Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T23:55:53.298Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Scenario Thinking

A Historical Evolution of Strategic Foresight

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 September 2018

R. Bradley MacKay
Affiliation:
University of St Andrews, Scotland
Peter McKiernan
Affiliation:
University of Strathclyde

Summary

This Element infuses established scenario planning routines with an exploration of cognitive reasoning, by contextualising scenario thinking within the wider human endeavour of grappling with future uncertainties. A study of ancient civilisations shows that scenario thinking is not new, but has evolved significantly since ancient times. By de-coupling scenario thinking from scenario planning, it is elevated as the essential ingredient in managerial foresight projects. The historical theme continues, focussing on the evolution of modern scenario planning, by way of the French and Anglo-American schools of thought, using the intuitive logics methodology. Archival research has discovered early contributions in the UK around the development and use of scenario thinking in public policy, which has been overlooked in many received histories. Finally, the usefulness of scenario thinking for strategic management is challenged here and the argument that it is a heuristic device for overcoming cognitive biases and making better strategic decisions is refined.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781108571494
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 04 October 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Bibliography

Abrahamson, E. 1991. Managerial fads and fashions. Academy of Management Review, 16, 586612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abrams, M. 1966. Personal Papers. Cambridge: Churchill College Cambridge.Google Scholar
Ackoff, R. 1983. Beyond prediction and preparation. Journal of Management Studies, 20, 1, 5969.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Addis, D. R., Pan, L., Vu, M. A., Laiser, N. & Schacter, D. 2009. Constructive episodic simulation of the future and the past: Distinct subsystems of a core brain network mediate imagining and remembering. Neuropsychologia, 47, 22222238.Google Scholar
Addis, D. R., Wong, A. T. & Schacter, D. L. 2008. Age-related changes in the episodic simulation of future events. Psychological Science, 19, 3341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, T. B. 1987. War Games: Inside the Secret World of the Men Who Play at World War III. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Amabile, R. 1995. Scenario planning. Sloan Management Review, 36, 77.Google Scholar
Amer, M., Daim, T. U. & Jetter, A. 2013. A review of scenario planning. Futures, 46, 2340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, R. J. 2012. Imagining novel futures: The roles of event plausibility and familiarity. Memory, 20, 443451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, R. J. & Schooler, L. J. 2012. Reflections of the environment in memory. Psychological Science, 2, 396408.Google Scholar
Anikeeva, E., Plotnikov, G., Andguladze, O. & Halivopulo, I. 2016. Developing critical thinking skills in continuing nursing education through visual simulation scenarios. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 15, S81S81.Google Scholar
Ansoff, H. I. 1975. Managing strategic surprise by response to weak signals. California Management Review, 18, 2133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Argenti, J. 1968. Corporate Planning: A Practical Guide. London: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Argenti, J. 1974. Systematic Corporate Planning. London: Nelson.Google Scholar
Arkes, H., Wortmann, R., Saville, P. D. & Harkness, A. 1981. The hindsight bias among physicians weighing the likelihood of diagnoses. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 252254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashby, W. R. 1956. An Introduction to Cybernetics. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashby, W. R. 1958. Requisite variety and its implications for the control of complex systems. Cybernetica (Namur), 1, 2, 8399.Google Scholar
Atherton, A. 2005. A future for small business? Prospective scenarios for the development of the economy based on current policy thinking and counterfactual reasoning. Futures, 37, 777794.Google Scholar
Ayres, R. 2000. On forecasting discontinuities. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 65, 8197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bain, D. & Roubelat, F. 1994. Profutures: The birth of the Strategic Prospective and Futures Studies International Network for Applied Methodology. Futures, 26, 345349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barr, P. S., Stimpert, J. L. & Huff, A. S. 1992. Cognitive change, strategic action, and organizational renewal. Strategic Management Journal, 13, 1536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartlett, F. C. 1932. Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baskin-Sommers, A. R., Curtin, J. J., Larson, C. L., Stout, D., Kiehl, K. A. & Newman, J. P. 2012. Characterising the anomalous cognition–emotion interactions in externalizing. Biological Psychology, 91, 4858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bazerman, M. H. & Watkins, M. 2004. Predictable Surprises: The Disasters You Should Have Seen Coming, and How to Prevent Them. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School.Google Scholar
Behrens, T. E., Woolrich, M. W, Walton, M. E. & Rushworth, M. F. 2007. Learning the value of information in an uncertain world. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 12141221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, D. G. & Graubard, S. R. (eds.) 1967. Towards the Year 2000: Work in Progress. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Bennett, M. R. & Hacker, P. M. S. 2003. Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Berger, G. 1964. Phenomenologie du temps et prospective. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Bernarde, M. A. 1973. Our Precarious Habitat. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Bettis, R. & Prahalad, C.-K. 1995. The dominant logic: Retrospective and extension. Strategic Management Journal, 16, 514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bezold, C. 1996. On futures thinking: Trends, scenarios, visions, and strategies. Quality Progress, 29, 8183.Google Scholar
