Element contents
Power in Ideas
A Case-Based Argument for Taking Ideas Seriously in Political Communication
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 April 2021
Summary
This Element develops an analytical framework for understanding the role of ideas in political life and communication. Power in Ideas argues that the empirical study of ideas should combine interpretive approaches to derive meaning and understand influence with quantitative analysis to help determine the reach, spread, and impact of ideas. This Element illustrates this approach through three case studies: the idea of reparations in Ta-Nehisi Coates's “The Case for Reparations,” the idea of free expression in Mark Zuckerberg's Facebook policy speech at Georgetown University, and the idea of universal basic income in Andrew Yang's “Freedom Dividend.” Power in Ideas traces the landscapes and spheres within which these ideas emerged and were articulated, the ways they were encoded in discourse, the fields they traveled across, and how they became powerful.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781108950954Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 13 May 2021
References
Abend, G. (2016). The moral background: An inquiry into the history of business ethics. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Abrajano, M., & Hajnal, Z. L. (2017). White backlash: Immigration, race, and American politics. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Abts, K., & Rummens, S. (2007). Populism versus democracy. Political Studies, 55(2), 405–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, J. C. (2010). The performance of politics: Obama’s victory and the democratic struggle for power. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, J. C. (2018). The societalization of social problems: Church pedophilia, phone hacking, and the financial crisis. American Sociological Review, 83(6), 1049–1078.Google Scholar
Ali, C., & Puppis, M. (2018). When the watchdog neither barks nor bites: Communication as a power resource in media policy and regulation. Communication Theory, 28(3), 270–291.Google Scholar
Ananny, M. (2018). Networked press freedom: Creating infrastructures for a public right to hear. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Apramian, T., Cristancho, S., Watling, C., & Lingard, L. (2017). (Re) Grounding grounded theory: A close reading of theory in four schools. Qualitative Research 17(4), 359–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Araujo, A. L.. Reparations for slavery and the slave trade: a transnational and comparative history. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017.Google Scholar
Barlow, J. (1996, February 8). A declaration of the independence of cyberspace. Retrieved from www.eff.org/cyberspace-independenceGoogle Scholar
Béland, D. (2019).How ideas and institutions shape the politics of public policy. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Béland, D., & Cox, R. H. (Eds.). (2010). Ideas and politics in social science research. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Benjamin, R. (Ed.). (2019). Captivating technology: Race, carceral technoscience, and liberatory imagination in everyday life. Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Berman, S. (2001). Ideas, norms, and culture in political analysis. Comparative Politics, 231–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, M. F., Sorensen, T., & Gottheimer, J. (2010). Power in words: The stories behind Barack Obama’s speeches, from the state house to the White House. Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Bhattacharyya, G. (2018). Rethinking racial capitalism: Questions of reproduction and survival. Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Bickert, M. (2020, February 17). Charting a way forward on online content regulation. Facebook. Retrieved from https://about.fb.com/news/2020/02/online-content-regulation/Google Scholar
Bidadanure, J. U. (2019). The political theory of universal basic income. Annual Review of Political Science, 22, 481–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bilton, N. (2014). Hatching Twitter: A true story of money, power, friendship, and betrayal. Penguin.Google Scholar
Biondi, M. (2003). The rise of the reparations movement. Radical History Review, 87(1), 5–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonilla, T., & Grimmer, J. (2013). Elevated threat levels and decreased expectations: How democracy handles terrorist threats. Poetics, 41(6), 650–669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
boyd, d. , & Crawford, K. (2012). Critical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 662–679.Google Scholar
Brock, A. (2018). Critical technocultural discourse analysis. New Media & Society, 20(3), 1012–1030.Google Scholar
