Element contents
State and Social Protests in China
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 November 2022
Summary
China has witnessed numerous incidents of social protests over the past three decades. Protests create uncertainty for authoritarian governments, and the Chinese government has created, strengthened, and coordinated multiple dispute-resolution institutions to manage social conflicts and protests. Accommodating the aggrieved prevents the accumulation of grievances in society, but concessions require resources. As the frequency and scale of collective action are closely tied to the political opportunity for action, the Chinese government has also contained protest by shaping the political opportunity available to the aggrieved. Cai and Chen show that when the Chinese central government prioritizes social control, as it has under Xi Jinping's leadership, it signals that it will tolerate local governments' use of coercion. The result is an environment that is not conducive to the mobilization of collective action, large-scale occurrences of which have been uncommon in China in recent years.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781108982924Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 08 December 2022
References
Abrahamian, Ervand. 1982. Iran between Two Revolutions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bai, Xi. 2009. Kaiguo da tugai (Land reform during the Founding of a New China). Beijing: The Party History Press.Google Scholar
Balkin, Jack. 2004. “Respect-Worthy: Frank Michelman and the Legitimate Constitution.” Tulsa Law Review 39: 485–509.Google Scholar
Bellin, Eva. 2012. “Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring.” Comparative Political Studies 44 (2): 127–149.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Thomas, and Xiaobo, Lü. 2003. Taxation without Representation in Contemporary China. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bialer, Seweryn. 1986. Stalin’s Successors: Leadership, Stability and Change in the Soviet Union. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Blecher, Marc. 2002. “Hegemony and Workers’ Politics in China.” China Quarterly 170: 283–303.Google Scholar
Bray, David. 2006. “Building ‘Community’: New Strategies of Governance in Urban China.” Economy and Society 35 (4): 530–549.Google Scholar
Buckley, Chris. 2018. “China Gives Communist Party More Control Over Policy and Media.” New York Times, March 21.Google Scholar
Cai, Yongshun. 2008a. “Power Structure and Regime Resilience: Contentious Politics in China.” British Journal of Political Science 38 (3): 411–432.Google Scholar
Cai, Yongshun. 2008b. “Local Governments and the Suppression of Popular Resistance in China.” China Quarterly 193: 24–42.Google Scholar
Cai, Yongshun. 2010. Collective Resistance in China: Why Popular Protests Succeed or Fail. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Cai, Yongshun. 2019. “Information as a Source of Pressure: Local Government and Information Management in China.” Interdisciplinary Political Studies 5 (2): 477–509.Google Scholar
Cai, Yongshun, and Zhou, Titi. 2016. “New Information Communication Technologies and Social Protest in China.” Asian Survey 56 (4): 731–753.Google Scholar
Cai, Yongshun, and Zhou, Titi. 2019. “Online Political Participation in China: Local Government and Differentiated Response.” China Quarterly 238: 331–352.Google Scholar
Calhoun, Craig. 2013. “Occupy Wall Street in Perspective.” British Journal of Sociology 64 (1): 26–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castells, Manuel. 2015. Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Chan, Chris King-Chi, and Ngai, Pun. 2009. “The Making of a New Working Class? A Study of Collective Actions of Migrant Workers in South China.” China Quarterly 198: 287–303.Google Scholar
Chan, Minnie. 2018. “Chinese Military Veterans’ Rally for Better Welfare Ends as Armed Police Move In.” South China Morning Post, June 24.Google Scholar
Chen, An. 2002. “Capitalist Development, Entrepreneurial Class, and Democratization in China.” Political Science Quarterly 117 (3): 401–422.Google Scholar
