363–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sathitniramai, Apichart, Mukdawijitra, Yukti, Pawakapan, Niti, et al. 2013. Phum mi that lae kanmueang khong kan phatthana chonnabot thai ruam samai [Landscape and Politics of Contemporary Rural Development]. Chiang Mai: Public Policy Studies Institute.Google Scholar
Arghiros, Daniel. 2001. Democracy, Development and Decentralization in Provincial Thailand. London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar
Kumpha, Asa. 2021. กว่าจะครองอำนาจนำ [To achieve royal hegemony]. Nonthaburi: Same Sky Book.Google Scholar
Bello, Walden, Cunningham, Shea and Kheng Poh, Li. 1999. A Siamese Tragedy: Development and Disintegration in Modern Thailand. Oakland: Food First Books.Google Scholar
Bermeo, Nancy. 2016. “On Democratic Backsliding.” Journal of Democracy, 27(1): 5–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boix, Carles and Svolik, Milan. 2013. “The Foundations of Limited Authoritarian Government: Institutions and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships.” The Journal of Politics, 75(2): 300–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowie, Katherine. 1997. Rituals of National Identity: An Anthropology of the State and the Village Scout Movement in Thailand. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, Andrew. 2004. Labour Politics and the State in Industrializing Thailand. New York: RoutledgeCurzon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownlee, Jason. 2007. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callaghy, Thomas M. 1984. The State-Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callahan, William. 1998. Imaginary Democracy: Reading “The Events of May” in Thailand. Singapore: ISEAS.Google Scholar
Callahan, William. 2005. “The Discourse of Vote Buying and Political Reforms in Thailand.” Pacific Affairs, 78(1): 95–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carothers, Thomas, and O’Donohue, Andrew, eds. 2019. Democracies Divided: The Global Challenge of Political Polarization. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Case, William. 2006. “Manipulative Skills: How Do Rulers Control the Electoral Arena?” in Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition, edited by Schedler, Andreas, pp. 95–112. London: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Case, William. 2010. Contemporary Authoritarianism in Southeast Asia: Structures, Institutions, and Agency. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Samudavanija, Chai-anan. 1989. “Democracy in Thailand: A Case of a Stable Semi-democratic Regime.” World Affairs, 150(1): 31–41.Google Scholar
Satha-Anand, Chaiwat. 2006. “Fostering ‘Authoritarian Democracy’ with Violence: The Effect of Violent Solutions in Southern Thailand.” In Empire and Neoliberalism in Asia, edited by Hadiz, Vedi R., pp. 169–187. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Praditsil, Chaiyon and Thinbangtieo, Olarn. 2008. “Crisis Fallout and Political Conflict in Rayong.” In Thai Capital after the 1997 Crisis, edited by Phongpaichit, Pasuk and Baker, Chris, pp. 189–214. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.Google Scholar
Chambers, Paul. 2019. “Scrutinising Thailand’s 2019 annual military reshuffle.” New Mandala, September 25, www.newmandala.org/scrutinising-thailands-2019-annual-military-reshuffle/ (accessed June 15, 2021).Google Scholar
Chambers, Paul. 2020. “The partisan history of police power in Thailand.” New Mandala, March 2. www.newmandala.org/the-partisan-history-of-police-power-in-thailand/.Google Scholar
Chambers, Paul and Waitoolkiat, Napisa. 2016. “The Resilience of Monarchised Military in Thailand.” Journal of Contemporary Asia, 46(3): 425–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasetsiri, Charnvit. 2020. “King Bhumibol Adulyadej and the Neo-monarchy of Thailand.” In Coup, King, Crisis: A Critical Interregnum in Thailand, edited by Chachavalpongpun, Pavin. New Haven, CT: Yale University Council on Southeast Asia Studies.Google Scholar
Michael, Connors. 2002. “Framing the ‘People’s Constitution’.” In Reforming Thai Politics, edited by McCargo, Duncan, pp. 37–56. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.Google Scholar
