Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T10:43:40.729Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Axiology of Theism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 September 2021

Klaas J. Kraay
Affiliation:
Ryerson University

Summary

Theism is the view that God exists; naturalism is the view that there are no supernatural beings, processes, mechanisms, or forces. This Element explores whether things are better, worse, or neither on theism relative to naturalism. It introduces readers to the central philosophical issues that bear on this question, and it distinguishes a wide range of ways it can be answered. It critically examines four views, three of which hold (in various ways) that things are better on theism than on naturalism, and one of which holds just the opposite.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781108592833
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 14 October 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, M. M. (1999) Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Adams, R. M. (1972) Must God create the best? The Philosophical Review 81: 317332.Google Scholar
Adams, R. M. (1999) Finite and Infinite Goods. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Almeida, M. (2017a) The Multiverse and divine creation. Religions 8: 110.Google Scholar
Almeida, M. (2017b) Theistic modal realism I: the challenge of theistic actualism. Philosophy Compass 12: 114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almeida, M. (2017c) Theistic modal realism II: theoretical benefits. Philosophy Compass 12: 117.Google Scholar
Almeida, M. (2018) Cosmological Arguments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Almeida, M. (2020a) On discovering God in the pluriverse. In Lougheed, K., ed., Four Views on the Axiology of Theism. London: Bloomsbury, pp. 1940.Google Scholar
Almeida, M. (2020b) On necessary gratuitous evils. European Journal for Philosophy of Religion.Google Scholar
Beilby, J. (2002) Naturalism Defeated? Essays on Plantinga’s Evolutionary Argument against Naturalism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Bergmann, M. and Cover, J. A. (2006) Divine responsibility without divine freedom. Faith and Philosophy 23: 381408.Google Scholar
Beshears, K. (2019) Athens without a statue to the unknown God. Themelios 44: 517529.Google Scholar
Bradley, B. (2006) Against satisficing consequentialism. Utilitas 18: 97108.Google Scholar
Buckareff, A. and Nagasawa, Y., eds. (2016) Alternative Concepts of God: Essays on the Metaphysics of the Divine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Byerly, T. R. (2018) Ordinary morality does not imply atheism. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 83: 8596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byerly, T. R. and Silverman, E., eds. (2017) Paradise Understood: New Philosophical Essays about Heaven. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Byron, M. (1998) Satisficing and optimality. Ethics 109: 6793.Google Scholar
Chang, R. (1997) Incommensurability, Incomparability, and Practical Reason. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Citron, G. (ms.) Theapathy and theaffectivity: on (not) caring about God. www.academia.edu/26321811/Theapathy_and_Theaffectivity_On_Not_Caring_About_God.Google Scholar
Climenhaga, N. (2018) Infinite value and the best of all possible worlds. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 97: 367392.Google Scholar
Crummett, D. (2017) Sufferer-centered requirements on theodicy and all-things-considered harms. Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion 8: 7195.Google Scholar
Crummett, D. (2019) Review of Kraay, K., ed. Does God Matter: Essays on the Axiological Consequences of Theism. Faith and Philosophy 36: 396402.Google Scholar
Daeley, J. (2019) The necessity of the best possible world, divine thankworthiness, and grace. Sophia 58: 423435.Google Scholar
Davis, R. and Franks, W.P. (2015) Counterpossibles and the “terrible” divine command deity. Religious Studies 51: 119.Google Scholar
Davis, S. T. (2014) On preferring that God not exist (or that God exist): a dialogue. Faith and Philosophy 31: 143159.Google Scholar
Davison, S. (1997) Privacy and control. Faith and Philosophy 14: 137151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davison, S. (2018) God and intrinsic value. In Kraay, K. J., ed., Does God Matter? Essays on the Axiological Consequences of Theism. New York: Routledge, pp. 3945.Google Scholar
Diller, J. and Kasher, A. (2013) Models of God and Alternative Ultimate Realities. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar
Dreier, J. (2004) Why ethical satisficing makes sense and rational satisficing doesn’t. In Byron, M., ed., Satisficing and Maximizing: Moral Theorists on Practical Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 131154.Google Scholar
Dumsday, T. (2016) Anti-theism and the problem of divine hiddenness. Sophia 55: 179195.Google Scholar
Dumsday, T. (2020) The axiology of theism: expanding the contrast classes. In Lougheed, K., ed., Four Views on the Axiology of Theism: What Difference Does God Make? London: Bloomsbury, pp. 5978.Google Scholar
Elliot, D. and Soifer, E. (2017) Divine omniscience, privacy, and the state. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 82: 251271.Google Scholar
Evans, C. S. (2013) God and Moral Obligation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fales, E. (1994) Divine freedom and the choice of a world. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 35: 6588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falls-Corbitt, M. and McLain, F. M. (1992) God and privacy. Faith and Philosophy 9: 369386.Google Scholar
Flint, T. P. (1983) The problem of divine freedom. American Philosophical Quarterly 20: 255264.Google Scholar
Forrest, P. (1981) The problem of evil: two neglected defences. Sophia 20: 4954.Google Scholar
Gellman, J. (2010) On God, suffering, and theodical individualism. European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 1: 187191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grover, S. (1988) Why only the best is good enough. Analysis 48: 224.Google Scholar
Grover, S. (2003) This world, “Adams worlds,” and the best of all possible worlds. Religious Studies 39: 145163.Google Scholar
Grover, S. (2004) Rival creator arguments and the best of all possible worlds. Sophia 43: 101114.Google Scholar
Guleserian, T. (1983) God and possible worlds: the modal problem of evil. Noûs 17: 221238.Google Scholar
Hall, R. L. (2020) On being known: God and the private-I. Sophia 59: 621636.Google Scholar
Hallett, G. (2001) The tedium of immortality. Faith and Philosophy 18: 279291.Google Scholar
Hare, J. (2015) God’s Command. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hasker, W. (1992) The necessity of gratuitous evil. Faith and Philosophy 9: 2344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasker, W. (2004) Can God permit “just enough” evil? In Hasker, W., ed. Providence, Evil, and The Openness of God. New York: Routledge, pp. 8194.Google Scholar
Hasker, W. (2008) The Triumph of God over Evil: Theodicy for a World of Suffering. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.Google Scholar
Hasker, W. (2019) God and gratuitous evil: a response to Klaas Kraay. Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion 9: 5467.Google Scholar
Hedberg, T. and Huzarevich, J. (2017) Appraising objections to practical apatheism. Philosophia 45: 257276.Google Scholar
Hendricks, P. (2020) Skeptical theism, pro-theism, and anti-theism. In Lougheed, K., ed., Four Views on the Axiology of Theism: What Difference Does God Make? London: Bloomsbury, pp. 95115.Google Scholar
Hendricks, P. and Lougheed, K. (2019) Undermining the axiological solution to divine hiddenness. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 86: 315.Google Scholar
Howard-Snyder, D. (1996) The argument from divine hiddenness. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 26: 433453.Google Scholar
Howard-Snyder, D. and Green, A. (2016) Hiddenness of God. In E. Zalta, ed. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 Edition), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/divine-hiddenness/.Google Scholar
Johnson, D. K. (2014) The failure of the multiverse hypothesis as a solution to the problem of no best world. Sophia 53: 447465.Google Scholar
Johnston, M. (2019) Why did the one not remain within itself? Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion 9: 106164.Google Scholar
Jordan, J. (2003) Evil and Van Inwagen. Faith and Philosophy 20: 236239.Google Scholar
Jordan, J. (2004) Divine love and human suffering. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 56: 169178.Google Scholar
Kahane, G. (2011) Should we want God to exist? Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 82: 674696.Google Scholar
Kahane, G. (2014) Our cosmic insignificance. Noûs 48: 745772.Google Scholar
Kahane, G. (2018) If there is a hole, it is not God-shaped. In Kraay, K., ed., Does God Matter? Essays on the Axiological Consequences of Theism. New York: Routledge, pp. 95131.Google Scholar
Kahane, G. (forthcoming) Is anti-theism incoherent? American Philosophical Quarterly.Google Scholar