Chen, An. 2008. “The 1994 Tax Reform and Its Impact on China’s Rural Fiscal Structure.” Modern China 34 (3): 303–343.Google Scholar
Chen, Baifeng. 2013. “Quntixing shefa naofang qiji fazhi” (Law-Related Collective Action and Legal Solutions). Fazhi yu shehui fazhan (Rule of Law and Social Development) 4: 17–28.Google Scholar
Chen, Chih-Jou Jay. 2009. “Growing Social Unrest and Emergent Protest Groups in China.” In Michael Hsiao, Hsin-Huang and Lin (eds.), Cheng-Yi, Rise of China: Beijing’s Strategies and Implications for the Asia-Pacific. London: Routledge, pp. 87–106.Google Scholar
Chen, Chih-Jou Jay. 2020a. “A Protest Society Evaluated: Popular Protests in China, 2000–2019.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 25 (SI): 641–660.Google Scholar
Chen, Chih-Jou Jay. 2020b. “Peasant Protests over Land Seizures in Rural China.” Journal of Peasant Studies 47 (6): 1327–1347.Google Scholar
Chen, Chiu-Jou Jay, and Cai, Yongshun. 2001. “Upward Targeting and Social Protests in China.” Journal of Contemporary China 30 (130): 511–525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Feng. 2008. “Worker Leaders and Framing Factory-Based Resistance.” In Kevin O’Brien (ed.), Popular Protest in China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 88–107.Google Scholar
Chen, Feng, and Kang, Yi. 2016. “Disorganized Popular Contention and Local Institutional Building in China: A Case Study in Guangdong.” Journal of Contemporary China 25 (100): 596–612.Google Scholar
Chen, Jie. 2004. Popular Political Support in Urban China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Chen, Jie, and Chunlong, Lu. 2011. “Democratization and the Middle Class in China: The Middle Class’s Attitudes toward Democracy.” Political Research Quarterly 64 (3): 705–719.Google Scholar
Chen, Xi. 2012. Social Protest and Contentious Authoritarianism in China. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chen, Xi. 2017. “Origins of Informal Coercion in China.” Politics and Society 45 (1): 67–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Ying, and Jay Chen, Chih-Jou. 2021. “The State Owes Us: Social Exclusion and Collective Actions of China’s Bereaved Parents.” Modern China 47 (6): 740–764.Google Scholar
Cheng, Shuwen. 2015. “Guojia xinfangju: jueda duoshu jinjing shangfang bei ju shouli” (Most Petitions Presented to the Central Authority Were Rejected). Nanfang dushi bao (South Metropolis News), September 29.Google Scholar
Chow, Ching-wen. 1960. Ten Years of Storm: The True Story of the Communist Regime in China. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Chung, Jae Ho. 2012. “Managing Political Crises in China.” In Chung, Jae Ho (ed.), China’s Crisis Management. London: Routledge, pp. 25–42.Google Scholar
Cook, Linda. 1993. The Soviet Social Contract and Why It Failed: Welfare Policy and Workers’ Politics from Brezhnev to Yeltsin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Deng, Luwen. 2014. “Ruhe zouchu ‘zhengling buchu zhongnanhai’ de kunjing” (How to Solve the Plight of ‘Central Policies Are Ignored outside Zhongnanhai.’” Chinese Business News Daily, June 28.Google Scholar
Xiaoping, Deng. 1993. Deng Xiaoping Wenxuan (A Collection of Deng Xiaoping’s Works). Beijing: The People’s Press.Google Scholar
Deng, Yanhua, and O’Brien, Kevin. 2013. “Relational Repression in China: Using Social Ties to Demobilize Protesters.” China Quarterly 215: 533–552.Google Scholar
Deng, Yanhua, and O’Brien, Kevin. 2014. “Societies of Senior Citizens and Popular Protest in Rural Zhejiang.” China Journal 71: 172–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deng, Yanhua, and Yang, Guobin. 2013. “Pollution and Protest in China: Environmental Mobilization in Context.” China Quarterly 214: 321–336Google Scholar
Diamant, Neil. 2009. Embattled Glory: Veterans, Military Families, and the Politics of Patriotism in China, 1949–2007. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Dickson, Bruce. 2016. The Dictator’s Dilemma: The Chinese Communist Party’s Strategy for Survival. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Earl, Jennifer, Martin, Andrew, McCarthy, John, and Soule, Sarah. 2004. “The Use of Newspaper Data in the Study of Collective Action.” Annual Review of Sociology 30: 65–80.Google Scholar