Derpanopoulos, George, Frantz, Erica, Geddes, Barbara, and Wright, Joseph. 2016. “Are Coups Good for Democracy?” Research and Politics, 3(1) January–March: 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donor, Richard and Ramsay, Ansil. 2000. “Rent-seeking and Economic Development in Thailand.” In Rents, Rent-Seeking and Economic Development: Theory and Evidence in Asia, edited by Khan, Mushtaq and Sundaram, Jomo Kwame, pp. 145–174. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donor, Richard and Ramsay, Ansil. 2003. “The Challenges of Economic Upgrading in Liberalising Thailand.” In States in the Global Economy: Bringing Domestic Institutions Back In, edited by Weiss, Linda, pp.121–141. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dressel, Björn and Tonsakulrungruang, Khemthong. 2019. “Coloured Judgements? The Work of the Thai Constitutional Court, 1998–2016.” Journal of Contemporary Asia, 49(1): 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrara, Federico. 2015. The Political Development of Modern Thailand. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gandhi, Jennifer and Przeworski, Adam. 2006. “Cooperation, Cooptation and Rebellion under Dictatorships.” Economics and Politics, 18(1): 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geddes, Barbara, Wright, Joseph, and Frantz, Erica. 2018. How Dictatorships Work. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glassman, Jim. 2010. “From Reds to Red Shirts: Political Evolution and Devolution in Thailand.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 42(4): 765–770.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haberkorn, Tyrell. 2011. Revolution Interrupted: Farmers, Students, Law, and Violence in Northern Thailand. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Haberkorn, Tyrell. 2014. “Martial Law and the Criminalization of Thought in Thailand.” The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, 12(40): 1–17.Google Scholar
Tyrell, Haberkorn. 2021. “Under and beyond the Law: Monarchy, Violence, and History in Thailand.” Politics & Society, 49(3): 311–336.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan and Kaufman, Robert. 2021. Backsliding: Democratic Regress in the Contemporary World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Handley, Paul. 2006. The King Never Smiles: A Biography of Thailand’s Bhumibol Adulyadej. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Treesuwan, Hataikarn. 2019. “The 2019 elections: 1 month after the elections what have Thai people known.” BBC Thai, April 24, www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-48034292 (accessed May 1, 2021).Google Scholar
Hewison, Kevin. 1989. Bankers and Bureaucrats: Capital and the Role of the State in Thailand. New Haven, CT: Yale University Council on Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Hewison, Kevin. 2012. “Class, Inequality, and Politics.” In Bangkok, May 2010: Perspectives on a Divided Thailand, edited by Montesano, Michael, Chachavalponqpun, Pavin, and Chongvilaivan, Aekapol, pp. 143–160. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Hewison, Kevin. 2019. “Crazy Rich Thais: Thailand’s Capitalist Class, 1980–2019.” Journal of Contemporary Asia, 51(1): 1–16.Google Scholar
Hewison, Kevin and Thongyou, Maniemai. 1993. The New Generation of Provincial Business People in Northern Thailand. Perth: Murdoch University Asia Research Centre.Google Scholar
Hicken, Allen. 2006. “Party Fabrication: Constitutional Reform and the Rise of Thai Rak Thai.” Journal of East Asian Studies, 6: 381–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hicken, Allen. 2007. “How Effective Are Institutional Reforms?” In Elections for Sale: The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying, edited by Schaffer, Frederic Charles, pp. 145–160. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hicken, Allen and Jatusripitak, Napon. 2023. “Introduction: Making Sense of Thailand’s Seismic Elections.” Contemporary Southeast Asia, 45(3): 335–344.Google Scholar
Right Watch, Human. 2008. “Thailand’s ‘war on drugs’.” International Harm Reduction Association and Human Rights Watch briefing paper, March 12 www.hrw.org/news/2008/03/12/thailands-war-drugs (accessed on February 9, 2024).Google Scholar