Kant, I. (1978) Lectures on Philosophical Theology. Trans. A. W. Wood and G. M. Clark. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kraal, A. (2013) Is the existence of the best possible world logically impossible? International Philosophical Quarterly 53: 3746.Google Scholar
Kraay, K. J. (2008a) Can God choose a world at random? In Wielenberg, E. and Nagasawa, Y., eds., New Waves in Philosophy of Religion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2235.Google Scholar
Kraay, K. J. (2008b) Creation, world-actualization, and God’s choice among possible worlds. Philosophy Compass 3: 854872.Google Scholar
Kraay, K. J. (2010a) The problem of no best world. In Taliaferro, C., Draper, P., and Quinn, P., eds., A Companion to Philosophy of Religion (2nd ed.), Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 481491.Google Scholar
Kraay, K. J. (2010b) Theism, possible worlds, and the multiverse. Philosophical Studies 147: 355368.Google Scholar
Kraay, K. J. (2011) Theism and modal collapse. American Philosophical Quarterly 48: 361372.Google Scholar
Kraay, K. J. (2012) The theistic multiverse: problems and prospects. In Nagasawa, Y., ed., Scientific Approaches to the Philosophy of Religion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 143162.Google Scholar
Kraay, K. J. (2013a) Can God satisfice? American Philosophical Quarterly 50: 399410.Google Scholar
Kraay, K. J. (2013b) The problem of divine hiddenness. Oxford Bibliographies Online. www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396577/obo-9780195396577–0178.xml.Google Scholar
Kraay, K. J. (2014) Peter van Inwagen on gratuitous evil. Religious Studies 50: 217234.Google Scholar
Kraay, K. J., ed. (2015) God and the Multiverse: Scientific, Philosophical, and Theological Perspectives. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kraay, K. J. (2018a) Invitation to the axiology of theism. In Kraay, K. J., ed., Does God Matter? Essays on the Axiological Consequences of Theism. New York: Routledge, pp. 136.Google Scholar
Kraay, K. J. (2018b) One philosopher’s bug can be another’s feature: reply to Almeida’s “Multiverse and Divine Creation.” Religions 9: 5563.Google Scholar
Kraay, K. J. (2019) Theism, pro-theism, Hasker, and gratuitous evil. Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion 9: 3153.Google Scholar
Kraay, K. J. (forthcoming) Is motivated submaximization good enough for God? Religious Studies.Google Scholar
Kraay, K. J. and Dragos, C. (2013) On preferring God’s non-existence. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 43: 153178.Google Scholar
Kretzmann, N. (1990a) A general problem of creation: why would God create anything at all? In McDonald, S., ed., Being and Goodness. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 208228.Google Scholar
Kretzmann, N. (1990b) A particular problem of creation: why would God create this world? In McDonald, S., ed., Being and Goodness. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 229249.Google Scholar
Lackey, D. P. (1985) Divine omniscience and human privacy. Philosophy Research Archives 10: 383391.Google Scholar
Leftow, B. 2005. The ontological argument. In Wainwright, W., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Religion. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 80115.Google Scholar
Leftow, B. 2010. Necessity. In Taliaferro, C. and Meister, C., eds., The Cambridge Companion to Philosophical Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1530.Google Scholar
Leftow, B. 2017. Two pictures of divine choice. In McCann, H. J., ed., Free Will and Classical Theism: The Significance of Perfect Being Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 152172.Google Scholar
Leftow, B. (forthcoming) Divine freedom. In Campbell, J., ed., The Wiley Companion to Free Will. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Leibniz, G. W. (1902) Discourse on Metaphysics. Trans. G. Montgomery. La Salle: Open Court.Google Scholar
Leibniz, G. W. (1986) Theodicy. Ed. Farrer, A.. , Trans. E. M. Huggard. La Salle: Open Court.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (1986) On the Plurality of Worlds. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (1993) Evil for freedom’s sake? Philosophical Papers 22: 149172.Google Scholar
Licon, J. (forthcoming) Aspirational theism and gratuitous suffering. Religious Studies.Google Scholar
Lougheed, K. (2017) Anti-theism and the objective meaningful life argument. Dialogue 56: 337355.Google Scholar
Lougheed, K. (2018a) The axiological solution to divine hiddenness. Ratio 31: 331341.Google Scholar
Lougheed, K. (2018b) On the axiology of a hidden god. European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 10: 7995.Google Scholar
