Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T15:11:32.752Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Publishing against Apartheid South Africa

A Case Study of Ravan Press

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 December 2020

Elizabeth le Roux
Affiliation:
University of Pretoria

Summary

In many parts of the world, oppositional publishing has emerged in contexts of state oppression. In South Africa, censorship laws were enacted in the 1960s, and the next decade saw increased pressure on freedom of speech and publishing. With growing restrictions on information, activist publishing emerged. These highly politicised publishers had a social responsibility, to contribute to social change. In spite of their cultural, political and social importance, no academic study of their history has yet been undertaken. This Element aims to fill that gap by examining the history of the most vocal and arguably the most radical of this group, Ravan Press. Using archival material, interviews and the books themselves, this Element examines what the history of Ravan reveals about the role of oppositional print culture.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781108642736
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 07 January 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Bibliography

Primary Sources

Ravan Press collection, 1998.8. NELM (Amazwi) Archives, Grahamstown/Makhanda, South Africa.Google Scholar
Ravan Press collection, Pan Macmillan Archives, Johannesburg, South Africa. (Uncatalogued)Google Scholar

Secondary Sources

Africa Legal Assistance Project. (1974). Interim Report. Washington, DC: ALAP.Google Scholar
Albert, Michael. (2008). Interview: Alternative publishing and its problems. ZNet, 18 February.Google Scholar
Alvarez-Pereyre, Jacques. (1984). The Poetry of Commitment in South Africa. Johannesburg: Heinemann.Google Scholar
American Library Association. (1980). Alternatives in Print. New York: Neal-Schuman.Google Scholar
Barnett, Ursula. (1983). A Vision of Order. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Benjamin, Walter. (1973). The storyteller. In Polletta, Gregory, ed., Issues in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.Google Scholar
Booth-Yudelman, Gillian. (1997). South African political prison-literature between 1948 and 1990. Diss., Unisa.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. (1985). The Market of Symbolic Goods. Poetics 14(1/2): 1344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozzoli, Belinda. (1983). Town and Countryside in the Transvaal. History Workshop 2 (Wits University).Google Scholar
Bozzoli, Belinda. (1990). Intellectuals, Audiences and Histories. Radical History Review, 4647: 237–63.Google Scholar
Breckenridge, Keith. (2015). Hopeless Entanglement: The Short History of the Academic Humanities in South Africa. American Historical Review, 120(4): 1253–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brummer, William. (1990). Violence Processing: Fighting Words and South Africa. Processed World, 25 (Fall).Google Scholar
Bryer, Lynne. (1982). Publishing in the wake of Soweto. The Bookseller, 15 July: 129.Google Scholar
Callinicos, Luli. (1990). Popular History in the Eighties. Radical History Review, 46(7): 285–97.Google Scholar
Chapman, Michael. (1981). South Africa: The Year That Was. Kunapipi, 3(1).Google Scholar
Chapman, Michael. (1982). South Africa: The Year That Was. Kunapipi, 4(1).Google Scholar
Chisholm, Linda. (2013). The Textbook Saga and Corruption in Education. Southern African Review of Education 19(1): 722.Google Scholar
Cloete, Dick. (2000). Alternative Publishing in South Africa in the 1970s and 1980s. In Evans, Nicholas & Seeber, Monica (eds), The Politics of Publishing in South Africa. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.Google Scholar
Connor, Bernard. (1986). Remembering the Freedom Charter. Grace & Truth, 3: 112.Google Scholar
Davis, Geoffrey. (2003). Voices of Justice and Reason. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