Brophy, A. L. (2016). When more than property is lost: The dignity losses and restoration of the Tulsa riot of 1921. Law & Social Inquiry, 41(4), 824–832.Google Scholar
Bucher, T. (2012). Want to be on the top? Algorithmic power and the threat of invisibility on Facebook. New Media & Society, 14(7), 1164–1180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cacciatore, M. A., Scheufele, D. A., & Iyengar, S. (2016). The end of framing as we know it … and the future of media effects. Mass Communication and Society, 19(1), 7–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camic, C. & Gross, N. (2001) The new sociology of ideas, in Blau, J. (ed.) The Blackwell Companion to Sociology. Blackwell, pp. 236–249.Google Scholar
Carlson, M. (2016). Metajournalistic discourse and the meanings of journalism: Definitional control, boundary work, and legitimation. Communication Theory, 26(4), 349–368.Google Scholar
Carlson, T. (2019, March 1). Andrew Yang on Tucker Carlson Tonight (Full Interview) [Video file]. Retrieved from www.youtube.com/watch?v=IotorCh7dPM&feature=youtu.beGoogle Scholar
Carnahan, D., Hao, Q., & Yan, X. (2019). Framing methodology: A critical review. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Retrieved from https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1026Google Scholar
Carstensen, M. B., & Schmidt, V. A. (2016). Power through, over and in ideas: Conceptualizing ideational power in discursive institutionalism. Journal of European Public Policy, 23(3), 318–337.Google Scholar
Carter, E. (1960). Cultural history written with lightning: The significance of The Birth of a Nation. American Quarterly, 12(3), 347–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chadwick, A. (2017). The hybrid media system: Politics and power. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chakravartty, P., & Jackson, S. (2020). The disavowal of race in communication theory. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 17(2), 210–219.Google Scholar
Chakravartty, P., Kuo, R., Grubbs, V., & McIlwain, C. (2018). #CommunicationSoWhite. Journal of Communication, 68(2), 254–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chong, D., & Druckman, J. N. (2007). Framing theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 10, 103–126.Google Scholar
Coates, T. N. (2019, June 10). Ta-Nehisi Coates revisits the case for reparations. The New Yorker. Retrieved from www.newyorker.com/news/the-new-yorker-interview/ta-nehisi-coates-revisits-the-case-for-reparationGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Julie E. (2019). Between truth and power: The legal constructions of informational capitalism. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Coleman, E. G. (2012). Coding freedom: The ethics and aesthetics of hacking. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Coleman, E. G., & Golub, A. (2008). Hacker practice: Moral genres and the cultural articulation of liberalism. Anthropological Theory, 8(3), 255–277.Google Scholar
Couldry, N. (2010). Why voice matters: Culture and politics after neoliberalism. Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Creech, B., & Nadler, A. M. (2018). Post-industrial fog: Reconsidering innovation in visions of journalism’s future. Journalism, 19(2), 182–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtis, M. K. (2000). Free speech, the people’s darling privilege: Struggles for freedom of expression in American history. Duke University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
D’Angelo, Paul. (2002). News framing as a multiparadigmatic research program: A response to Entman. Journal of Communication, 52(4), 870–888.Google Scholar
Datoc, C. (2020, March 19). Phase 3: What the White House wants in the next coronavirus stimulus – and when it will happen. Daily Caller. Retrieved from https://dailycaller.com/2020/03/19/trump-coronavirus-stimulus-phase-3/Google Scholar
Darity, W. A. Jr., & Mullen, A. K. (2020). From here to equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the twenty-first century. University of North Carolina Press Books.Google Scholar
Davis, D. B. (1988). The problem of slavery in Western culture. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
de Vreese, C. H., Esser, F., Aalberg, T., Reinemann, C., & Stanyer, J. (2018). Populism as an expression of political communication content and style: A new perspective. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(4), 423–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Wispelaere, J., & Stirton, L. (2004). The many faces of universal basic income. The Political Quarterly, 3, 266–274.Google Scholar
Elder, L. (2019, July 4). Democratic debates: Did Russia pay these candidates to throw the election to Trump? RealClearPolitics. Retrieved from www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2019/07/04/democratic_debates_did_russia_pay_these_candidates_to_throw_the_election_to_trump_140710.htmlGoogle Scholar