Hutchcroft, Paul. 1998. Booty Capitalism: The Politics of Banking in the Philippines. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Crisis Group. 2010. Bridging Thailand’s deep divide, Asia report no.192, July 5. www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/thailand/bridging-thailand-s-deep-divide.Google Scholar
Sombatpoonsiri, Janjira. 2020. “‘Authoritarian Civil Society’: How Anti-democracy Activism Shapes Thailand’s Autocracy.” Journal of Civil Society, 16(4): 333–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Andrew. 2019. “New networks in Thai royal politics.” New Mandala, February 21, 2019 www.newmandala.org/new-networks-in-thai-royal-politics/ (accessed April 30, 2021).Google Scholar
Naknoi, Kanda. 2021 “The Economic Role of the Thai Military: A Commercial Logic to Coups?” In Praetorians, Profiteers or Professionals?: Studies on the Militaries of Myanmar and Thailand, edited by Montesano, Michael J., Chong, Terence, and Kongkirati, Prajak, pp. 132–149. Singapore: ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute.Google Scholar
Lertchoosakul, Kanokrat. 2021a. “The Paradox of the Thai Middle Class in Democratisation.” TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia, 9(1): 65–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lertchoosakul, Kanokrat. 2021b. “The White Ribbon Movement: High School Students in the 2020 Thai Youth Protests.” Critical Asian Studies, 53(2): 206–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tejapira, Kasian. 2001. Commodifying Marxism: The Formation of Modern Thai Radical Culture, 1927–1958. Kyoto: Kyoto University Press.Google Scholar
Tejapira, Kasian. 2006. “Toppling Thaksin.” New Left Review, 39: 5–37.Google Scholar
Keyes, Charles. 2012. “‘Cosmopolitan’ Villagers and Populist Democracy in Thailand,” South East Asia Research, 20(3): 343–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keyes, Charles. 2014. Finding Their Voice: Northeastern Villagers and the Thai State. Chiang Mai: Silkworm.Google Scholar
Kuhonta, Eric. 2008. “The Paradox of Thailand’s 1997 ‘People’s Constitution’: Be Careful What You Wish for.” Asian Survey, 48(3): 373–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Ziblatt, Daniel. 2018. How Democracies Die. New York: Broadway Books.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven and Way, Lucan. 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dhiravegin, Likhit. 1988. “Demi-democracy and the Market Economy: The Case of Thailand.” Asian Journal of Social Science, 16(1): 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marinov, N. and Goemans., H. 2014. “Coups and Democracy.” British Journal of Political Science, 44(4): 799–825.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCargo, Duncan. 2005. “Network Monarchy and Legitimacy Crises in Thailand.” The Pacific Review, 18(4): 499–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCargo, Duncan. 2019. “We are grown-up now and can choose for ourselves.” New York Times. March 29 www.nytimes.com/2019/03/29/opinion/thailand-election-thanathorn-future-forward-youth-vote.html (accessed December 1, 2021).Google Scholar
McCargo, Duncan. 2021. “Network Monarchy as Euphoric Couplet.” Pacific Affairs, 94(3): 549–565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCargo, Duncan and Chattharakul, Anyarat. 2020. Future Forward: The Rise and Fall of a Thai Political Party. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.Google Scholar
McCargo, Duncan and Pathmanand, Ukrist. 2005. The Thaksinisation of Thailand. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.Google Scholar
McCoy, Alfred, (ed.). 1993. An Anarchy of Families: State and Family in the Philippines. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Center for Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
McCoy, Jennifer, Rahman, Tahmina, and Somer, Murat. 2018. “Polarization and the Global Crisis of Democracy: Common Patterns, Dynamics, and Pernicious Consequences for Democratic Polities.” American Behavioral Scientist, 62(1): 16–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mérieau, Eugénie. 2016. “Thailand’s Deep State, Royal Power and the Constitutional Court (1997–2015).” Journal of Contemporary Asia, 46(3): 445–466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montesano, Michael, Chachavalponqpun, Pavin, and Chongvilaivan, Aekapol, (eds.). 2012. Bangkok, May 2010: Perspectives on a Divided Thailand. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mudde, Cas and Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal. 2018. “Studying Populism in Comparative Perspective: Reflections on the Contemporary and Future Research Agenda.” Comparative Political Studies, 51(13): 1667–1693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murashima, Eiji, Mektrairat, Nakharin, and Wanthana, Somkiat. 1991. The Making of Modern Thai Political Parties. Tokyo: IDE.Google Scholar