Boje, D. M. 1991. Consulting and change in the storytelling organisation. Journal of Organisational Change Management, 4, 717.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boot, M. 2006. War Made New: Technology, Warfare, and the Course of History, 1500 to Today. London: Gotham Books.Google Scholar
Botzung, A., Denkova, E. & Manning, L. 2008. Experiencing past and future personal events: Functional neuroimaging evidence on the neural bases of mental time travel. Brain and Cognition, 66, 202212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowman, G., MacKay, R., Masrani, S. & McKiernan, P. 2013. Storytelling and the scenario process: Understanding success and failure. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80, 735748.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradfield, R., Derbyshire, J. & Wright, G. 2016. The critical role of history in scenario thinking: Augmenting causal analysis within the intuitive logics scenario development methodology. Futures, 77, 5666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradfield, R., Wright, G., Burt, G., Cairns, G. & van der Heijden, K. 2005. The origins and evolution of scenario techniques in long range business planning. Futures, 37, 795812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brews, P. J. H. & Hunt, M. R. 1999. Learning to plan and planning to learn: Resolving the planning/learning school debate. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 889913.Google Scholar
Broadbent, D. E. 1958. Perception and Communication. London: Pergamon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broadbent, D. E. & Broadbent, M. H. P. 1987. From detection to identification: Response to multiple targets in rapid serial visual presentation. Perception & Psychophysics, 42, 105113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, S. 1968. Scenarios in systems analysis. In Quade, E. S. & Boucher, W. I. (eds.) Systems Analysis and Policy Planning: Applications in Defence. New York, NY: American Elsevier Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Builder, C. 1996. 50th Project Air Force: 1946–1996. Washington, DC: RAND Corporation.Google Scholar
Burt, G. & van der Heijden, K. 2003. First steps: Towards purposeful activities in scenario thinking and future studies. Futures, 35, 10111026.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buur, J. L., Schmidt, P., Smylie, D., Irizarry, K., Crocker, C., Tyler, J. & Barr, M. 2012. Validation of a scenario-based assessment of critical thinking using an externally validated tool. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 39, 276282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caffrey, M. 2000. History of war games: Towards a history-based doctrine for wargaming. Aerospace Power Journal, Fall, 3356.Google Scholar
Cairns, G., Wright, G. & Fairbrother, P. 2016. Promoting articulated action from diverse stakeholders in response to public policy scenarios: A case study of the use of ‘scenario improvisation’ method. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 103, 97108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cairns, G., Wright, G., van der Heijden, K., Bradfield, R. & Burt, G. 2006. Enhancing foresight between multiple agencies: Issues in the use of scenario thinking to overcome fragmentation. Futures, 38, 10101025.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, J. S. 1978. The effect of imagining an event on expectations for the event: An interpretation in terms of the availability heuristic. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14, 8896.Google Scholar
Cazes, B. 2008. Histoire des futurs: les figures de l’avenir de saint Augustin au XXIe siècle. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Checkland, P. 1981. Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Chermack, T. J. 2011. Scenario Planning in Organizations: How to Create, Use, and Assess Scenarios. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.Google Scholar
Chiang, Y. 1936. The Chinese Eye. London: Methuen & Company Ltd.Google Scholar
Clegg, S. & Bailey, J. R. (eds.) 2008. International Encyclopedia of Organization Studies, Vol. 1. London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Courtney, H., Kirkland, J. & Viguerie, P. 1997. Strategy under uncertainty. Harvard Business Review, 75, 6679.Google ScholarPubMed
Cummings, S. & Daellenbach, U. 2009. A guide to the future of strategy? The history of long range planning. Long Range Planning, 42, 234263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curnow, T. 2004. The Oracles of the Ancient World: A Complete Guide. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Daft, R. L. & Weick, K. E. 1984. Toward a model of organizations as interpretation systems. Academy of Management Review, 9, 284295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Jouvenal, B. 1964. L’Art de la conjecture. Monaco.Google Scholar
de Jouvenal, B. 1967. The Art of Conjecture. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
de Jouvenal, B. 1972. Du Principat: et autres reflexions politiques [S.l.]. Hachette.Google Scholar
de Molina, L. 1988. On Divine Foreknowledge (Part IV of the Concordia). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Decety, J. & Sommerville, J. A. 2003. Shared representations between self and other: A social cognitive neuroscience view. TRENDS in Cognitive Science, 7, 527533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derbyshire, J. & Wright, G. 2014. Preparing for the future: Development of an ‘antifragile’ methodology that compliments scenario planning by omitting causation. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 82, 215225.Google Scholar
Douglas, M. 1986. How Institutions Think. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Douglas, M. & Wildavsky, A. B. 1982. Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technical and Environmental Dangers. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Drucker, P. F. 1999. Management Challenges for the 21st Century. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.Google Scholar