Entman, R. M. (2003). Cascading activation: Contesting the White House’s frame after 9/11. Political Communication, 20(4), 415–432.Google Scholar
Entman, R. M. (2004). Projections of power: Framing news, public opinion, and US foreign policy. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Entman, R. M., & Usher, N. (2018). Framing in a fractured democracy: Impacts of digital technology on ideology, power and cascading network activation. Journal of Communication, 68(2), 298–308.Google Scholar
Ernst, N., Esser, F., Blassnig, S., & Engesser, S. (2019). Favorable opportunity structures for populist communication: Comparing different types of politicians and issues in social media, television and the press. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 24(2), 165–188.Google Scholar
Evans Comfort, S. (2020). Journalism as an advocacy tool: Negotiating boundaries of professionalism in the 20th-century American environmental movement. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 97(4), 1080–1100.Google Scholar
Facebook’s Civil Rights Audit. (2020). Final Report. Retrieved from https://about.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Civil-Rights-Audit-Final-Report.pdfGoogle Scholar
Feagin, J. R. (2014). Racist America: Roots, current realities, and future reparations. Routledge.Google Scholar
Finkenbine, R. E. (2007). Belinda’s petition: Reparations for slavery in revolutionary Massachusetts. The William and Mary Quarterly, 64(1), 95–104.Google Scholar
Fligstein, N., & McAdam, D. (2012). A theory of fields. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Florini, S. (2015). The podcast “Chitlin’ Circuit”: Black podcasters, alternative media, and audio enclaves. Journal of Radio & Audio Media, 22(2), 209–219.Google Scholar
Florini, S. (2017). This week in blackness, the George Zimmerman acquittal, and the production of a networked collective identity. New Media & Society, 19(3), 439–454.Google Scholar
Floyd, D. (2020, May 8). The Long, Weird History of Universal Basic Income and Why It’s Back. Investopedia. Retrieved from www.investopedia.com/news/history-of-universal-basic-income/Google Scholar
Franks, M. A. (2019). The Free Speech Black Hole: Can the Internet Escape the Gravitational Pull of the First Amendment? Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University. Retrieved from https://knightcolumbia.org/content/the-free-speech-black-hole-can-the-internet-escape-the-gravitational-pull-of-the-first-amendmentGoogle Scholar
Freelon, D., Bossetta, M., Wells, C., Lukito, J., Xia, Y., & Adams, K. (2020). Black trolls matter: Racial and ideological asymmetries in social media disinformation. Social Science Computer Review, 1–19.Google Scholar
Freelon, D., McIlwain, C. D., & Clark, M. (2016). Beyond the hashtags: #Ferguson, #Blacklivesmatter, and the online struggle for offline justice. Center for Media & Social Impact, American University. Retrieved from https://cmsimpact.org/resource/beyond-hashtags-ferguson-blacklivesmatter-online-struggle-offline-justice/Google Scholar
Freelon, D., McIlwain, C. D., & Clark, M. (2018). Quantifying the power and consequences of social media protest. New Media & Society, 20(3), 990–1011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fusion. Bernie Sanders has a direct answer on reparations at Iowa forum. Retrieved from https://fusion.tv/video/255113/bernie-sanders-reparations-answer-iowa-forum/Google Scholar
Gaventa, J. (1982). Power and powerlessness: Quiescence and rebellion in an Appalachian valley. University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Gofas, A., & Hay, C. (Eds.). (2010). The role of ideas in political analysis: A portrait of contemporary debates. Routledge.Google Scholar
Gillespie, T. (2010). The politics of “platforms.” New Media & Society, 12(3), 347–364.Google Scholar
Gillespie, T. (2018). Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, content moderation, and the hidden decisions that shape social media. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Glaser, A. (2019, October 18). What Facebook’s “free speech” lets slide. Slate. Retrieved from https://slate.com/technology/2019/10/mark-zuckerberg-facebooks-free-speech-politicians-lie.htmlGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, J. C. (2005). The constitutional status of tort law: Due process and the right to a law for the redress of wrongs. Yale Law Journal, 115, 524.Google Scholar
Gramsci, A. (1971). On the hegemony. In Hoare, Q. and Nowell-Smith, G. (eds.), Selections from the prison notebooks ofAntonio Gramsci. Lawrence and Wishart, pp. 95–123.Google Scholar
Gray, P. W. (2018). “The fire rises”: Identity, the alt-right and intersectionality. Journal of Political Ideologies, 23(2), 141–156.Google Scholar
Günther, E., & Domahidi, E. (2017). What communication scholars write about: An analysis of 80 years of research in high-impact journals. International Journal of Communication, 11, 21.Google Scholar