Edin, Maria. 2003. “State Capacity and Local Agent Control in China: CCP Cadre Management from a Township Perspective.” China Quarterly 173: 35–52.Google Scholar
The Editorial Committee of Siping Gazette. 2016. Siping Yearbook. Changchun: Jilin Literature and History Press.Google Scholar
The Editorial Group of Red Flag Press. 2005. Goujian shehuizhuyi hexie shehui dacankao (Reference on the Building of a Socialist Harmonious Society). Beijing: Red Flag Press.Google Scholar
Ekiert, Grzegorz. 1996. The State against Society: Political Crises and Their Aftermath in East Central Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Elfstrom, Manfred. 2019. “Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: Chinese State Reactions to Labour Unrest.” The China Quarterly 240: 855–879.Google Scholar
Elfstrom, Manfred. 2021. Workers and Change in China: Resistance, Repression, Responsiveness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Erickson, Amanda. 2018. “‘Here They Come Again’: Chinese Police Arrest Dissident Professor during On-Air Interview.” Washington Post, August 3.Google Scholar
Feng, Emily. 2018. “Security Spending Ramped up in China’s Restive Xinjiang Region.” Financial Times, March 13.Google Scholar
Franceschini, Ivan, and Nesossi, Elisa. 2018. “State Repression of Chinese Labor NGOs: A Chilling Effect?” China Journal 80: 111–129.Google Scholar
French, Howard. 2005. “20 Reported Killed as Chinese Unrest Escalates.” New York Times, December 9.Google Scholar
Fu, Diana. 2017. “Fragmented Control: Governing Contentious Labor Organizations in China.” Governance 30: 445–462.Google Scholar
Fu, Diana. 2018. Mobilizing without the Masses: Control and Contention in China. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fu, Hualing, and Cullen, Richard. 2008. “Weiquan (Rights Protection) Lawyering in an Authoritarian State: Building a Culture of Public-Interest Lawyering.” China Journal 59: 111–127.Google Scholar
Gan, Nector. 2015. “Isolated, Tortured and Mentally Scarred … The Plight of China’s Persecuted Human Rights Lawyers.” South China Morning Post, July 13.Google Scholar
Geddes, Barbara. 1999. “What Do We Know about Democratization after Twenty Years?” Annual Review of Political Science 2: 115–144.Google Scholar
Geddes, Barbara, Wright, Joseph, and Frantz, Erica. 2018. How Dictatorships Work: Power, Personalization, and Collapse. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Göbel, Christian. 2021. “The Political Logic of Protest Repression in China.” Journal of Contemporary China 30 (128): 169–185Google Scholar
Göbel, Christian, and Steinhardt, Christoph. 2019. “Better Coverage, Less Bias: Using Social Media to Measure Protest in Authoritarian Regimes,” Department of East Asian Studies, University of Vienna.Google Scholar
Goldstone, Jack, and Tilly, Charles. 2001. “Threat (and Opportunity): Popular Action and State Response in the Dynamics of Contentious Action.” In Aminzade, Ronald et al. (eds.), Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 179–194.Google Scholar
Gong, Shengsheng, and Tao, Zhang. 2013. “Zhongguo ‘aizhengcun’ shikong fenbu bianqian” (Research on the Change in the Distribution of Cancer Villages across Time and Space in China). China Population, Resource and Environment 9: 156–164.Google Scholar
Graham-Harrison. 2014. “I’m Still Nervous,’ Says Soldier Who Shot Nicolae Ceausescu.” The Guardian, December 7.Google Scholar
Guo, Xiaolin. 2001. “Land Expropriation and Rural Conflicts in China.” China Quarterly 166: 422–439.Google Scholar
Hernández, Javier. 2018. “Young Activists Go Missing in China, Raising Fears of Crackdown.” New York Times, November 11.Google Scholar
Hess, Steve. 2013. Authoritarian Landscapes: Popular Mobilization and the Institutional Sources of Resilience in Nondemocracies. Boston: Springer.Google Scholar