Nam, Illan and Nethipo, Viengrat. 2021. “Building Programmatic Linkages in the Periphery: The Case of the TRT Party in Thailand.” Politics & Society, 50(3) (September): 1–42.Google Scholar
Thabchumpon, Naruemon. 2016. “Contending Political Networks: A Study of the ‘Yellow Shirts’ and ‘Red Shirts’ Thailand’s Politics.” Southeast Asian Studies, 5(1): 93–113.Google Scholar
Chaiching, Nattapol. 2020. ขุนศึก ศักดินา และพญาอินทรี [Warlord, Royalist, and the Eagle]. Bangkok: Same Sky Book.Google Scholar
Nelson, Michael. 2002. “Thailand’s House Elections of 6 January 2001: Thaksin’s Landslide Victory and Subsequent Narrow Escape.” In Thailand’s New Politics: KPI Yearbook 2001, edited by Nelson, Michael, pp. 283–441. Nonthaburi: King Prajadhipok’s Institute.Google Scholar
Nishizaki, Yoshinori. 2011. Political Authority and Provincial Identity in Thailand: The Making of Banharn-buri. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishizaki, Yoshinori. 2019. “Ironic Political Reforms: Elected Senators, Party-List MPs, and Family Rule in Thailand.” Critical Asian Studies, 51(2): 210–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wannathepsakun, Noppanan. 2006. “Kosang Kanmueang Kanmueang Kosang.” [Constructing Politics, Politics of Construction] In Kan tosu khong thun thai lem 2 [The Struggle of Thai Capital, Vol. 2], edited by Phongpaichit, Pasuk, pp. 280–357. Bangkok: Matichon.Google Scholar
Nostitz, Nick. 2009. Red VS. Yellow. Bangkok: White Lotus.Google Scholar
Nostitz, Nick. 2014. “The red shirts from anti-coup protestors to social mass movement.” In “Good coup” gone bad: Thailand’s political developments since Thaksin’s downfall, edited by Pavin, Chachavalpongpun, pp. 170–198. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Donnell, O’, Guillermo, Philippe Schmitter, and Whitehead, Laurence. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Ockey, James. 1992. “Business Leaders, Gangsters, and the Middle Class: Societal Groups and Civilian Rule in Thailand,” PhD dissertation, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.Google Scholar
Ockey, James. 1993. “Chaopho: Capital Accumulation and Social Welfare in Thailand.” Crossroads, 8: 48–77.Google Scholar
Ockey, James. 2000. “The Rise of Local Power in Thailand: Provincial Crime, Elections, and the Bureaucracy.” In Money and Power in Provincial Thailand, edited by McVey, Ruth, pp. 74–96. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Phongpaichit, Pasuk and Baker, Chris. 1995. Thailand: Economy and Politics. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Phongpaichit, Pasuk and Baker, Chris. 2004. Thaksin: The Business of Politics in Thailand. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.Google Scholar
Phongpaichit, Pasuk and Baker, Chris. 2005. A History of Thailand. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Phongpaichit, Pasuk and Baker, Chris. 2009. “Thaksin’s Populism.” In Populism in Asia, edited by Mizuno, Kosuke and Phongpaichit, Pasuk, pp. 66–93. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar
Phongpaichit, Pasuk and Baker, Chris. 2012. “Thailand in Trouble: Revolt of the Downtrodden or Conflict among Elites?” In Bangkok, May 2010: Perspectives on a Divided Thailand, edited by Montesano, Michael, Chachavalponqpun, Pavin, and Chongvilaivan, Aekapol, pp. 214–229. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Phongpaichit, Pasuk, Piriyarangsan, Sungsidh, and Treerat, Nualnoi. 1998. Guns, Girls, Gambling, Ganja: Thailand’s Illegal Economy and Public Policy. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.Google Scholar
Chachavalpongpun, Pavin, (ed.). 2020. Coup, King, Crisis: A Critical Interregnum in Thailand. New Haven, CT: Yale University Council on Southeast Asia Studies.Google Scholar