Gustafson, S. M. (2012). Eloquence is power: Oratory and performance in early America. University of North Carolina Press Books.Google Scholar
Hall, S. (1996). Race, articulation, and societies structured. Black British Cultural Studies: A Reader, 16.Google Scholar
Halliday, J. (2012, March 22). Twitter’s Tony Wang: “We are the free speech wing of the free speech party.” The Guardian. Retrieved from hwww.theguardian.com/media/2012/mar/22/twitter-tony-wang-free-speechGoogle Scholar
Hanitzsch, T. (2007). Deconstructing journalism culture: Toward a universal theory. Communication Theory, 17(4), 367–385.Google Scholar
Hanitzsch, T., & Vos, T. P. (2018). Journalism beyond democracy: A new look into journalistic roles in political and everyday life. Journalism, 19(2), 146–164.Google Scholar
Harris-Lacewell, M. V. (2010). Barbershops, bibles, and BET: Everyday talk and black political thought. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hawkins, K. A. (2010). Venezuela’s chavismo and populism in comparative perspective. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Henry, C. P. (2009). Long overdue: The politics of racial reparations. New York University Press.Google Scholar
Herbst, S. (2003). Political authority in a mediated age. Theory and Society, 32(4), 481–503.Google Scholar
Hoynes, H., & Rothstein, J. (2019). Universal basic income in the United States and advanced countries. Annual Review of Economics, 11, 929–958.Google Scholar
Ingram, D., & Collins, B. (2019, October 17). Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg defends political ad rules, calls digital speech new “fifth estate.” NBC News. Retrieved from www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/facebook-s-mark-zuckerberg-defends-speech-rules-says-tech-companies-n1068241Google Scholar
Isaac, M., Kang, C., & Frenkel, S. (2020, June 3). Zuckerber defends hands-off approach to Trump’s posts. New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2020/06/02/technology/zuckerberg-defends-facebook-trump-posts.htmlGoogle Scholar
Israel, J. I. (2001). Radical enlightenment: Philosophy and the making of modernity, 1650–1750. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N., & Westwood, S. J. (2019). The origins and consequences of affective polarization in the United States. Annual Review of Political Science, 22, 129–146.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. J., Bailey, M., & Welles, B. F. (2020). #HashtagActivism: Networks of race and gender justice. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Jaffer, J. (2019, October 24). Facebook and free speech are different things. Knight First Amendment Institute. Retrieved from https://knightcolumbia.org/content/facebook-and-free-speech-are-different-thingsGoogle Scholar
Jungherr, A., Posegga, O., & An, J. (2019). Discursive power in contemporary media systems: A comparative framework. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 24(4), 404–425.Google Scholar
Kang, C., & Isaac, M. (2019, October 17). Defiant Zuckerberg says Facebook won’t police political speech. New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2019/10/17/business/zuckerberg-facebook-free-speech.htmlGoogle Scholar
Karpf, D. (2018, September 18). 25 years of WIRED predictions: Why the future never arrives. Wired. Retrieved from www.wired.com/story/wired25-david-karpf-issues-tech-predictions/Google Scholar
Kilgo, D. K., Mourao, R. R., & Sylvie, G. (2019). Martin to Brown: How time and platform impact coverage of the Black Lives Matter movement. Journalism Practice, 13(4), 413–430.Google Scholar
King, J. E., & Marangos, J. (2006). Two arguments for basic income: Thomas Paine (1737–1809) and Thomas Spence (1750–1814). In Serra, F. (ed.), History of Economic Ideas. Roma, pp. 55–71.Google Scholar
King, M. L. Jr. ([1967] 2010). Where do we go from here: Chaos or community? (Vol. 2). Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Klonick, K. (2017). The new governors: The people, rules, and processes governing online speech. Harvard Law Review, 131, 1598.Google Scholar
Klonick, K. (2020). The Facebook Oversight Board: Creating an independent institution to adjudicate online free expression. Yale Law Journal, 129, 2418.Google Scholar
Kreiss, D. (2019). The fragmenting of the civil sphere: How partisan identity shapes the moral evaluation of candidates and epistemology. In Alexander, J. C. and Mast, J. L. (eds.), Politics of meaning/Meaning of politics. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 223–241.Google Scholar
Kreiss, D. (2014). A vision of and for the networked world: John Perry Barlow’s Declaration of the Independence of cyberspace at twenty. In Bennett, J. and Strange, N. (eds.), Media independence: Working with freedom or working for free. Routledge, pp. 117–136.Google Scholar