De Lange, Margreet. (1997). The Muzzled Muse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
De Waal, Shaun. (1996). Ravan will NOT close. Mail & Guardian, 8 November.Google Scholar
Douyère, David & Pinhas, Luc. (2008). L’accès à la parole: la publication politique des éditeurs indépendants. Communication & langages, 156 (June): 7589.Google Scholar
Downing, John. (1984). The Political Experience of Alternative Communication. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar
Downing, John. (2001). Radical Media: Rebellious Communication and Social Movements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Driver, Dorothy. (1987). Appendix II: South Africa. Journal of Commonwealth Literature: 170–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/002198948802300211Google Scholar
Driver, Dorothy. (1989/90). Appendix II: South Africa. Journal of Commonwealth Literature: 168213. https://doi.org/10.1177/002198948802300211Google Scholar
Dubow, Saul. (2014). Apartheid 1948–1994. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Efrat, Z. (1996). New ownership scramble. Natal Witness, 27 November: 8.Google Scholar
Egan, Anthony. (1990). Perspectives of the future. The Cape Argus, 26 February.Google Scholar
Enzensberger, Hans. (1976). Raids and Reconstructions: Essays on Politics, Crime and Culture. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Essery, Isabel. (2005). The impact of politics on indigenous independent publishers from 1970–2004. Diss., Oxford Brookes University.Google Scholar
Frederikse, Julie. (2015). Author’s reflections: Southern African mashups. Online: www.saha.org.za/nonracialism/authors_reflections_september_2015.htmGoogle Scholar
Gqola, Pumla Dineo. (2001). In Search of Female Staffriders: Authority, Gender and Audience, 1978–1982, Current Writing 13(2): 3141.Google Scholar
Gray, Stephen. (1980). Southern Africa: The Year That Was. Kunapipi, 2(1).Google Scholar
Greyling, L.-M. (2003). Redefining the dialogue of criticism. MA Diss., University of Pretoria.Google Scholar
Gwala, Mafika. (1984). Writing as a Cultural Weapon. In Daymond, M.J., Jacobs, J.U. & Lenta, Margaret (eds). Momentum: On Recent South African Writing. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 3753.Google Scholar
Hacksley, Malcolm. (2007). An Oppositional Publisher under a Repressive Regime. Paper presented at A World Elsewhere conference, Cape Town.Google Scholar
Hadfield, Leslie Anne. (2016). Liberation and Development. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, Stuart. (1973/1980). Encoding/Decoding. In Hall, Stuart, Hobson, Dorothy, Lowe, Andrew & Willis, Paul (eds). Culture, Media, Language. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Hayes, Graham. (2016). Chabani Manganyi: Black intellectual and psychologist. Psychology in Society, 52, 73-9.Google Scholar
Hill, Shannen. (2015). The Iconography of Black Consciousness: Biko’s Ghost. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Hofmeyr, Isabel. (1992). Review. Weekly Mail, October 30 to November 5.Google Scholar
Horn, Peter. (1994). Writing My Reading: Essays on Literary Politics in South Africa. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Hotz, Paul. (1991). Publishers’ problems bad news for writers. The Daily News, 26 September: 22.Google Scholar
International Commission of Jurists. (1975). The Trial of Beyers Naudé. London: Search Press.Google Scholar
Ireland, Philippa. (2013). Laying the Foundations: New Beacon Books, Bogle L’Ouverture Press and the Politics of Black British Publishing. E-rea 11(1).Google Scholar
Isaacson, Maureen. (1996). A quirky, subversive voice in local literature. Saturday Star, 1 June.Google Scholar
Kannemeyer, J.C. (2012). J.M. Coetzee, A Life in Writing. London: Scribe.Google Scholar
Kantey, Mike. (1990). Foreword: Publishing in South Africa. In Africa Bibliography 1989. London: International African Institute.Google Scholar
Kantey, Mike. (1992). The provision of textbooks in South Africa. National Education Policy Investigation working paper.Google Scholar