Lougheed, K. (2019) The axiology of theism. In J. Feiser and B. Dowden, eds., Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://iep.utm.edu/axio-thei/.Google Scholar
Lougheed, K., ed. (2020a) Four Views on the Axiology of Theism: What Difference Does God Make? London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Lougheed, K. (2020b) The Axiological Status of Theism and Other Worldviews. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovejoy, A. O. (1936) The Great Chain of Being. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lovering, R. (2011) Does ordinary morality imply atheism? A reply to Maitzen. Forum Philosophicum 16: 8398.Google Scholar
Mackie, J. L. (1955) Evil and omnipotence. Mind 64: 200212.Google Scholar
Maitzen, S. (2009) Ordinary morality implies atheism. European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 1: 107126.Google Scholar
Maitzen, S. (2010) On Gellman’s attempted rescue. European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 2: 193198.Google Scholar
Maitzen, S. (2013) Atheism and the basis of morality. In Musschenga, A. W. and van Harskamp, A., eds., What Makes Us Moral? Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 257269.Google Scholar
Maitzen, S. (2018) The Problem of Magic. In Kraay, K.. Does God Matter? Essays on the Axiological Consequences of Theism. New York: Routledge, pp. 132146.Google Scholar
Maitzen, S. (2019) Normative objections to theism. In Oppy, G., ed., A Companion to Atheism and Philosophy, Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, pp. 204215.Google Scholar
Manson, N. A., ed. (2003) God and Design: The Teleological Argument and Modern Science. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Martin, M. and Monnier, R., eds., (2003) The Impossibility of God. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.Google Scholar
Mawson, T.J. (2011) Theodical individualism. European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 3: 139159.Google Scholar
Mawson, T.J. (2012). On determining how important it is whether or not there is a God. European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 4: 95105.Google Scholar
Mawson, T.J. (2016) God and the Meanings of Life. New York: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Mawson, T.J. (2018) An agreeable answer to a pro-theism/anti-theism question. In Kraay, K., ed., Does God Matter? Essays on the Axiological Consequences of Theism. New York: Routledge, pp. 7092.Google Scholar
McBrayer, J. and Howard-Snyder, D., eds., (2013) The Blackwell Companion to The Problem of Evil. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
McKim, R. (2001) Religious Ambiguity and Religious Diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Menzel, C. (2016) Possible worlds. In E. Zalta, ed., Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2017 ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/possible-worlds/.Google Scholar
Metz, T. (2013a) The meaning of life. In E. Zalta, ed., Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2013 ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2013/entries/life-meaning/.Google Scholar
Metz, T. (2013b) Meaning in Life: An Analytic Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Metz, T. (2019) God, Soul, and the Meaning of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Morris, T. (1987) The necessity of God’s goodness. In Anselmian Explorations: Essays in Philosophical Theology. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, pp. 4269.Google Scholar
Moser, P. (2013) On the axiology of theism: reply to Klaas J. Kraay. Toronto Journal of Theology 29: 271276.Google Scholar
Mulgan, T. (2001) How satisficers get away with murder. International Journal of Philosophical Studies 9: 41–6.Google Scholar
Murphy, M. (2011) God and Moral Law: On the Theistic Explanation of Morality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Murray, M. (2002) Deus absconditus. In Howard-Snyder, D. and Moser, P., eds., Divine Hiddenness: New Essays. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 6282.Google Scholar
Nagasawa, Y. (forthcoming) Pro-immortalism and pro-mortalism. In Byerly, T. R., ed., Death, Immortality, and Eternal Life. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Naylor, M. (2020) Satisfactory accounts of divine creation. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 88: 249258.Google Scholar
Nelson, M. (1996) Who are the best judges of theistic arguments? Sophia 35: 112.Google Scholar
Nielsen, K. (1973) Ethics without God. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.Google Scholar