Kreiss, D. (2020). Media and social media platforms finally begin to embrace their roles as democratic gatekeepers. U.S. Election Analysis 2020: Media, Voters and the Campaign. Retrieved from www.electionanalysis.ws/us/president2020/section-5-social-media/media-and-social-media-platforms-finally-begin-to-embrace-their-roles-as-democratic-gatekeepers/Google Scholar
Kreiss, D., Lawrence, R. G., & McGregor, S. C. (2020). Political identity ownership: Symbolic contests to represent members of the public. Social Media+ Society, 6(2).Google Scholar
Kreiss, D. & McGregor, S. (Forthcoming). Owning identity: Struggles to align candidates with voters during the 2020 U.S. Democratic primaries. In Taras, D. and Davis, R. (eds.), The new digital battlefield: Social media and elections in comparative perspective. University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Kreiss, D., Meadows, L., & Remensperger, J. (2015). Political performance, boundary spaces, and active spectatorship: Media production at the 2012 Democratic National Convention. Journalism, 16(5), 577–595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazarsfeld, P. F., & Merton, R. K. (1948). Mass communication, popular taste and organized social action. Media Studies, 18–30.Google Scholar
Lebron, C. J. (2017). The making of Black Lives Matter: A brief history of an idea. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lecheler, S., & De Vreese, C. H. (2011). Getting real: The duration of framing effects. Journal of Communication, 61(5), 959–983.Google Scholar
Lecheler, S., Kruikemeier, S., & de Haan, Y. (2019). The use and verification of online sources in the news production process. In Katz, J. E. and Mays, K. K. (eds.), Journalism and truth in an age of social media. Oxford University Press, pp. 167–181.Google Scholar
Lee, S. J. (2020, May 22). H.R. 40 is not a symbolic act. It’s a path to restorative justice. ACLU. Retrieved from www.aclu.org/news/racial-justice/h-r-40-is-not-a-symbolic-act-its-a-path-to-restorative-justice/Google Scholar
Lennig, A. (2004). Myth and fact: The reception of The Birth of a Nation. Film History, 117–141.Google Scholar
Lieberman, R. C. (2002). Ideas, institutions, and political order: Explaining political change. American Political Science Review, 96(4), 697–712.Google Scholar
Maier, D., Waldherr, A., Miltner, P., Wiedemann, G., Niekler, A., Keinert, A., … & Schmid-Petri, H. (2018). Applying LDA topic modeling in communication research: Toward a valid and reliable methodology. Communication Methods and Measures, 12(2–3), 93–118.Google Scholar
Mansell, R. (2012). Imagining the Internet: Communication, innovation, and governance. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Marantz, A. (2019, October 21). Mark Zuckerberg still doesn’t get it. The New Yorker. Retrieved from www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/mark-zuckerberg-still-doesnt-get-itGoogle Scholar
Matheson, D. (2009). Hans-Georg Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics and journalism research. Journalism Studies, 10(5), 709–718.Google Scholar
Matthews, D. (2019, March 11). Andrew Yang, the 2020 long-shot candidate running on a universal basic income, explained. Vox. Retrieved from www.vox.com/2019/3/11/18256198/andrew-yang-gang-presidential-policies-universal-basic-income-joe-roganGoogle Scholar
McAdam, D., & Kloos, K. (2014). Deeply divided: Racial politics and social movements in post-war America. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McCammon, H. J., Muse, C. S., Newman, H. D., & Terrell, T. M. (2007). Movement framing and discursive opportunity structures: The political successes of the US women’s jury movements. American Sociological Review, 72(5), 725–749.Google Scholar
McMillan Cottom, T. (2020). Where platform capitalism and racial capitalism Meet: The sociology of race and racism in the digital society. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 6(4), 441–449.Google Scholar
Mejia, R., Beckermann, K., & Sullivan, C. (2018). White lies: A racial history of the (post) truth. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 15(2), 109–126.Google Scholar
Meltzer, K. (2009). The hierarchy of journalistic cultural authority: Journalists’ perspectives according to news medium. Journalism Practice, 3(1), 59–74.Google Scholar
Mills, C. W. (2017). Black rights/white wrongs: The critique of racial liberalism. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Minkkinen, M. (2019). Making the future by using the future: A study on influencing privacy protection rules through anticipatory storylines. New Media & Society, 21(4), 984–1005.Google Scholar
Molla, R. (2019, October 17). Mark Zuckerberg said a lot of nothing in his big speech. Vox. Retrieved from www.vox.com/2019/10/17/20919505/mark-zuckerberg-georgetown-free-speech-facebookGoogle Scholar