Durance, P. & Godet, M. 2010. Scenario building: Uses and abuses. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 77, 9, 14881492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehlert, H., Epkenhans, M. & Gross, G. P. (eds.) 2014. International Perspectives on the German Strategy for World War 1. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.Google Scholar
Eidinow, E. 2007. Oracles, Curses, and Risk among the Ancient Greeks. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Elsbach, K. D., Barr, P. S. & Hargadon, A. B. 2005. Identifying situated cognition in organizations. Organization Science, 16, 422433.Google Scholar
Emory, F. E. & Trist, E. L. 1965. The causal texture of organizational environments. Human Relations, 18, 2132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eser, Z., Isin, F. B. & Tolon, M. 2011. Perceptions of marketing academics, neurologists and marketing professionals about neuromarketing. Journal of Marketing Management, 27, 854868.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fahey, L. R. & Randall, R. M. 1998. Learning from the Future: Competitive Foresight Scenarios. New York, NY: Chichester, Wiley.Google Scholar
Fang, T. 1986. The Chinese View of Life: The Philosophy of Comprehensive Harmony. Taipei: Linking Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Fisher, R. P. & Geiselman, R. E. 1992. Memory Enhancing Techniques for Investigative Interviewing: The Cognitive Interview. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Books.Google Scholar
Freddosso, A. J. 1988. Introduction to Luis de Molina. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Galinsky, A. & Moskowitz, G. 2000. Counterfactuals as behavioural primes: Priming the simulation heuristic and consideration of alternatives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 384409.Google Scholar
Geiselman, R. E., Fisher, R. P., MacKinnon, D. P. & Holland, H. L. 1985. Eyewitness memory enhancement in the police interview: Cognitive retrieval mnemonics versus hypnosis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 401412.Google Scholar
Geus, A. D. 1997. The Living Company: Growth, Learning and Longevity in Business. London: Nicholas Brealey.Google Scholar
Gilbert, D. T. & Wilson, T. D. 2007. Prospection: Experiencing the future. Science, 317, 13511354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gill, J. & Whittle, S. 1993. Management by panacea: Accounting for intransience. Journal of Management Studies, 30, 281295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gioia, D. A. & Chittipeddi, K. 1991. Sensemaking and sensegiving in strategic change initiation. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 433448.Google Scholar
Godet, M. 1982. From forecasting to la ‘prospective’: A new way of looking at futures. Journal of Forecasting, 1, 293302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godet, M. 1987. Scenarios and Strategic Management. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Godet, M. 1990. Integration of scenarios and strategic management: Using relevant, consistent and likely scenarios. Futures, 22, 730739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godet, M. 2001. Creating Futures: Scenario Planning as a Strategic Management Tool. London: Economica.Google Scholar
Godet, M. & Roubelat, F. 1996. Creating the future: The use and misuse of scenarios. Long Range Planning, 29, 164171.Google Scholar
Goerlitz, W. 1953. History of the German General Staff 1657–1945. New York, NY: Frederick A Praeger.Google Scholar
Goleman, R. D. 1996. Vital Lies, Simple Truths: The Psychology of Self-Deception. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Goleman, D. 1998. Vital Lies, Simple Truths: The Psychology of Self-Deception. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Goodwin, P. & Wright, G. 2001. Enhancing strategy evaluation in scenario planning: A role for decision analysis. Journal of Management Studies, 38, 116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, T. J. & Glenn, J. C. 1994. An introduction to the Millennium Project. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 47, 147170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffith, S. B. 1963. The Art of War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Grinyer, P. H., Mayes, D. G. & McKiernan, P. 1988. Sharpbenders: The Secrets of Unleashing Corporate Potential. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Gunn, R. & Williams, W. 2007. Strategic tools: An empirical investigation into strategy in practice in the UK. Strategic Change, 16, 201216.Google Scholar
Hambrick, D. C. & Finkelstein, S. 1995. The effects of ownership structure on conditions at the top: The case of CEO pay rises. Strategic Management Journal, 16, 175193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansson, S. O. 2015. Science and pseudo-science. In Zalta, E. N. (ed.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Harries, C. 2003. Correspondence to what? Coherence to what? What is good scenario-based decision making? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 70, 797817.Google Scholar
Hart-Rudman Commission. 1999. New World Coming: American Security in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Hartung, A. 2009. A Key to a Successful Business Plan [Online]. Available: www.forbes.com/2009/12/07/scenario-planning-strategy-leadership-managing-plan.html#52c68173f20 [Accessed].Google Scholar
Hassabis, D. & Maguire, E. A. 2007. Deconstructing episodic memory with construction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 299306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassabis, D., Spreng, R. N., Rusu, A. A., Robbins, C. A., Mar, R. A. & Schacter, D. L. 2013. Imagine all the people: How the brain creates and uses personality models to predict behavior. Cerebral Cortex, 24, 299306.Google ScholarPubMed
Helmer, O. 1972. On the Future State of the Union. Palo Alto, CA: Institute for the Future.Google Scholar
Hodgkinson, G. P. 1997. The cognitive analysis of competitive structures: A review and critique. Human Relations, 50, 625654.Google Scholar
Hodgkinson, G. & Healy, M. 2008. Toward a (pragmatic) science of strategic intervention: Design propositions for scenario planning. Organization Studies, 29, 435457.Google Scholar