Keaney, Matthew. (2010). From the Sophiatown Shebeens to the Streets of Soweto on the pages of Drum, The Classic, New Classic, and Staffrider. Diss., George Mason University.Google Scholar
Kellner, Clive & Gonzalez, Sergio-Albio, eds. (2009). Thami Mnyele + Medu. Johannesburg: Jacana.Google Scholar
Khan, Shafa. (1989). Who reads what’s written to be watched? Weekly Mail, 23–30 March.Google Scholar
Khoapa, Bennie. (1973). Black Review. Durban: Spro-cas Black Community Programme.Google Scholar
Kirkwood, Mike. (1976). The Colonizer: A Critique of the English South African Cultural Theory. In Poetry South Africa. Johannesburg: Ad Donker.Google Scholar
Kirkwood, Mike. (1979). Banning of Book Angers Africans. The Argus, 14 November.Google Scholar
Kirkwood, Mike. (1980). Staffrider: An informal discussion. English in Africa 7(2).Google Scholar
Kirkwood, Mike. (1983). Reflections on PEN. Sesame, 3 (Summer): 22–6.Google Scholar
Kirkwood, Mike. (1987). Literature and Popular Culture in South Africa. Third World Quarterly 9(2).Google Scholar
Kleinschmidt, Horst. (2013). Roots and journeys linking the Christian Institute and wider community to the re-ignition of resistance to apartheid in the early 70’s. Unpublished document.Google Scholar
Kleyn, Leti & Marais, Johann Lodewyk. (2009). Wopko Jensma en die sensuurwetgewing van die jare sewentig. Tydskrif vir Nederlands en Afrikaans 16(20): 3752.Google Scholar
Kunene, Daniel. (1981). Ideas under Arrest: Censorship in South Africa. Research in African Literatures 12(4).Google Scholar
Le Roux, Elizabeth. (2018). Miriam Tlali and Ravan Press: Politics and Power in Literary Publishing during the Apartheid Period. Journal of Southern African Studies, 44(3): 431–44.Google Scholar
Lewis, Simon. (2000). Review of Ravan Twenty-Five Years, H-Net.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, Craig. (1990). Njabulo Ndebele and the Challenge of the New. Language Projects Review 5(3).Google Scholar
Matshoba, Mtutuzeli. (1981). Disbandment of PEN. Staffrider 4(1).Google Scholar
Matteau, Rachel. (2007). The readership for banned literature and its underground networks in apartheid South Africa. Innovation 35(1).Google Scholar
Maués, Flamarion. (2014). Livros, editoras e oposição à ditadura. Estudos avançados 28(80): 91104.Google Scholar
McClintock, Anne. (1987). Azikwelwa: Politics and Value in Black South African Poetry. Critical Inquiry 13 (Spring): 597623.Google Scholar
McDonald, Peter. (2009). The Literature Police. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McGuinness, Patrick. (2015). Poetry and Radical Politics in Fin de Siècle France. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, Robert. (1996). Oppositional Aesthetics/Oppositional Ideologies: A Brief Cultural History of Alternative Publishing in the United States. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction 37(3).Google Scholar
McMillian, John. (2011). Smoking Typewriters: The Sixties Underground Press and the Rise of Alternative Media in America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Medeiros, Nuno. (2015). Action, Reaction and Protest by Publishers in 1960s Portugal. Politics, Religion & Ideology, 16(2–3).Google Scholar
Mitchell, James. (1992). Top of the list in the publishing stakes. The Star, 12 August.Google Scholar
Mofokeng, Boitumelo. (1989). Where Are the Women? Ten Years of Staffrider. Current Writing 1(1): 41–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morphet, Tony. (1978). Introduction. In Turner, R., ed., The Eye of the Needle. Johannesburg: Ravan.Google Scholar
Morphet, Tony. (1996). Ravan: Child of a special time. Mail & Guardian, 1–7 November.Google Scholar
Moss, Glenn. (1993a). Educational Publishing in South Africa. African Publishing Review.Google Scholar
Moss, Glenn. (1993b). The Life and Changing Times of an Independent Publisher in South Africa. Logos 4(3).Google Scholar
Moss, Glenn. (1994). The Life and Times of Ravan. African Publishing Review (May/June).Google Scholar
Moss, Glenn. (1997). Ringing the Changes: Twenty-Five Years of Ravan Press. In de Villiers, Gerald, ed., Ravan Twenty-five Years. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.Google Scholar