Morstein-Marx, R. (2004). Mass oratory and political power in the late Roman Republic. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, R. (2020). Of experts and tokens: Mapping a critical race archaeology of communication. Communication, Culture and Critique, 13(2), 152–167.Google Scholar
Nelson, L. K. (2017). Computational grounded theory: A methodological framework. Sociological Methods & Research, 49(1), 3–42.Google Scholar
Newton, C. (2019, October 18). What Mark Zuckerberg’s big talk about free speech left out. The Verge. Retrieved from www.theverge.com/interface/2019/10/18/20919607/mark-zuckerberg-free-speech-georgetown-reviewGoogle Scholar
Nguyen, T. (2019, April 5). The awkward truth about Democrats and Reparations. Retrieved from https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/04/2020-democratic-candidates-on-reparationsGoogle Scholar
Nicholls, S. B., & Rice, R. E. (2017) A dual-identity model of responses to deviance in online groups: Integrating social identity theory and expectancy violations theory. Communication Theory 27(3), 243–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliver, M., & Shapiro, T. (2013). Black wealth/white wealth: A new perspective on racial inequality. Routledge.Google Scholar
Ortakales, J. (2020, March 21). Progressives have spent decades trying to change US labor laws. The coronavirus did it for them in one month. Business Insider. Retrieved from www.businessinsider.in/careers/news/progressives-have-spent-decades-trying-to-change-us-labor-laws-the-coronavirus-did-it-for-them-in-one-month-/articleshow/74749479.cmsGoogle Scholar
Owens, D. (2017, February 20). Veteran congressman still pushing for reparations in a divided America. Retrieved from www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/rep-john-conyers-still-pushing-reparations-divided-america-n723151Google Scholar
Parks, G. (2020). Considering the purpose of “an alternative sense-making collective”: A rhetorical analysis of the Intellectual Dark Web. Southern Communication Journal, 1–13.Google Scholar
Paschal, O. & Carlisle, M. (2019, June 19). Read Ta-Nehisi Coates’s testimony. The Atlantic. Retrieved from www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/06/ta-nehisi-coates-testimony-house-reparations-hr-40/592042/nehisi-coates-testimony-house-reparations-hr-40/592042/Google Scholar
Perks, L. G., Turner, J. S., & Tollison, A. C. (2019). Podcast uses and gratifications scale development. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 63(4), 617–634.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. (2019, December 31). Trends and facts on audio and podcasts: State of the news media. Retrieved from www.journalism.org/fact-sheet/audio-and-podcasting/Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. (2019, December 31). Trends and facts on online news: State of the news media. Retrieved from www.journalism.org/fact-sheet/digital-news/Google Scholar
Phillips, W., & Milner, R. M. (2018). The ambivalent internet: Mischief, oddity, and antagonism online. John Wiley & Sons,.Google Scholar
Reed, I. A. (2011). Interpretation and social knowledge: On the use of theory in the human sciences. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Reed, I. A. (2013). Power: Relational, discursive, and performative dimensions. Sociological Theory, 31, 193–218.Google Scholar
Reese, S. D. (2019). Hierarchy of influences. The International Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies. John Wiley & Sons, 1–5.Google Scholar
Reese, S. D. (2007). The framing project: A bridging model for media research revisited. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 148–154.Google Scholar
Reese, S. D., Jr. Gandy, O. H., & Grant, A. E. (Eds.). (2001) Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world. Routledge,.Google Scholar
Reese, S. D., & Shoemaker, P. J. (2016). A media sociology for the networked public sphere: The hierarchy of influences model. Mass Communication and Society, 19(4), 389–410.Google Scholar
Roberts, S. T. (2019). Behind the screen: Content moderation in the shadows of social media. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Robertson, A. (2019, October 16). Mark Zuckerberg is delivering a free speech manifesto tomorrow. The Verge. Retrieved from www.theverge.com/2019/10/16/20917769/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-free-expression-live-speech-announcement-politics-fact-checkingGoogle Scholar
Robinson, C. J. (2000). Black Marxism: The making of the black radical tradition. University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Roettgers, J. (2019, October 17). Zuckerberg defends Facebook’s approach to free speech, says politicians will be allowed to lie. Variety. Retrieved from https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/zuckerberg-free-speech-1203374335/Google Scholar