O’Connor, D. (1998) God and Inscrutable Evil: In Defense of Theism and Atheism, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Oppy, G. (1998) Judging theistic arguments. Sophia 37: 3043.Google Scholar
Oppy, G. (2020) Naturalistic axiology. In Lougheed, K., ed., Four Views on the Axiology of Theism. London: Bloomsbury, pp. 138155.Google Scholar
Penner, M. A. (2015) Personal anti-theism and the meaningful life argument. Faith and Philosophy 32: 325337.Google Scholar
Penner, M. A. (2018) On the objective meaningful life argument: a response to Kirk Lougheed. Dialogue 57: 173182.Google Scholar
Penner, M.A. and Lougheed, K. (2015). Pro-theism and the added value of morally good agents. Philosophia Christi 17: 5369.Google Scholar
Plantinga, A. (1974a) God, Freedom, and Evil. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Plantinga, A. (1974b) The Nature of Necessity. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Plantinga, A. (2004) Supralapsarianism, or “O Felix Culpa.” In van Inwagen, P., ed., Christian Faith and the Problem of Evil. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, pp. 125.Google Scholar
Plato, . (1980) Euthyphro. Trans. L. Cooper. In Hamilton, E. and Cairns, H., eds. The Collected Dialogues of Plato, Including the Letters. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 169185Google Scholar
Plato, . (1980) Timaeus. Trans. B. Jowett. In Hamilton, E. and Cairns, H., eds. The Collected Dialogues of Plato, Including the Letters. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 11511211.Google Scholar
Pollock, J. (1983) How do you maximize expectation value? Noûs 17: 409–21.Google Scholar
Quinn, P. L. (1978) Divine Commands and Moral Requirements. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Quinn, P. L. (1982). God, moral perfection, and possible worlds. In Sontag, F. and Bryant, M.D., eds., God: The Contemporary Discussion. New York: The Rose of Sharon Press, pp. 197213.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, J. and Leon, F. (2019) Is God the Best Explanation of Things? A Dialogue. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Reichenbach, B. (1982) Evil and a Good God. New York: Fordham University Press.Google Scholar
Rescher, N. (1990) On faith and belief. In Human Interests: Reflections on Philosophical Anthropology. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 167178.Google Scholar
Richardson, H.S. (1994) Satisficing: not good enough. In Byron, M., ed., Satisficing and Maximizing: Moral Theorists on Practical Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 106130.Google Scholar
Rowe, W.L. (1979) The problem of evil and some varieties of atheism. American Philosophical Quarterly 16: 335341.Google Scholar
Rowe, W.L. (1993) The problem of divine perfection and freedom. In Stump, E., ed., Reasoned Faith. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 223233.Google Scholar
Rowe, W.L. (1996) William Alston on the problem of evil. In Senor, T., ed., The Rationality of Belief and the Plurality of Faiths. Cornell, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 7193.Google Scholar
Rowe, W.L. (2004) Can God be Free? Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rowe, W.L. and Kraay, K. (forthcoming) Divine freedom. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.Google Scholar
Rubio, D. (2020) In defence of no best world. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 98: 811825.Google Scholar
Schellenberg, J. L. (1993) Divine Hiddenness and Human Reason. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Schellenberg, J. L. (2007) The Wisdom to Doubt: A Justification of Religious Skepticism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Schellenberg, J. L. (2015) The Hiddenness Argument: Philosophy’s New Challenge to Belief in God. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schellenberg, J.L. (2018) Triple transcendence, the value of God’s existence, and a new route to atheism. In Kraay, K., ed., Does God Matter? Essays on the Axiological Consequences of Theism. New York: Routledge, pp. 181191.Google Scholar
Schlesinger, G. (1977) Religion and Scientific Method. Dordrecht, Reidel.Google Scholar
Schmidtz, D. (2004) Satisficing as a humanly rational strategy. In Byron, M., ed., Satisficing and Maximizing: Moral Theorists on Practical Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3058.Google Scholar
Seachris, J., ed. (2013). Exploring the Meaning of Life: An Anthology and Guide. Malden, MA: Wiley: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Seachris, J. and Goetz, S. (2020) What is This Thing called The Meaning of Life? New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Senor, T. (2008) Defending divine freedom. Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion 1: 168195.Google Scholar