Mpe, Phaswane & Seeber, Monica. (2000). The Politics of Book Publishing in South Africa. In Evans, Nicholas & Seeber, Monica, eds., The Politics of Publishing in South Africa. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.Google Scholar
Mtshali, Oswald. (1980). Ravan: Pressing for change … . Tribune, 19 August.Google Scholar
Mzamane, Mbulelo, ed. (1986). Hungry Flames and Other Black South African Short Stories. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
Mzamane, Mbulelo, (1991). The Impact of Black Consciousness on Culture. In Pityana, N.B., Ramphele, M., Mpumlwana, M. & Wilson, L., eds., Bounds of Possibility: The Legacy of Steve Biko and Black Consciousness. London: Zed.Google Scholar
Ndebele, Njabulo. (1983). Life-Sustaining Poetry of a Fghting People. Staffrider 5(3): 44–5.Google Scholar
Ndebele, Njabulo. (1989). The Writers’ Movement in South Africa. Research in African Literatures, 20(3): 412–21.Google Scholar
Nicol, Mike. (1975). Ravan flies out of the red. To the Point, 8 August.Google Scholar
Nicol, Mike. (2009). A chat with Wessel Ebersohn. CrimeBeat. http://crimebeat.bookslive.co.za/blog/2009/08/25/a-chat-with-wessel-ebersohn/Google Scholar
Nkosi, Lewis. (1994). Constructing the ‘Cross-Border’ Reader. In Boehmer, E., Chrisman, L. & Parker, K., eds., Altered State? Writing and South Africa. Aarhus: Dangaroo Press, 4546.Google Scholar
O’Toole, Sean. (2017). Uncommon Criticism: Reading Ivan Vladislavić’s Collected Work as Art Criticism. Journal of Commonwealth Literature, 52(1): 1126.Google Scholar
Oliphant, Andries. (1990). Staffrider Magazine and Popular History. Radical History Review 46/47.Google Scholar
Oliphant, Andries. (1991). South African Publishers, Social Transformation and the Democratisation of Communication. Communicatio 17(1).Google Scholar
Oliphant, Andries. (1998). Celebrating Nadine Gordimer. New York: Viking.Google Scholar
Oliphant, Andries. (2000). From Colonialism to Democracy: Writers and Publishing in South Africa. In de Villiers, Gerald, ed. The Politics of Publishing in South Africa. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.Google Scholar
Oliphant, Andries. (2001). Forums and Forces. In Petersen, Kirsten Holst & Rutherford, Anna, eds. On Shifting Sands. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Omond, Roger. (1985). Battle of the books. The Guardian, 17 May.Google Scholar
Penfold, Thomas. (2013). Black Consciousness and the Politics of Writing the Nation in South Africa. Diss., University of Birmingham.Google Scholar
Philip, David. (1991). Book Publishing Under and After Apartheid. In Book Publishing in South Africa for the 1990s. Cape Town: National Library of South Africa.Google Scholar
Povey, John. (1985). Review. African Book Publishing Record, 11(2).Google Scholar
Powell, Rose. (1980). Writing Is Part of the Struggle. Index on Censorship 9(6): 10.Google Scholar
Prabhakaran, S. (1998). Crisis hits educational publishers. Mail & Guardian, 17–23 April.Google Scholar
Pretorius, William. (1994). Local publishers in flux. Mail & Guardian, 27 May–2 June: 38.Google Scholar
Randall, Peter. (1970). Anatomy of Apartheid. Johannesburg: Spro-cas.Google Scholar
Randall, Peter. (1973a). A Taste of Power. Johannesburg: Spro-cas.Google Scholar
Randall, Peter. (1973b). Spro-Cas: Motivations and Assumptions. Pro Veritate, 5.Google Scholar
Randall, Peter. (1974). Spro-Cas: Some Publishing Problems. Africa Today 21(2): 7578.Google Scholar
Randall, Peter. (1975). Minority Publishing in South Africa. African Book Publishing Record 1(3): 219–22.Google Scholar
Randall, Peter. (1976). The Banning of Confused Mhlaba. Index on Censorship 5(4): 69.Google Scholar
Randall, Peter. (1997). The Beginnings of Ravan Press: A Memoir. In de Villiers, G.E., ed. Ravan Twenty-Five Years. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.Google Scholar
Rantete, Johannes. (1985). ‘The Third Day of September’. Index on Censorship 14(3): 3742.Google Scholar
Rich, Paul. (1993). Hope and Despair: English-Speaking Intellectuals and South African Politics, 1896–1976. London: British Academic Press.Google Scholar