Heurlin, Christopher. 2017. Responsive Authoritarianism: Land, Protests and Policymaking. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hollyer, James, Rosendorff, Peter, and Vreeland, James Raymond. 2015. “Transparency, Protest, and Autocratic Instability.” American Political Science Review 109 (4): 764–784.Google Scholar
Hu, Jieren. 2011. “Grand Mediation in China: Mechanism and Application.” Asian Survey 51 (6): 1063–1089.Google Scholar
Huang, Haifeng, Baronbay, Serra, and Huang, Ling. 2019. “Media, Protest Diffusion, and Authoritarian Resilience.” Political Science Research and Methods 7 (1): 23–42.Google Scholar
Huang, Ronggui, and Yip, Ngai-ming. 2012. “Internet and Activism in Urban China: A Case Study of Protests in Xiamen and Panyu.” Journal of Comparative Asian Development 11 (2): 201–223.Google Scholar
Hurst, William. 2009. The Chinese Worker after Socialism. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hurst, William, and O’Brien, Kevin. 2002. “China’s Contentious Pensioners.” China Quarterly 170: 345–360.Google Scholar
Hyun, Ki Deuk, and Kim, Jinhee. 2015. “The Role of New Media in Sustaining the Status Quo: Online Political Expression, Nationalism, and System Support in China.” Information, Communication & Society 18 (7): 1–16.Google Scholar
Ieong, Meng U. 2016. “The Development of Grand Mediation and Its Implications for China’s Regime Resilience: The Li Qin Mediation Office.” China Review 16 (1): 95–119.Google Scholar
King, Gary, Pan, Jennifer, and Roberts, Margaret. 2013. “How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression.” American Political Science Review 107 (2): 1–18.Google Scholar
Kuang, Xianwen, and Gobel, Christian. 2013. “Sustaining Collective Action in Urbanizing China.” China Quarterly 216: 850–871Google Scholar
Kuo, Lily. 2018. “50 Student Activists Missing in China after Police Raid.” The Guardian, August 24.Google Scholar
Kuran, Timur. 1991. “Now out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989.” World Politics 44: 7–48.Google Scholar
Kurzman, Charles. 1996. “Structural Opportunity and Perceived Opportunity in Social-Movement Theory: The Iranian Revolution of 1979.” American Sociological Review 61 (1): 153–170.Google Scholar
Lee, Ching Kwan. 2007. Against the Law: Labor Protests in China’s Rustbelt and Sunbelt. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Ching Kwan, and Zhang, Yonghong. 2013. “The Power of Instability: Unraveling the Microfoundations of Bargained Authoritarianism in China.” American Journal of Sociology 118 (6): 1475–1508.Google Scholar
Lei, Ya-Wen. 2017. The Contentious Public Sphere: Law, Media, and Authoritarian Rule in China. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Way, Lucan. 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Li, Lianjiang, Liu, Mingxing, and O’Brien, Kevin. 2012. “Petitioning Beijing: The High Tide of 2003–2006.” China Quarterly 210: 313–334.Google Scholar
Li, Lianjing and O’Brien, Kevin. 2008. “Protest Leadership in Rural China.” China Quarterly 193: 1–23.Google Scholar
Li, Yao. 2019. Playing by the Informal Rules: Why the Chinese Regime Remains Stable Despite Rising Protests. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Li, Yaoning. 2018. “Yi nüzi duoci feifa shangfang fan xunxin zishi zui zhong
huoxing” (A woman was Convicted of Causing Disruption because of Illegal Petitions). http://sxxyzy.chinacourt.org/article/detail/2018/02/id/3207274.shtml.Google Scholar
Li, Yukun. 2019. “Zhao Kezhi: fangfan diyu ‘yanse geming’” (Preventing and Resisting “Color Revolution”). Xin jingbao (New Beijing Post), January 18.Google Scholar
Liang, Yucheng, and Haidong, Zhang. 2016. “Report on the Investigation of the Middle-Level Stratum in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou.” In Peilin, Li, Guangjin, Chen, and Zhang, Yi (eds.), Blue Book of Chinese Society 2016. Beijing: Social Science Academic Press, pp. 189–218.Google Scholar
Lichbach, Mark. 1987. “The Puzzle of Aggregate Studies of Repression and Dissent.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 31 (2): 266–297.Google Scholar