People’s Information Center. 2012. Khwamching phuea khwamyutitham: Het kan lae phonkrathop chak kan salai kan chumnum me sa phruetsa pha 53 [Truth for Justice: the April-May 2010 Crackdown]. Bangkok: PIC.Google Scholar
Laungaramsri, Pinkaew. 2016. “Mass Surveillance and the Militarization of Cyberspace in Post-Coup Thailand.” ASEAS – Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 9(2): 195–214.Google Scholar
Porphant, Ouyyanont. 2008. “The Crown Property Bureau in Thailand and the Crisis of 1997.” Journal of Contemporary Asia, 38(1): 166–189.Google Scholar
Kongkirati, Prajak. 2008. “Counter-movements in Democratic Transition: Thai Right-Wing Movements after the 1973 Popular Uprising.” Asian Review, 19(1): 101–34.Google Scholar
Kongkirati, Prajak. 2012. “Thailand: The Cultural Politics of Student Resistance.” In Student Activism in Asia: Between Protest and Powerlessness, edited by Weiss, Meredith and Aspinall, Edward, pp. 229–258. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prajak, Kongkirati. 2013. “Bosses, Bullets, and Ballots: Electoral Violence and Democracy in Thailand 1975–2011.” PhD dissertation, Australian National University, Canberra.Google Scholar
Prajak, Kongkirati. 2014. “The Rise and Fall of Electoral Violence in Thailand: Changing Rules, Structures and Power Landscapes, 1997–2011.” Contemporary Southeast Asia, 36(3): 386–416.Google Scholar
Kongkirati, Prajak. 2016a. “Thailand’s Political Future Remains Uncertain.” ISEAS Perspective, 24, www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/ISEAS_Perspective_2016_42.pdf (accessed October 5, 2021).Google Scholar
Prajak, Kongkirati. 2016b. “Thailand’s Failed 2014 Election: The Anti-election Movement, Violence and Democratic Breakdown.” Journal of Contemporary Asia, 46(3): 467–485.Google Scholar
Kongkirati, Prajak. 2016c. “Evolving Power of Provincial Political Families in Thailand: Dynastic Power, Party machine and Ideological Politics.” South East Asia Research, 24(3): 386–406.Google Scholar
Kongkirati, Prajak. 2018. “Haunted Past, Uncertain Future: The Fragile Transition to Military-Guided Semi-Authoritarianism in Thailand.” In Southeast Asian Affairs, edited by Cook, Malcolm and Singh, Daljit, pp. 382–395 . Singapore: ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute.Google Scholar
Kongkirati, Prajak. 2019a. “Why Thailand’s generals fail to co-opt elections.” New Mandala, January 15, www.newmandala.org/why-thailands-generals-fail-to-co-opt-elections/ (accessed 5 October 2021).Google Scholar
Kongkirati, Prajak. 2019b. “Palang Pracharat Party: Can old tricks win in a new political landscape?” New Mandala, March 23, www.newmandala.org/palang-pracharat-party-can-old-tricks-win-in-a-new-political-landscape/ (accessed 5 October 2021).Google Scholar
Kongkirati, Prajak. 2019c. “Murder and Regress: Violence and Political Change in Thailand.” In After the Coup: The National Council for Peace and Order Era and the Future of Thailand, edited by Montesano, Michael, Chong, Terence and Heng, Mark Shu Xun, pp. 194–223. Singapore: ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute.Google Scholar
Kongkirati, Prajak. 2019d. “Overview: Political Earthquakes.” Contemporary Southeast Asia, 41(2); 163–169.Google Scholar
Kongkirati, Prajak. 2019e. “From Illiberal Democracy to Military Authoritarianism: Intra-elite Struggle and Mass-based Conflict in Deeply Polarized Thailand.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 681(1): 24–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kongkirati, Prajak. 2023. “Power without the Polls: Thai-style Authoritarian Fragility amid the Defeat of Military-backed Parties.” Contemporary Southeast Asia, 45(3): 406–413.Google Scholar
Kongkirati, Prajak and Kanchoochat, Veerayooth. 2018. “The Prayuth Regime: Embedded Military and Hierarchical Capitalism in Thailand.” TRaNS: Trans -Regional and - National Studies of Southeast Asia, 6(2): 279–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Unchanam, Puangchon. 2019. Royal Capitalism: Wealth, Class, and Monarchy in Thailand. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Pawakapan, Puangthong. 2021. Infiltrating Society: The Thai Milita’y’s Internal Security Affairs. Singapore: ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ratcliffe, Rebecca and Siradapuvadol, Navaon. 2023. “Thailand’s Winning Candidate for PM Blocked From Power,” The Guardian, July 13, 2023. www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/13/winning-thailand-candidate-for-pm-blocked-from-power-pita-limjaroenratGoogle Scholar