Rive, Richard. (1979/2002). Interview. In Lindfors, Bernth, ed. Africa Talks Back. Trenton, NJ: African World Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, Ronald Suresh. (2005). No Cold Kitchen. Johannesburg: STE Publishers.Google Scholar
Schiffrin, André. (2001). The Business of Books. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Schreiber, Rachael, ed. (2013). Modern Print Activism in the United States. Abingdon: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Pat. (1981). Ravan: Letting the cats out of the bag. Rand Daily Mail, 13 November: 11.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Pat. (1984). Books putting black views into words. The Star.Google Scholar
Schweitzer, Janina. (2008). The Marketing Strategies and the Generation of Publishing Plans in Spanish Publishing Houses with a View to the Censorship and Economic Policy Employed during Francoism (1939–1975). Alles Buch, XXVII.Google Scholar
Seeber, Monica. (1996). An Appeal by Ravan Press. African Book Publishing Record 22(3).Google Scholar
Segal, Aaron. (1985). Review. African Book Publishing Record 11.Google Scholar
Sepamla, Sipho. (1976). The Black Writer in South Africa Today: Problems and Dilemmas. New Classic 3.Google Scholar
Sepamla, Sipho. (1980). A Note on New Classic and S’Ketsh. English in Africa, 7(2).Google Scholar
Seroke, Jaki. (1984). The Voice of the Voiceless. African Book Publishing Record 10(4): 201–6.Google Scholar
Sheik, Ayub. (2002). ‘I feel like hollerin but the town is too small’: A Biographical Study of Wopko Jensma. Alternation, 9(2): 236–76.Google Scholar
Smaldone, Joseph. (1991). Review. African Book Publishing Record.Google Scholar
Sole, Kelwyn. (2001). Political Fiction, Representation and the Canon. English in Africa 28(2).Google Scholar
Stadler, Alf. (1975). Anxious Radicals: SPRO‐CAS and the Apartheid Society. Journal of Southern African Studies 2(1).Google Scholar
Suttie, M.-L. (2005). The Formative Years of the University of South Africa Library, 1946 to 1976. Mousaion, 23(1).Google Scholar
Trimbur, John. (2009). Popular Literacy and the Resources of Print Culture. College Composition and Communication, 61(1): 85108.Google Scholar
Van Slambrouck, Paul. (1984). Black South African Writers ‘Break Free,’ Publish Own Books. Christian Science Monitor, 16 April.Google Scholar
Van Wyk, Chris. (1988). Staffrider and the Politics of Culture. In de Villiers, Gerald, ed. Ravan Twenty-Five Years. Johannesburg: Ravan.Google Scholar
Vaughan, Michael. (1984). Staffrider and Directions within Contemporary South African Literature. In White, Landeg & Couzens, Tim, eds. Literature and Society in South Africa. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman.Google Scholar
Vladislavic, Ivan. (2008). Staffrider. Chimurenga (March). Online: https://chimurengachronic.co.za/staffrider.Google Scholar
Vladislavic, Ivan. (2014). A vivid voice. Sunday Times, 12 October.Google Scholar
Vladislavic, Ivan & Oliphant, Andries. (1988). Prologue. In Ten Years of Staffrider, 1978–1988. Johannesburg: Ravan.Google Scholar
Watts, Jane. (1989). Black Writers from South Africa: Towards a Discourse of Liberation. Basingstoke: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Wessels, E.M. (1988). The challenge and the crisis facing the educational publishing industry in the dissemination of information in South Africa. MA Diss, University of Pretoria.Google Scholar
Wittenberg, Hermann. (2008). The Taint of the Censor. English in Africa, 35(2): 133–50.Google Scholar
Young, John K. (2006). Black Writers, White Publishers. Oxford: University of Mississippi Press.Google Scholar
Zwi, Rose. (2006). In conversation with Mothobi Mutloatse. LitNet. Online: https://argief.litnet.co.za/article.php?news_id=2943.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Publishing against Apartheid South Africa
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Publishing against Apartheid South Africa
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Publishing against Apartheid South Africa
Available formats
×