Lieberthal, Kenneth, and Oksenberg, Michel. 1988. Policy Making in China: Leaders, Structures, and Processes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Liu, Jun. 2013. “Mobile Communication, Popular Protests, and Citizenship in China.” Modern Asian Studies 47 (3): 995–1018.Google Scholar
Liu, Sida, and Halliday, Terence. 2016. Criminal Defense in China: The Politics of Lawyers at Work. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Liu, Yizhan. 2017. “Quanguo yi shixian shequ he jiedao renmin tiaojie weiyuanhui quan fugai” (The Mediation Committee Has Been Established across Residential Communities and Streets in the Country). Sina. http://news.sina.com.cn/sf/news/fzrd/2017-06-28/doc-ifyhmtcf3011530.shtml.Google Scholar
Lohmann, Susanne. 1994. “The Dynamics of Informational Cascades: The Monday Demonstrations in Leipzig, East Germany, 1989–91.” World Politics 47 (1): 42–101.Google Scholar
Lorentzen, Peter. 2013. “Regularizing Rioting: Permitting Public Protest in an Authoritarian Regime.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 8 (2): 127–158.Google Scholar
Lu, Yao, and Tao, Ran. 2017. “Organizational Structure and Collective Action: Lineage Networks, Semiautonomous Associations, and Collective Resistance in Rural China.” American Journal of Sociology 122 (6): 1726–1774.Google Scholar
Lu, Zongshu and Xuan, Qing. 2011. “Shangfangzhe tan yu zongli duihua xijie” (Petitioners Talked about the Details about Their Meeting with the Premier). Southern Weekend, January 28.Google Scholar
Luo, Qiangqiang, and Andreas, Joel. 2016. “Using Religion to Resist Rural Dispossession: A Case Study of a Hui Muslim Community in Northwest China.” China Quarterly 226: 477–498.Google Scholar
Luo, Ruiqing. 1994. Lun renmin gong’an gongzuo (On the People’s Public Security). Beijing: The Masses Press.Google Scholar
Mai, Jun. 2019. “Chinese City Calls in Riot Police as Angry Investors Protest Outside P2P Lender’s Headquarters.” South China Morning Post, April 7.Google Scholar
McAdam, Doug. 1999. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency 1930–1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McAdam, Doug, and Scott, Richard. 2005. “Organizations and Movements.” In Davis, Gerald, McAdam, Doug, Scott, Richard, and Zald, Mayer (eds.), Social Movements and Organization Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 4–40.Google Scholar
The Ministry of Education. 1989. Jingxin dongpo de 56 Tian (The Soul-Stirring 56 Days). Beijing: Land Press.Google Scholar
Myers, Steven Lee. 2020. “China Spins Tale That the U.S. Army Started the Coronavirus Epidemic.” New York Times, March 17.Google Scholar
O’Brien, Kevin, and Diamant, Neil. 2015. “Contentious Veterans: China’s Retired Officers Speak Out.” Armed Forces & Society 41 (3): 563–581.Google Scholar
O’Brien, Kevin, and Li, Lianjiang. 2007. Rightful Resistance in Rural China. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Oberschall, Anthony. 1973. Social Conflict and Social Movements. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Oi, Jean. 1989. State and Peasant in Contemporary China: The Political Economy of Village Government. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ong, Lynette. 2018. “‘Thugs-for-Hire’: Subcontracting of State Coercion and State Capacity in China.” China Journal 16 (3): 680–695.Google Scholar
Peng, Bing and Shuang, Guan. 2011. “Jilin sheng 3 nian jiejue xinfang wenti 5 wan yu jian” (Jilin Province Solved 50,000 Cases within Three Years). Workers Daily, June 20.Google Scholar
Perry, Elizabeth. 2020. “Educated Acquiescence: How Academia Sustains Authoritarianism in China.” Theory and Society 49: 1–22.Google Scholar
People’s Daily. 2018. “Wangshang shouli xinfang zhidu shixing 5 nian lai wangshang xinfang liang zhan bi guoban” (Online Petitions Have Accounted for More Than Half of People’s Petitions since the Online Petition System Was Established Five Years Ago). People’s Daily, July 27. http://sc.people.com.cn/BIG5/n2/2018/0727/c345167-31865108.html.Google Scholar