Reno, William. 1998. Warlord Politics and African States. Boulder, CO: Lynner Rienner.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricks, Jacob. 2019. “Thailand’s 2019 Vote: The General’s Election.” Pacific Affairs, 92(3): 443–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riggs, Fred. 1966. Thailand: The Modernization of a Bureaucratic Polity. Honolulu, HI: East- West Center Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Kenneth. 2006. “Populism, Political Conflict, and Grass-Roots Organization in Latin America.” Comparative Politics, 36(2): 127–48.Google Scholar
Alexander, Saowanee. 2021. “Sticky Rice in the Blood: Isan People’s Involvement in Thailand’s 2020 Anti-government Protests.” Critical Asian Studies, 53(2): 219–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaffar, Wolfram. 2016. “New Social Media and Politics in Thailand: The Emergence of Fascist Vigilante Groups on Facebook.” ASEAS – Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 9(2): 215–234.Google Scholar
Schedler, Andreas. 2002 “Elections without Democracy: The Menu of Manipulation.” Journal of Democracy, 13(2): 36–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selway, Joel and Hicken, Allen. 2019. “The Fate of Pheu Thai in the 2019 Elections.” Thai Data Points, April 11, 2019, www.thaidatapoints.com/post/the-fate-of-pheu-thai-in-the-2019-elections (accessed May 5, 2021).Google Scholar
Siffin, William J. 1966. Thai Bureaucracy: Institutional Change and Development. Honolulu, HI: East-West Center Press.Google Scholar
Nogsuan, Siripan. 2006. Thai Political Parties in the Age of Reform. Bangkok: Institute of Public Policy Studies.Google Scholar
Nogsuan, Siripan. 2018. “A Tale of Two Hybrid Regimes: A Study of Cabinets and Parliaments in Indonesia and Thailand.” Japanese Journal of Political Science, 19(2): 269–292.Google Scholar
Nogsuan, Siripan. 2020. “Electoral Integrity and the Repercussions of Institutional Manipulations: The 2019 General Election in Thailand.” Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 5(1): 52–68.Google Scholar
Skinner, G. William. 1957. Chinese Society in Thailand: An Analytical History. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Chantornvong, Sombat. 2000. “Local Godfathers in Thai Politics.” In Money and Power in Provincial Thailand, edited by McVey, Ruth, pp. 53–73. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Phatharathananunth, Somchai. 2008. “The Thai Rak Thai Party and Elections in North-eastern Thailand.” Journal of Contemporary Asia, 38(1): 106–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phatharathananunth, Somchai. 2020. “Dances with Dictators: NGOs and Military Regime in Thailand.” In Coup, King, Crisis: A Critical Interregnum in Thailand, edited by Chachavalpongpun, Pavin, pp. 339–362. New Haven, CT: Yale University Council on Southeast Asia Studies.Google Scholar
Sopranzetti, Claudio. 2012. “Burning Red Desires: Isan Migrants and the Politics of Desire in Contemporary Thailand.” South East Asia Research 20(3): 361–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sopranzetti, Claudio. 2018. Owners of the Map: Motorcycle Taxi Drivers, Mobility, and Politics in Bangkok. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Streckfuss, David. 2020. “Lese-majeste within Thailand’s Regime of Intimidation.” In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Thailand, edited by Chachavalpongpun, Pavin, pp. 134–144. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Suehiro, Akira. 1989. Capital Accumulation in Thailand 1855–1985. Tokyo: Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies.Google Scholar
Ganjanakhundee, Supalak. 2022. A Soldier King: Monarchy and Military in the Thailand of Rama X. Singapore: ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bamrungsuk, Surachart. 2019. “Thaila’d’s Zigzag Road to Democracy: Continuity and Change in Military Intervention.” In After the Coup: The National Council for Peace and Order Era and the Future of Thailand, edited by Montesano, Michael, Chong, Terence and Mark Shu Heng, Xun, pp. 170–193. Singapore: ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute.Google Scholar