Hodgkinson, G. & Healy, M. 2011. Psychological foundations of dynamic capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 32, 15001516.Google Scholar
Hodgkinson, G. P. & Wright, G. 2002. Confronting strategic inertia in a top management team: Learning from failure. Organization Studies, 23, 949977.Google Scholar
Hogarth, R. M. 2001. To what are we trying to generalize? Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 24, 416417.Google Scholar
Huff, A. S. 1982. Industry influences on strategy reformulation. Strategic Management Journal, 3, 119131.Google Scholar
Huizinga, H. 1955. Homo ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture. Boston, MA: Bacon Press.Google Scholar
Hume, D. 2007/1748. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Huss, W. R. & Honton, E. J. 1987. Scenario planning: What style should you use? Long Range Planning, 20, 2129.Google Scholar
Ingvar, D. H. 1979. Hyperfrontal distribution of the cerebral grey matter flow in resting wakefulness: On the functional anatomy of the conscious state. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 60, 1225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ingvar, D. H. 1985. Memory of the future: An essay on the temporal organization of conscious awareness. Human Neurobiology, 4, 127136.Google Scholar
Irish, M., Addis, D. R., Hodges, J. R. & Piguet, O. 2012. Considering the role of semantic memory in episodic future thinking: Evidence from semantic dementia. Brain, 135, 21782191.Google Scholar
James, E. W. & Grim, P. 1982. On Dismissing Astrology and Other Irrationalities. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Janis, I. L. 1982. Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Janis, I. L. & Mann, L. 1979. Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict, Choice, and Commitment. New York, NY: Free Press; London: Collier Macmillan.Google Scholar
Janssen, O. 2003. Innovative behaviour and job involvement at the price of conflict and less satisfactory relations with co-workers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76, 347364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janssen, O. 2004. How fairness perceptions make innovative behavior more or less stressful. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 201215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jefferson, M. 2012. Shell scenarios: What really happened in the 1970s and what may be learned for current world prospects. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 79, 201215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, G. 1987. Strategic Change and the Management Process. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Jung, C. G. 1968. Analytical Psychology: Its Theory and Practice. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Jung, C. G. 1989. I Ching or Book of Changes: The Richard Wilhelm Translation. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Kahn, H. 1960. On Thermonuclear War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kahn, H. 1962. Thinking about the Unthinkable. New York, NY: Horizon Press.Google Scholar
Kahn, H. W. & Wiener, A. J. 1967. The next thirty-three years: A framework for speculation. In Bell, D. G. & Graubard, S. R. (eds.) Toward the Year 2000: Work in Progress. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. 2003. A perspective on judgement and choice: Mapping bounded rationality. American Psychologist, 58, 697720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahneman, D., Lovallo, D. & Sibony, O. 2011. Before you make that big decision … Harvard Business Review, April, 4953.Google ScholarPubMed
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. 1973. On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80, 237251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, S. 2008. Cognition, capabilities and incentives: Assessing firm response to the fibre optic revolution. Academy of Management Journal, 51, 672695.Google Scholar
Kasparov, G. 2005. Strategic intensity: A conversation with world chess champion Garry Kasparov. Harvard Business Review, April, 4953.Google Scholar
Kitchen, M. 1975. A Military History of Germany from the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Klein, H. E., & Linneman, R. K. 1981. The use of scenarios in corporate planning: Eight case histories. Long Range Planning, 15, 5, 6977.Google Scholar
Klein, S. 2013. Making the case that episodic recollection is attributable to operations occurring at retrieval rather than to content stored in a dedicated subsystem of long term memory. Frontiers in Behavioural Neurology, 7, 114.Google Scholar
Kleiner, A. 1996. The Age of Heretics: Heroes, Outlaws and the Forerunners of Corporate Change. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.Google Scholar
Koch-Westenholz, U. 1995. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculum Press.Google Scholar
Koriat, A., Lichtenstein, S. & Fischhoff, B. 1980. Reasons for confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 6, 107118.Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. & Rosenberg, R. S. 2006. Psychology in Context. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Kuhn, K. M. & Sniezek, J. A. 1996. Confidence and uncertainty in judgmental forecasting: Differential effects of scenario presentation. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 9, 231247.Google Scholar
Kuhn, S., Strelow, E. & Gallinat, J. 2016. Multiple ‘buy buttons’ in the brain: Forecasting chocolate sales at point-of-sale based on functional brain activation using fMRI. NeuroImage, 136, 122128.Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. 1970. Reflections on My Critics: Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laing, R. D. 1970. Knots. London: Tavistock Publications.Google Scholar
Larrick, R. 2004. Debiasing. In Koehler, D. J. & Harvey, N. (eds.) Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Laureiro-Martinez, D., Brusoni, S., Canessa, N. & Zollo, M. 2015. Understanding the Exploration-Exploitation Dilemma: An fMRI study of attention control and decision-making performance. Strategic Management Journal, 36, 319338.Google Scholar
Levinthal, D. & Rerup, C. 2006. Crossing an apparent chasm: Bridging mindful and less-mindful perspectives on organizational learning. Organizational Science, 17, 502513.Google Scholar