People’s Liberation Army Daily. 2016. “Tuijin jundui wangluo yulun gongzuo chuangxin fazhan” (Strengthening the Management of Online Public Opinion of the Military). Jiefangjun bao (People’s Liberation Army Daily), June 26.Google Scholar
The Police Bureau of Shenzhen. 2006. “Xinshiqi yufang he chuzhi quntixing shijian de shijian yu sikao” (The Practice and Thoughts in Preventing and Managing the Mass Incidents in the New Era). Gong’an Yanjiu (Policing Studies) (10): 19–23.Google Scholar
Pun, Ngai. 2007. “Gendering the Dormitory Labor System: Production, Reproduction, and Migrant Labor in South China.” Feminist Economics 13 (3–4): 239–258.Google Scholar
Read, Benjamin L. 2000. “Revitalizing the State’s Urban ‘Nerve Tips.’” China Quarterly 163: 806–820.Google Scholar
Read, Benjamin L. 2012. Roots of the State: Neighborhood Organization and Social Networks in Beijing and Taipei. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, James. 1976. The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, James. 1989. “Everyday Forms of Resistance.” In Forrest Colburn (ed.), Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, pp. 3–33.Google Scholar
Sheng, Zhiming. 2019. Cong xiaoqu dao shequ: Chengshi yezhu xingdong jiqi jieguo (From Residential Community to Neighborhood Community: Homeowners’ Action and Outcomes). Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Press.Google Scholar
Shi, Fayong, and Cai, Yongshun. 2006. “Disaggregating the State: Networks and Collective Action in Shanghai.” China Quarterly 186: 314–332.Google Scholar
Shi, Jingtao. 2005. “Exodus Forced by Dam Under Way.” South China Morning Post, December 13.Google Scholar
Shi, Tianjian. 1997. Political Participation in Beijing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Shirky, Clay. 2011. “The Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere, and Political Change.” Foreign Affairs 90 (1): 28–41.Google Scholar
The Statistical Bureau. 2010. China Compendium of Statistics 1949–2008. Beijing: China Statistics Press.Google Scholar
Su, Yang, and Xin, He. 2010. “Street as Courtroom: State Accommodation of Labor Protest in South China.” Law & Society Review 44 (1): 157–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svolik, Milan. 2012. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tang, Beibei. 2020. “Grid Governance in China’s Urban Middle-Class Neighborhoods.” China Quarterly 241: 43–61.Google Scholar
Tang, Wenfang. 2005. Public Opinion and Political Trust in China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Teiwes, Frederick. 1987. “Establishment and Consolidation of the New Regime.” In Twitchett, Denis and Fairbank, John (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, vol. 14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 51–121.Google Scholar
Teiwes, Frederick, and Sun, Warren. 2004. “The First Tiananmen Incident Revisited: Elite Politics and Crisis Management at the End of the Maoist Era.” Pacific Affairs 77 (2): 211–235.Google Scholar
Tomba, Luigi. 2015. The Government Next Door: Neighborhood Politics in Urban China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Tong, James. 2009. Revenge of the Forbidden City: The Suppression of the Falungong in China, 1999–2008. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tu, Chonghang, and Xu, Oulu. 2013. “Wangluo yuqing fenxishi cheng guanfang renke zhiye, congye zhe da 200 wan” (Analysts of Online Public Opinion Are Accepted by the Government, and the Number Reaches Two Million). Xin jingbao (New Beijing Post), October 13.Google Scholar
Walder, Andrew. 1986. Communist Neo-Traditionalism: Work and Authority in Chinese Industry. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Walder, Andrew. 2009. “Unruly Stability: Why China’s Regime Has Staying Power.” Current History 108: 257–263.Google Scholar
Wang, Juan. 2012. “Shifting Boundaries between the State and Society: Village Cadres as New Activists in Collective Petitioning.” China Quarterly 211: 697–717.Google Scholar
Wang, Juan 2015. “Managing Social Stability: The Perspective of a Local Government in China.” Journal of East Asian Studies 15 (1): 1–25.Google Scholar