Slote, M. (1989) Beyond Optimizing: A Study of Rational Choice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sobel, J.H. (2004) Logic and Theism: Arguments for and against Beliefs in God. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sorensen, R. (1994) Infinite decision theory. In Jordan., J., ed., Gambling with God: Essays on Pascal’s Wager. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 139159.Google Scholar
Sorensen, R. (2006) Originless sin: a rational dilemma for satisficers. Philosophical Quarterly 56: 213223.Google Scholar
Stump, E. (1990) Providence and the problem of evil. In Flint, T., ed. Christian Philosophy. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, pp. 5191.Google Scholar
Stump, E. (2010) Wandering In Darkness: Narrative and the Problem of Suffering. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Swinburne, R. (2004) The Existence of God (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Swinburne, R. (2016) The Coherence of Theism (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Swinburne, R. (1998) Providence and the Problem of Evil. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Talbott, T. (2014) The Inescapable Love of God. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books.Google Scholar
Taliaferro, C. (1989) Does God violate your right to privacy? Theology 92: 190196.Google Scholar
Tooley, M. (1991) The argument from evil. Philosophical Perspectives 5: 88134.Google Scholar
Tooley, M. (2018) Axiology: theism versus widely accepted monotheisms. In Kraay, K., ed., Does God Matter? Essays on the Axiological Consequences of Theism. New York: Routledge, pp. 4669.Google Scholar
Tucker, C. (2016) Satisficing and motivated submaximization (in the philosophy of religion). Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 93: 127143.Google Scholar
Ullman-Margalit, E. and Morganbesser, S. (1977) Picking and choosing. Social Research 44: 757785.Google Scholar
Vaidya, A. (2015) The epistemology of modality. In E. Zalta, ed. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2017 ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/modality-epistemology/.Google Scholar
Van Inwagen, P. (1988) The place of chance in a world sustained by God. In Morris, T. V., ed., Divine and Human Action. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 211235.Google Scholar
Van Inwagen, P. (1998) Modal epistemology. Philosophical Studies 92: 6784.Google Scholar
Van Inwagen, P. (2006) The Problem of Evil. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wainwright, W. (2005) Religion and Morality. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Walls, J. (1992) Hell: The Logic of Damnation. South Bend: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Walls, J. (2007) Heaven: The Logic of Eternal Joy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wielenberg, E. (2004) A morally unsurpassable God must create the best. Religious Studies 40: 4362.Google Scholar
Wielenberg, E. (2005) Value and Virtue in a Godless Universe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wielenberg, E. (2018) The absurdity of life in a Christian universe as a reason to prefer that God not exist. In Kraay, K., ed., Does God Matter? Essays on the Axiological Consequences of Theism. New York: Routledge, pp. 147163.Google Scholar
Wierenga, E. (2002) The freedom of God. Faith and Philosophy 19: 425436.Google Scholar
Williams, B. (1973) The Makropulos case: reflections on the tedium of immortality. In Problems of the Self. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 82100.Google Scholar
Wykstra, S. (1984) The Humean obstacle to evidential arguments from suffering: on avoiding the evils of ‘appearance.’ International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 16: 7393.Google Scholar
Zagzebski, L. (2008) Omnisubjectivity. Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion 1: 231248.Google Scholar
Zagzebski, L. (2013) Omnisubjectivity: A Defense of a Divine Attribute. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press.Google Scholar
Zagzebski, L. (2016) Omnisubjectivity: why it is a divine attribute. Nova et Vetera 14: 435450.Google Scholar
Zagzebski, L. (2017) Foreknowledge and free will. In E. Zalta, ed., Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2017 ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/free-will-foreknowledge/.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

The Axiology of Theism
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

The Axiology of Theism
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

The Axiology of Theism
Available formats
×