Lindgren, M. & Bandhold, H. 2009. Scenario Planning: The Link between Future and Strategy. 2nd edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Linneman, R. K. & Klein, H. E. 1983. The use of multiple scenarios by US industrial companies: A comparison study, 1977–1981. Long Range Planning, 16, 94101.Google Scholar
Livingstone, L. P., Nelson, D. L. & Barr, S. H. 1997. Person-environment fit and creativity: An examination of supply-value and demand-ability versions of fit. Journal of Management, 23, 119146.Google Scholar
Lock, A. & Strong, T. 2010. Social Constructionism: Sources and Stirrings in Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Logothetis, N. K. 2008. What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI. Nature, 453, 869878.Google Scholar
Long, A. A. 2005. Astrology: Arguments pro and contra. In Barbes, J. & Brunschwig, J. (eds.) Science and Speculation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Loveridge, D. 2009. Foresight: The Art and Science of Anticipating the Future London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lusk, J. L., Crespi, J. M., Cherry, J. B. C., McFadden, B. R., Martin, L. E. & Bruce, A. S. 2015. An fMRI investigation of consumer choice regarding controversial food technologies. Food Quality and Preference, 40, 209222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKay, B. & Chia, R. 2013. Choice, chance and unintended consequences in strategic change: A process understanding of the rise and fall of NorthCo automotive. Academy of Management Journal, 56, 208230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKay, B. & McKiernan, P. 2010. Creativity and dysfunction in strategic processes: The case of scenario planning. Futures, 42, 271281.Google Scholar
MacKay, R. B. 2009. Strategic foresight: Counterfactual and prospective sensemaking in enacted environments. In Costanzo, L. A. & MacKay, R. B. (eds.) Handbook of Research in Strategy and Foresight. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
MacKay, R. & McKiernan, P. 2004. Exploring strategy context with foresight. European Management Review, 1, 6977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKay, R. B. & Stoyanova, V. 2017. Scenario planning with a sociological eye: Augmenting the intuitive logics approach to understanding the future of Scotland and the UK. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 124, 88100.Google Scholar
Madore, K. P., Gaesser, B. & Schacter, D. L. 2014. Constructive episodic simulation: Dissociable effects of a specificity induction on remembering, imagining and describing in young and older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 40, 609622.Google Scholar
Makridakis, S. 1990. Forecasting, Planning and Strategy for the 21st Century. London: Free Press.Google Scholar
Malaska, P. 1985. Multiple scenario approach and strategic behaviour in European companies. Strategic Management Journal, 6, 339355.Google Scholar
Malaska, P., Malmivirta, M., Meristo, T. & Hansen, S. O. 1984. Scenarios in Europe: Who uses them and why? Long Range Planning, 17, 4549.Google Scholar
Malaska, P. & Virtanen, I. 2005. Theory of futuribles. Futura, 2, 1028.Google Scholar
March, J. G. & Simon, H. A. 1958. Organizations. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Marcus, A. A. 2009. Strategic Foresight: A New Look at Scenarios. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Martelli, A. 2001. Scenario building and scenario planning: State of the art and prospects for evolution. Futures Research Quarterly, Summer.Google Scholar
Martin, M. 1988. The Jesuits: The Society of Jesus and the Betrayal of the Roman Catholic Church. New York, NY; London: Simon and Schuster,Google Scholar
Mason, D. H. 1994. Scenario-based planning: Decision models for the learning organisation. Planning Review, March–April, 712.Google Scholar
Masukawa, K. 2016. The origins of board games and ancient board games. In Toshiyuki, K., Hidehiko, K., Yusuke, T. & Paola, R. (eds.) Simulation and Gaming in the Network Society. Singapore: Springer.Google Scholar
McClean, C. V. M. 1929. Babylonian Astrology and Its Relation to the Old Testament. Toronto: United Church Publishing.Google Scholar
McClure, S. M., Li, J., Tomlin, D., Cypert, K. S., Montague, L. M. & Montague, P. R. 2004. Neural correlates of behavioural preference for culturally familiar drinks. Neuron, 44, 379387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGee, J. & Thomas, H. 1986. Strategic groups: Theory, research and taxonomy. Strategic Management Journal, 7, 141160.Google Scholar
McElwee, W. 1974. The Art of War: Waterloo to Mons. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
McKiernan, P. 1997. Strategy past; strategy futures. Long Range Planning, 30, 790798.Google Scholar
McKiernan, P. 2008. Scenario planning. In Clegg, S. R. & Bailey, J. R. (eds.) International Encyclopedia of Organization Studies. London: Sage.Google Scholar
McKiernan, P. 2017. Prospective thinking: Scenario planning meets neuroscience. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 124, 6676.Google Scholar
McLelland, V. C., Devitt, A. L., Schacter, D. L. & Addis, D. R. 2015. Making the future memorable: The phenomenology of remembered future events. Memory, October, 19.Google Scholar
Meissner, P. & Wulf, T. 2013. Cognitive benefits of scenario planning: Its impact on biases and decision quality. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80, 801814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meri, J. W. 2005. Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Oxford: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miles, L. K., Christian, B. M., Masilamani, N., Volpi, L. & MacRae, C. N. 2014. Not so close encounters of the third kind: Visual perspective and imagined social interaction. Social Psychology and Personality Science, 5, 558565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mill, J. S. 1865. Auguste Comte and Positivism. [S.l.] Trubner.Google Scholar