Chaloemtiarana, Thak. 1979. Thailand: The Politics of Despotic Paternalism. Bangkok: Social Science Association of Thailand.Google Scholar
Chaiwat, Thanee and Phongpaichit, Pasuk. 2008. “Rents and Rent-Seeking in the Thaksin Era.” In Thai Capital after the 1997 Crisis, edited by Phongpaichit, Pasuk and Baker, Chris, pp. 249–266. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.Google Scholar
Charoenmuang, Thanet. 2019. “The Red Shirts and their Democratic Struggle in Northern Thailand, April 2010–May 2015.” In After the Coup: The National Council for Peace and Order Era and the Future of Thailand, edited by Montesano, Michael, Chong, Terence and Mark Shu Heng, Xun, pp. 114–139. Singapore: ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute.Google Scholar
Kummetha, Thaweeporn. 2013. “Red shirts’ mixed thoughts on Pheu Thai and amnesty bill appear at protest.” Prachatai English, November 10. https://prachataienglish.com/node/3740.Google Scholar
Sanglee, Tita. 2022. “Prayut’s Popularity Plunges Further, But the Thai Public Can’t Name a Better Option,” The Diplomat, January 5, 2022. https://thediplomat.com/2022/01/prayuts-popularity-plunges-further-but-the-thai-public-cant-name-a-better-option/.Google Scholar
Thompson, Mark. 2019. “Southeast Asia’s Troubling Elections: Is there a Silver Lining?” Journal of Democracy, 30(4): 149–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winichakul, Thongchai. 2008. “Toppling Democracy.” Journal of Contemporary Asia, 38(1): 11–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thongchai, Winichakul. 2016. Thailand’s Hyper-royalism: Its Past Success and Present Predicament, Trends in Southeast Asia No.7. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Winichakul, Thongchai. 2020. Moments of Silence: The Unforgetting of the October 6, 1976, Massacre in Bangkok. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press.Google Scholar
Ueda, Yoko. 1995. Local Economy and Entrepreneurship in Thailand: A Case Study of Nakhon Ratchasima. Kyoto: Kyoto University Press.Google Scholar
Pathmanand, Ukrist and Connors, Michael. 2019. “Thailand’s Public Secret: Military Wealth and the State.” Journal of Contemporary Asia, 51(2): 278–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ünaldi, Serhat. 2014. “Working Towards the Monarchy and its Discontents: Anti-royal Graffiti in Downtown Bangkok.” Journal of Contemporary Asia, 44(3): 377–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Unger, Danny. 2012. “Flying Blind.” In Bangkok, May 2010: Perspectives on a Divided Thailand, edited by Montesano, Michael, Chachavalponqpun, Pavin, and Chongvilaivan, Aekapol, pp. 313–322. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Kanchoochat, Veerayooth. 2016. “Reign-seeking and the Rise of the Unelected in Thailand.” Journal of Contemporary Asia, 46(3): 486–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nethipo, Viengrat. 2008. “Chiang Mai: Family Business, Tourism, and Politics.” In Thai Capital after the 1997 Crisis, edited by Phongpaichit, Pasuk and Baker, Chris, pp. 215–234. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.Google Scholar
Nethipo, Viengrat. 2019. “Thailand’s Politics of Decentralization: Reform and Resistance Before and After the May 2014 Coup.” In After the Coup: The National Council for Peace and Order Era and the Future of Thailand, edited by Montesano, Michael J, Chong, Terence, and Mark Heng Xun, Shu, pp. 224–253. Singapore: ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute.Google Scholar
Walker, Andrew. 2012. Thailand’s Political Peasants: Power in the Modern Rural Economy. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Weinstein, Jeremy. 2006. Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2022. Thailand Rural Income Diagnostic: Challenges and Opportunities for Rural Farmers. Bangkok: World Bank.Google Scholar
Yoshifumi, Tamada. 2009. “Democracy and Populism in Thailand.” In Populism in Asia, edited by Mizuno, Kosuke and Phongpaichit, Pasuk, pp. 94–111. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Thailand
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Thailand
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Thailand
Available formats
×