Wang, Shaoguang. 1995. Failure of Charisma: The Cultural Revolution in Wuhan. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wang, Yuhua, and Minzner, Carl. 2015. “The Rise of the Chinese Security State.” China Quarterly 222: 339–359.Google Scholar
Washington Post Editorial Board. 2018. “A Professor Dared Tell the Truth in China – And Was Fired.” Washington Post, August 23.Google Scholar
Weaver, Kent. 1986. “The Politics of Blame Avoidance.” Journal of Public Policies 6 (4): 371–398.Google Scholar
Whiting, Susan. 2004. “The Cadre Evaluation System at the Grass Roots: The Paradox of Party Rule.” In Naughton, Barry and Yang, Dali (ed.), Holding China Together: Diversity and National Integration in the Post-Deng Era. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 101–119.Google Scholar
Whyte, Martin. 2010. Myth of the Social Volcano: Perceptions of Inequality and Distributive Injustice in Contemporary China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Wintrobe, Ronald. 1998. The Political Economy of Dictatorship. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wong, Linda, and Poon, Bernard. 2005. “From Serving Neighbors to Recontrolling Urban Society: The Transformation of China’s Community Policy.” China Information 19 (3): 413–442.Google Scholar
Wright, Teresa. 2010. Accepting Authoritarianism: State-society Relations in China’s Reform Era. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Xia, Ying. 2019. “The Dual Logic of the Petition System and the ‘Non-Administrative Petitions’: The Case of Repeated Collective Petitions in City A.” Zhengzhi Xue Yanjiu (Political Research) 4: 102–128.Google Scholar
Xie, Lei, and Hein-Anton, van der Heijden. 2010. “Environmental Movements and Political Opportunities: The Case of China.” Social Movement Studies 9 (1): 51–68.Google Scholar
Yan, Alice. 2018. “Violent Veterans Rally in China Leads to 10 Arrests.” South China Morning Post, December 10.Google Scholar
Yan, Fameng. 2018. “Zuigao fayuan: zai fei xinfang changsuo tichu xinfang shixiang, bushuyu yifa weiquan” (The Supreme Court: Petitioning in Wrong Places Is Not Lawful), www.sohu.com/a/253470854_260282.Google Scholar
Yan, Xiaojun. 2016. “Patrolling Harmony: Pre-Emptive Authoritarianism and the Preservation of Stability in W County.” Journal of Contemporary China 25 (99): 406–421.Google Scholar
Yang, Zheyu. 2012. “Xi Jinping liangxiang: Zeren, tiaozhan, yu jingxing” (Xi Jinping’s Debut: Responsibility, Challenges, and Vigilance,” https://opinion.caixin.com/2012-11-15/100461134.html.Google Scholar
Ying, Shusheng. 2011. “Dayuejin’ qianhou de shehui kongzhi” (Social Control before and after the Great Leap Forward). Yanhuang chunqiu (China through the Ages) 4: 8–12.Google Scholar
Zhang, Han. 2015. “Party Building in Urban Business Districts: Organizational Adaptation of the Chinese Communist Party.” Journal of Contemporary China 24 (94): 644–664.Google Scholar
Zhang, Han, and Pan, Jennifer. 2019. “CASM: A Deep-Learning Approach for Identifying Collective Action Events with Text and Image Data from Social Media.” Sociological Methodology 49 (1): 1–57.Google Scholar
Zhang, Liang, and Link, Perry (eds.). 2001. The Tiananmen Papers. New York: Public Affairs.Google Scholar
Zhang, Phoebe. 2019. “Chinese Parents Clash with Police as They Demand Answers over Children’s Vaccine Scandal.” South China Morning Post, January 11.Google Scholar
Zhang, Wu. 2015. “Leadership, Organization and Moral Authority: Explaining Peasant Militancy in Contemporary China.” China Journal 73: 59–83.Google Scholar
Zhou, Xueguang, and Yun, Ai. 2016 “Bases of Governance and Forms of Resistance: The Case of Rural China.” In Courpasson, David and Vallas, Steven (eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Resistance. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, p, pp. 443–460.Google Scholar
Zweig, David. 2000. “The ‘Externalities of Development’: Can New Political Institutions Manage Rural Conflict?” In Perry, Elizabeth and Selden, Mark (eds.), Chinese Society: Change, Conflict and Resistance. London: Routledge, pp. 120–142.Google Scholar