Mill, J. S. 1973/1865. System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive: Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence and the Methods of Scientific Investigation. Toronto: Toronto University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, D. & Friesen, P. H. 1980. Momentum and revolution in organizational adaptation. Academy of Management Journal, 23, 591614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milliken, F. J. 1990. Perceiving and interpreting environmental change: An examination of college administrators’ interpretation of changing demographics. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 4263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mintzberg, H. 1994. The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar
Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B. & Lampel, J. 2008. The Strategy Safari: A Tour through the Wilds of Strategic Management. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar
Miron, E., Erez, M. & Naveh, E. 2004. Do personal characteristics and cultural values that promote innovation, quality, and efficiency compete or complement each other? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 175199.Google Scholar
Mitchell, D. 1980. The Jesuits: A History. London: Macdonald.Google Scholar
Murray, H. J. R. 1952. A History of Board Games Other Than Chess. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Nassar, M. R., Rumsey, K. M., Wilson, R. C., Parikh, K., Heasly, B. & Gold, J. I. 2012. Rational regulation of learning dynamics by pupil-linked arousal systems. Nature Neuroscience, 15, 10401046.Google Scholar
Nassar, M. R., Wilson, R. C., Heasly, B. & Gold, J. I. 2010. An approximately Bayesian delta-rule model explains the dynamics of belief updating in a changing environment. Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 1236612378.Google Scholar
Nickerson, R. S. 1998. Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2, 175190.Google Scholar
O’Brien, F. A. & Meadows, M. 2013. Scenario orientation and use to support strategy development. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80, 643656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Brien, F. A., Meadows, M. & Murtland, M. 2007. Creating and using scenarios. In O’Brien, F. A. & Dyson, R. G. (eds.) Supporting Strategy: Frameworks, Methods and Models. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Ocasio, W. 1997. Towards an attention-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 18, 187206.Google Scholar
Ocasio, W. 2011. Attention to attention. Organization Science, 22, 12861296.Google Scholar
Ogburn, W. F. 1934. Studies in prediction and the distortion of reality. Social Forces, 13, 224229.Google Scholar
Ogburn, W. F. 1935. Prospecting for the future. Social Frontier, 1, 2022.Google Scholar
Ogburn, W. F. & American Library Association. 1933. Living with Machines. Chicago, IL: American Library Association.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, A. L. & Reiner, E. 1977. Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization. Chicago, IL; London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Pagani, M. 2009. Roadmapping 3G mobile TV: Strategic thinking and scenario planning through repeated cross-impact handling. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 76, 382395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patel, A. 2016. Gaining insight: Re-thinking at the edge. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 107, 141153.Google Scholar
Phadnis, S., Caplice, C., Sheffi, Y. & Singh, M. Effect of scenario planning on field experts’ judgment of long-range investment decisions. Strategic Management Journal, 36, 14011411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pighin, S., Byrne, R. M., Ferrante, D., Gonzelez, M. & Girotto, V. 2011. Counterfactual thoughts about experienced, observed and narrated events. Thinking & Reasoning, 17, 197211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poincare, H. 1913. The Foundations of Science. Lancaster, PA: Science Press.Google Scholar
Popper, K. 2002/1959. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Popper, K. 2004. Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. & Rothbart, M. K. 2007. Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science. Annual Review of Psychology, 2007, 123.Google Scholar
Powell, T. C. 2011. Neuroscience. Strategic Management Journal, 32, 14841499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramirez, R., Osterman, R. & Gronquist, D. 2013. Scenarios and early warnings as dynamic capabilities to frame managerial attention. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80, 825838.Google Scholar
Reisswitz, B. v. 1824. Instructions for the Representation of Tactical Maneuvers under the Guise of a Wargame. Berlin.Google Scholar
Reisswitz, B. v. & Leeson, B. 1983. Kriegsspiel: Instructions for the Representation of Military Manoeuvres with the Kriegsspiel Apparatus. Hemel Hempstead: B. Leeson.Google Scholar
Rendell, P. G., Bailey, P. E., Henry, J. D., Phillips, L. H., Gaskin, S. & Kliegel, M. 2012. Older adults have greater difficulty imagining future rather than atemporal experiences. Psychology and Aging, 27, 10891098.Google Scholar
Rigby, D. & Bilodeau, B. 2005. Management Tools and Trends. Online. Boston, MA: Bain & Company. Available at www.bain.com/publications/articles/management-tools-and-trends-2015.aspx.Google Scholar
Ringland, G. 2002a. Scenarios in Public Policy. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Ringland, G. 2002b. Scenarios in Business. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Ringland, G., Sparrow, O., & Lustig, P. 2010. Beyond Crisis: Achieving Renewal in a Turbulent World. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Rochberg, F. 2004. The Heavenly Writing: Divination, Horoscopy and Astronomy in Mesopotamian Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rochberg, F. 2013. Foresight in ancient Mesopotamia. In Feller, D. A. (ed.) Foresight. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Samples, R. 1976. The Metaphoric Mind: A Celebration of Creative Consciousness. Reading: MA, Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Sanna, L. J. & Schwarz, N. 2003. Debiasing the hindsight bias: The role of accessibility experiences and (mis)attributions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 287295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schacter, D. L. 1999. The Seven Sins of Memory: Insights from psychological and cognitive neuroscience. American Psychologist, 54, 182203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schacter, D. L., Benoit, R. G., de Brigard, F. & Szpunar, K. K. 2015. Episodic future thinking and episodic counterfactual thinking: Intersections between memory and decisions. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 117, 1421.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., Gaesser, B. & Addis, D. R. 2013. Remembering the past and imagining the future in the elderly. Gerontology, 59, 143151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schacter, D. L. & Madore, K. P. 2016. Remembering the past and imagining the future: Identifying and enhancing the contribution of episodic memory. Memory Studies, 9, 245255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schoemaker, P. J. H. 1991. When and how to use scenario planning – a heuristic approach with illustration. Journal of Forecasting, 10, 549564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoemaker, P. J. H. 1993. Multiple scenario development – its conceptual and behavioral foundation. Strategic Management Journal, 14, 193213.Google Scholar
Schoemaker, P. J. H. 1995. Scenario planning – a tool for strategic thinking. Sloan Management Review, 36, 2540.Google Scholar
Schoemaker, P. J. H. 1997. Disciplined imagination: From scenarios to strategic options. International Studies of Management and Organization, 27, 4370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoemaker, P. J. H. 2004. Forecasting and scenario planning: The challenges of uncertainty and complexity. In Koehler, D. J. & Harvey, N. (eds.) Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Schoemaker, P. J. H. & van der Heijden, C. A. J. M. 1992. Integrating scenarios into strategic planning at Royal Dutch Shell. Strategy and Leadership, 20, 4146.Google Scholar
Schwartz, P. 1991. The Art of the Long View. New York, NY: Doubleday/Currency.Google Scholar
Seidl, D. 2004. The concept of ‘weak signals’ revisited: A re-description from a constructivist perspective. In Tsoukas, H. & Shepherd, J. (eds.) Managing the Future: Foresight in the Knowledge Economy. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Seligman, M. R. P., Baumeister, R. & Sripada, C. 2013. Navigating into the future or driven by the past: Prospection as an organizing principle of mind. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 119141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selin, C. 2007. Professional dreamers: The future in the past of scenario planning. In Sharpe, B. & van der Heijden., K. (eds.) Scenarios for Success. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Shotwell, P. 2008. The Game of Go: Speculations on Its Origins and Symbolism in Ancient China. Online. New York, NY: American Go Association. Available at www.usgo.org/resources/downloads/originsofgo.pdf.Google Scholar
Simons, D. J. & Chabris, C. F. 1999. Gorillas in our midst: Sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events. Perception, 28, 10591074.Google Scholar
Simpson, D. G. 1992. Key lessons for adopting scenario planning in diversified companies. Planning Review, 20, 1017.Google Scholar
Simpson, S. J. 2007. The earliest board games in the Middle East. In Finkel, I. L. E. (ed.) Ancient Board Games in Perspective. London: British Museum Press.Google Scholar
Spender, J.-C. 1989. Industry Recipes: An Enquiry into the Nature and Sources of Managerial Judgement. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Steiner, G. A. 1979. Strategic Planning: What Every Manager Must Know. New York, NY: Free Press; London: Collier Macmillan.Google Scholar
Stout, D. 1998. Use and abuse of scenarios. Business Strategy Review, 9, 2, 2736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suddendorf, T. & Corballis, M. C. 1997. Mental time travel and the evolution of the human mind. Genetic, Social and General Psychology Monographs, 123, 133167.Google Scholar
Suomala, J., Palokangas, L., Leminen, S., Westerlund, M., Heinonen, J. & Numminen, J. 2012. Neuromarketing: Understanding customers’ subconscious responses to marketing. Technology Innovation Management Review, 2, 1221.Google Scholar
Sutcliffe, K. M. 1994. What executives notice: Accurate perceptions in top management teams. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 13601378.Google Scholar
Szpunar, K. K. & Schacter, D. L. 2013. Get real: Effects of repeated simulation and emotion on the perceived plausibility of future experiences. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 142, 323.Google Scholar
Szpunar, K. K., Spreng, R. N. & Schacter, D. L. 2014. A taxonomy of prospection: Introducing an organizational framework for future-oriented cognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 1841418421.Google Scholar
Taleb, N. 2007. The Black Swan. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Tetlock, P. E. 2005. Expert Political Judgment. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Thagard, P. R. 1978. Why astrology is a pseudoscience. PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association. JSTOR, 223234.Google Scholar
Thakral, P. P., Madore, K. P. & Schacter, D. L. 2017. A role for the left angular gyrus in episodic simulation and memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 37, 81428149.Google Scholar
Tsoukas, H. & Shepherd, J. (eds.) 2004. Managing the Future: Foresight in the Knowledge Economy. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Tuchman, B. W. 1966. The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World before the War, 1890–1914. London: Hamish Hamilton.Google Scholar
Tucker, P. 2007. The scenario planning handbook: Developing strategies in uncertain times. Futurist, 41, 50-50.Google Scholar
Turner, B. 1976. The organizational and interorganizational development of disasters. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1, 378397.Google Scholar
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. 1974. Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 11241134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Twist, E. 1968. Future of the Social Sciences. London: Social Science Research Council.Google Scholar
van der Heijden, K. 1996. Scenarios: The Art of Strategic Conversation. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