Roose, K. (2018, February 10). His 2020 campaign message: The robots are coming. New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2018/02/10/technology/his-2020-campaign-message-the-robots-are-coming.htmlGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, S. (2019, October 17). Mark Zuckerberg doubles down on free speech. Axios. Retrieved from www.axios.com/facebook-mark-zuckerberg-free-speech-8a594def-806c-4e24-8c6e-fdff60d242c3.htmlGoogle Scholar
Rutenberg, J. (2020, April 5). Politics through the looking glass: Virus scrambles the left-right lines. New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/us/politics/coronavirus-democrats-republicans-trump.htmlGoogle Scholar
Sanchez, O. (2019, July 25). Inside the Democrats’ podcast presidential primary, where Marianne Williamson and Andrew Yang rule. The Wrap. Retrieved from www.thewrap.com/democrats-podcast-presidential-primary-marianne-williamson-andrew-yang/Google Scholar
Schmidt, V. A. (2008). Discursive institutionalism: The explanatory power of ideas and discourse. Annual Review of Political Science, 11, 303–326.Google Scholar
Schmidt, V. A. (2010). Taking ideas and discourse seriously: Explaining change through discursive institutionalism as the fourth “new institutionalism.” European Political Science Review, 2(1), 1–25.Google Scholar
Schroeder, J. (2016). Shifting the metaphor: Examining discursive influences on the Supreme Court’s use of the marketplace metaphor in twenty-first-century free expression cases.Communication Law and Policy, 21(3), 383–430.Google Scholar
Scola, N. (2019, October 17). Zuckerberg defends Facebook’s “free expression” in face of Washington hostility. Politico. Retrieved from www.politico.com/news/2019/10/17/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-georgetown-address-050181Google Scholar
Scola, N., & Lima, C. (2019, October 17). The meaning behind Mark Zuckerberg’s aggressive plea for “free expression.” Politico. Retrieved from www.politico.com/news/2019/10/17/zuckerberg-georgetown-speech-050110Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. & Willis, S. (1995). The construction of social reality. Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Sedgwick, E. (1994). The Atlantic Monthly, 1857–1909: Yankee humanism at high tide and ebb. University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Sewell, W. H. Jr. (2005). Logics of history: Social theory and social transformation. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Silbiger, S. (2020, April 27). Pelosi says universal basic income could be “worthy of attention now” as coronavirus stifles economy. Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://1businessworld.com/2020/04/business/pelosi-says-universal-basic-income-could-be-worthy-of-attention-now-as-coronavirus-stifles-economy/Google Scholar
Sides, J., Tesler, M., & Vavreck, L. (2019). Identity crisis: The 2016 presidential campaign and the battle for the meaning of America. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Siemaszko, C. (2019, July 8). Sen. Mitch McConnell’s great-great grandfathers owned 14 slaves, bringing reparations issue close to home. NBC News. Retrieved from www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/mitch-mcconnell-ancestors-slave-owners-alabama-1800s-census-n1027511Google Scholar
Sinha, M. (2019, September 20). The long history of American slavery reparations. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from www.wsj.com/articles/the-long-history-of-american-slavery-reparations–11568991623Google Scholar
Skelley, G. (2019, December 17). What we know about Andrew Yang’s base. FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved from https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/what-we-know-about-andrew-yangs-base/Google Scholar
Smith, R. M. (1993). Beyond Tocqueville, Myrdal, and Hartz: The multiple traditions in America. American Political Science Review, 549–566.Google Scholar
Smith, R. M. (2003). Stories of peoplehood: The politics and morals of political membership. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, R. M. (2020).That is not who we are!: Populism and peoplehood. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Snow, D. A., Soule, S. A., Kriesi, H., & McCammon, H. J. (Eds.). (2018). The Wiley-Blackwell companion to social movements. Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Sobieraj, S. (2020). Credible threat: Attacks against women online and the future of democracy. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Solender, A. (2020, April 24). Pushing universal basic income, Andrew Yang supporters get #CongressPassUBI trending. Forbes. Retrieved from www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2020/04/24/pushing-universal-basic-income-andrew-yang-supporters-get-congresspassubi-trending/Google Scholar
Spinelli, M., & Dann, L. (2019). Podcasting: The Audio Media Revolution. Bloomsbury Publishing.Google Scholar