van der Heijden, K., Bradfield, R., Burt, G., Cairns, G., Wright, G. 2002. The Sixth Sense: Accelerating Organizational Learning with Scenarios. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
van Mulukom, V., Schacter, D. L., Corballis, M. C. &Addis, D. R. 2016. The degree of disparateness of event details modulates future simulation construction, plausibility and recall. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 234242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Klooster, S. A. & van Asselt, M. B. A. 2006. Practicing the Scenario Axis Technique. Futures, 38, 1530.Google Scholar
van Vught, F. A. 1987. Pitfalls of forecasting: Fundamental problems for the methodology of forecasting from the philosophy of science. Futures, 19, 184196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varum, C. & Melo, C. 2010. Directions in scenario planning literature – a review of the past decades. Futures, 42, 355369.Google Scholar
Volkov, Y. G. 2016. Scenario thinking in the context of sociological diagnostics. Sotsiologicheskie Issledovaniya, 13.Google Scholar
von Hilgers, P. 2012. War Games: A History of War on Paper. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
von Karman, T. 1945. Towards New Horizons. Los Angeles, CA: Army Air Force Scientific Advisory Group.Google Scholar
Wack, P. 1985a. Unchartered waters ahead. Harvard Business Review, September–October 7389.Google Scholar
Wack, P. 1985b. Scenarios: Shooting the rapids. Harvard Business Review, November–December, 139150.Google Scholar
Walsh, J. P. 1995. Managerial and organizational cognition: Notes from a trip down memory lane. Organization Science, 6, 280321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, C. M. & Holroyd, C. B. 2012. The impact of deliberative strategy dissociates ERP components related to conflict processing vs. reinforcement learning. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 6, 117.Google Scholar
Warren, C. M., Murphy, P. R. & Nieuwenhuis, S. 2016. Cognitive control, dynamic salience and the imperative toward computational accounts of neuromodulatory function. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 39.Google Scholar
, M. & Bazerman, M. 2003. Predictable surprises: The disasters you should have seen coming, and how to prevent them. Harvard Business Review, 81, 7280.Google Scholar
Weisberg, R. W. 1993. Beyond the Myth of Genius. New York, NY: Freeman.Google Scholar
Wells, H. G. 1932 (1987). Wanted: Professors of foresight! Futures Research Quarterly, 3, 8991.Google Scholar
Whittington, R. 2006. Completing the practice turn in strategy research. Organization Studies, 27, 613634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilensky, H. L. 1967. Organizational Intelligence. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, A. 2009. Scenarios practices: in search of theory. Journal of Futures Studies, 13, 107114.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, A. & Kupers, R. 2014. The Essence of Scenarios: Learning from the Shell Experience. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willmore, J. 2001. Scenario planning: Creating strategy for uncertain times. Information Outlook, 5, 2339Google Scholar
Wilson, I. 2000. From scenario thinking to strategic action. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 65, 2329.Google Scholar
Wiltbank, R., Dew, N., Read, S. & Sarasvthy, S. 2006. What to do next? The case for non predictive strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 27, 981998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, R. C., Carpenter, R. W., Warren, C. M., Zeier, J. D., Baskin-Sommers, A. R. & Newman, J. P. 2011. Reduced susceptibility to the attentional blink in psychopathic offenders: Implications for the attentional bottleneck hypothesis. Neuropsychology, 26, 102109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, C. 1970. Chaucer and the Country of the Stars: Poetical Uses of Astrological Imagery. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, G., Bradfield, R., & Cairns, G. 2013. Does the intuitive logics method – and its recent enhancements – produce effective scenarios? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80, 631642.Google Scholar
Wright, G. & Cairns, G. 2011. Scenario Thinking: Practical Approaches to the Future. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Wright, G., Cairns, G. & Goodwin, P. 2009. Teaching scenario planning: Lessons from practice in academe and business. European Journal of Operational Research, 194, 323335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, G. & Goodwin, P. 2002. Eliminating a framing bias by using simple instructions to ‘think harder’ and respondents with managerial experience: Comment on ‘breaking the frame’. Strategic Management Journal, 23, 10591067.Google Scholar
Wright, G. & Goodwin, P. 2009. Decision making and planning under low levels of predictability: Enhancing the scenario method. International Journal of Forecasting, 25 , 813825.Google Scholar
Wright, G., van der Heijden, K., Burt, G., Bradfield, R. & Cairns, G. 2008. Scenario planning interventions in organizations: An analysis of the causes of success and failure. Futures, 40, 218236.Google Scholar
Wyman, A. J. & Vyse, S. 2008. Science versus the stars: A double-blind test of the validity of the NEO five-factor inventory and computer-generated astrological natal charts. Journal of General Psychology, 135, 287300.Google Scholar
Young, M. D. 1958. The Rise of the Meritocracy, 1870-2033: An Essay on Education and Equality. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Zajac, E. & Bazerman, M. 1991. Blind spots in industry and competitor analysis: Implications of interfirm (mis)perceptions for strategic decisions. Academy of Management Review, 16, 3756.Google Scholar
Zhou, J. & George, J. M. 2001. When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: Encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 682696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuber, T. 2004. German War Planning, 1891–1914: Sources and Interpretations. Woodbridge and Rochester, NY: Boydell Press.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Scenario Thinking
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Scenario Thinking
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Scenario Thinking
Available formats
×