Stengers, I. (2011). Thinking with Whitehead: A free and wild creation of concepts. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Stevens, M. (2020, January 2). Andrew Yang’s campaign has a lot of money. Now what? New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2019/11/11/us/politics/andrew-yang-campaign.htmlGoogle Scholar
Stevens, M. & Grullón Paz, I. (2021, January 18). Andrew Yang’s $1,000-a-month idea may have seemed absurd before. Not now. New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/us/politics/universal-basic-income-andrew-yang.htmlGoogle Scholar
Stokes, M. (2007). DW Griffith’s the Birth of a Nation: A history of the most controversial motion picture of all time. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stone, D. A. (1989). Causal stories and the formation of policy agendas. Political Science Quarterly, 104(2), 281–300.Google Scholar
Torpey, J. (2006). Making whole what has been smashed: On reparations politics. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Turner, F. (2006). From counterculture to cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the rise of digital utopianism. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1989). Rational choice and the framing of decisions. In Karpak, B. and Zionts, S. (eds.). Multiple criteria decision making and risk analysis using microcomputers. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 81–126.Google Scholar
Unkel, J., & Haim, M. (2019). Googling politics: Parties, sources, and issue ownerships on Google in the 2017 German federal election campaign. Social Science Computer Review, 1-18.Google Scholar
Vaidhyanathan, S. (2019, October 18). Mark Zuckerberg doesn’t understand free speech in the 21st century. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/oct/18/mark-zuckerberg-free-speech-21st-centuryGoogle Scholar
Van Dijck, J., Poell, T., & De Waal, M. (2018). The platform society: Public values in a connective world. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Van Parijs, P. (2013). The universal basic income: Why utopian thinking matters, and how sociologists can contribute to it. Politics & Society, 41(2), 171–182.Google Scholar
Van Parijs, P., & Vanderborght, Y. (2017). Basic income: A radical proposal for a free society and a sane economy. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Verdun, V. (1992). If the shoe fits, wear it: An analysis of reparations to African Americans. Tulane Law Review, 67, 597.Google Scholar
Vrikki, P., & Malik, S. (2019). Voicing lived-experience and anti-racism: Podcasting as a space at the margins for subaltern counterpublics. Popular Communication, 17(4), 273–287.Google Scholar
Weindling, J. (2020, April 27). Pelosi says minimum guaranteed income may now be “worthy of attention.” International Business Times. Retrieved from www.ibtimes.com/pelosi-says-minimum-guaranteed-income-may-now-be-worthy-attention–2965795Google Scholar
Western Free Press. (2019, June 24). Reparations would be paying for the sins of our fathers. Retrieved from https://westernfreepress.com/reparations-would-be-paying-for-the-sins-of-our-fathers/Google Scholar
Westfall, C. (2020, May 30). The free speech face-off between Facebook and Twitter: Are warnings justified? Forbes. Retrieved from www.forbes.com/sites/chriswestfall/2020/05/30/free-speech-facebook-twitter-george-floyd-demonstrations-censorship/Google Scholar
Westley, R. (1998). Many billions gone: Is it time to reconsider the case for Black reparations. BC Third World Law Journal, 19, 429.Google Scholar
White, K. C. (2018). The branding of right-wing activism: The news media and the Tea Party. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Whyte, C. E. (2016). Thinking inside the (black) box: Agenda setting, information seeking, and the marketplace of ideas in the 2012 presidential election. New Media & Society, 18(8), 1680–1697.Google Scholar
Wirth, W., Esser, F., Wettstein, M., Engesser, S., Wirz, D., Schulz, A., & Steenbergen, M. R. (2016). The appeal of populist ideas, strategies, and styles: A theoretical model and research design for analyzing populist political communication. NCCR Democracy Working Paper Series (88).Google Scholar
Wulfsohn, J. (2019, March 2). 2020 candidate Andrew Yang tells Tucker Carlson: “I’m running for president … to save jobs from automation.” Fox News. Retrieved from: www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2020-candidate-andrew-yang-tells-tucker-carlson-im-running-for-president-to-save-jobs-from-automationGoogle Scholar
Yang, A. (2018). The war on normal [eople: The truth about America’s disappearing jobs and why universal basic income is our future. Hachette.Google Scholar
York, J. (2019, October 17). Mark Zuckerberg’s promise to respect free expression is so far just empty words. Vice. Retrieved from www.vice.com/en_us/article/mbmk7b/mark-zuckerbergs-promise-to-respect-free-expression-is-so-far-just-empty-wordsGoogle Scholar
- 11
- Cited by