Element contents
Series: Elements in Political Economy
Nativism and Economic Integration across the Developing World
Collision and Accommodation
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 August 2018
Summary
Migration and nativism are explosive issues in Europe and North America. Less well-known is the tumult that soaring migration is creating in the politics of developing countries. The key difference between anti-migrant politics in developed and developing countries is that domestic migration - not international migration - is the likely focus of nativist politics in poorer countries. Nativists take up the cause of sub-national groups, vilifying other regions and groups within the country as sources of migration. Since the 1970s, the majority of less-developed countries have adopted policies that aim to limit internal migration. This Element marshals evidence from around the world to explore the colliding trends of internal migration and nativism. Subnational migration is associated with a boom in nativist politics. Pro-native public policy and anti-migrant riots are both more likely when internal migration surges. Political decentralization strengthens subnational politicians' incentives and ability to define and cater to nativists.
Keywords
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Series: Elements in Political EconomyOnline ISBN: 9781108678063Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 21 February 2019
References
Abbas, Rameez (2016). “Internal migration and citizenship in India.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 42(1), 150–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A. (2001). “Inefficient redistribution.” American Political Science Review 95(3), 649–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ACLED (2017). Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) User Guide, January 2017. Available at http://www.acleddata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/ACLED_User-Guide_2017.pdf (accessed June 9, 2018).Google Scholar
Adepoju, Aderanti (1984). “Illegals and expulsion in Africa: The Nigerian experience.” International Migration Review 18(3), 426–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adida, Claire L. (2014). Immigrant Exclusion and Insecurity in Africa: Coethnic Strangers. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, Joseph Boots (2003). “Ethnicity and inequality among migrants in the Kyrgyz Republic.” Central Eurasian Studies Review 2(1): 7–10.Google Scholar
Alok, V. N. (2014). Measuring Devolution to Panchayats in India: A Comparison Across States – Empirical Assessment, 2013–14, Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi. Available at www.iipa.org.in/upload/Devolution_Index_Report_2013-14.pdf (accessed July 5, 2018).Google Scholar
Anderson, Liam (2014). “Ethnofederalism: The worst form of institutional arrangement … ?” International Security 39(1), 165–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angrist, Joshua D., and Pischke, Jörn-Steffen (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist’s Companion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auerbach, Adam Michael (2016). “Clients and communities: The political economy of party network organization and development in India’s urban slums.” World Politics 68(1), 111–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, Jon, and Adger, W. Neil (2007). “Climate change, human security and violent conflict.” Political Geography 26(6), 639–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, Robert H. (1981). States and Markets in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Beck, Thorsten, Clarke, George, Groff, Alberto, et al. (2001). “New tools in comparative political economy: The database of political institutions.” World Bank Economic Review 15(1), 165–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bekker, Simon, and Louw, Antoinette (1994). “Conflict and migration in KwaZulu-Natal.” In Here to Stay: Informal Settlements in KwaZulu-Natal, ed. Hindson, Doug and McCarthy, Jeff. Dalbridge: Indicator Press, pp. 99–106.Google Scholar
Bell, Martin, Daras, Konstantinos, Kupiszewski, Marek, Stillwell, John, and Zhu, Yu (2015). Internal Migration around the GlobE (IMAGE). Brisbane: Queensland Centre for Population Research, University of Queensland.Google Scholar
Bergholt, Drago, and Lujala, Päivi (2012). “Climate-related natural disasters, economic growth, and armed civil conflict.” Journal of Peace Research 49(1), 147–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhavnani, Rikhil R. (2009). “Do electoral quotas work after they are with-drawn? Evidence from a natural experiment in India.” American Political Science Review 103(1), 23–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhavnani, Rikhil R. (2017). “Do the effects of temporary ethnic group quotas persist? Evidence from India.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 9(3), 105–23.Google Scholar
Bhavnani, Rikhil R., and Lacina, Bethany (2015). “The effects of weather-induced migration on sons of the soil riots in India.” World Politics 67(4), 760–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhavnani, Rikhil R., and Lacina, Bethany (2016). “Political obstacles to domestic trade: Evidence from India.” Presented at the 2016 Annual Meeting of the International Political Economy Society, November 11–12, Durham, NC.Google Scholar
Bhavnani, Rikhil R., and Lacina, Bethany (2017). “Fiscal federalism at work? Central responses to internal migration in India.” World Development 93, 236–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhavnani, Rikhil R., and Lee, Alexander (2018). “Local embeddedness and bureaucratic performance: Evidence from India.” Journal of Politics 80(1), 71–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birkeland, Nina M., Jennings, Edmund, and Rushing, Elizabeth J., eds. (2012). Global Overview 2011: People Internally Displaced by Conflict and Violence. Geneva: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Norwegian Refugee Council.Google Scholar
Bohlken, Anjali Thomas (2016). Democratization from Above: The Logic of Local Democracy in the Developing World. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohlken, Anjali Thomas, and Sergenti, Ernest John (2010). “Economic growth and ethnic violence: An empirical investigation of Hindu-Muslim riots in India.” Journal of Peace Research 47(5), 589–600.Google Scholar
Boone, Catherine (2017). “Sons of the soil conflict in Africa: Institutional determinants of ethnic conflict over land.” World Development 96, 276–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brass, Paul R. (1997). Theft of an Idol: Text and Context in the Representation of Collective Violence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brückner, Markus, and Ciccone, Antonio (2011). “Rain and the democratic window of opportunity.” Econometrica 79(3), 923–47.Google Scholar
Brysk, Alison, and Wise, Carol (1997). “Liberalization and ethnic conflict in Latin America.” Studies in Comparative International Development 32(2), 76–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canessa, Andrew (2014). “Conflict, claim and contradiction in the new ‘indigenous’ state of Bolivia.” Critique of Anthropology 34(2), 153–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, Kam Wing, and Buckingham, Will (2008). “Is China abolishing the Hukou system?” China Quarterly 195, 582–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, Shawn, Healy, Andrew, and Werker, Eric (2012). “Do voters demand responsive governments? Evidence from Indian disaster relief.” Journal of Development Economics 97(2), 167–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colloredo-Mansfeld, Rudi, Ordoñez, Angélica, Paltán López, Homero, et al. (2018). “Conflicts, territories, and the institutionalization of post-agrarian economies on an expanding tourist frontier in Quilotoa, Ecuador.” World Development 101, 441–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Côté, Isabelle, and Mitchell, Matthew I. (2016). “Elections and “sons of the soil” conflict dynamics in Africa and Asia.” Democratization 23(4), 657–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruz, Cesi, Keefer, Philip, and Scartascini, Carlos (2016). Database of Political Institutions Codebook, 2015 Update. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.Google Scholar
Cultural Survival (2012). “Indigenous Guatemalan protestors march in defense of territory.” Cultural Survival, March 24. Available at www.culturalsurvival.org/news/indigenous-guatemalan-protestors-march-defense-territory (accessed October 10, 2017).Google Scholar
Dancygier, Rafaela M. (2010). Immigration and Conflict in Europe. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DESA (2013). Cross-National Comparisons of Internal Migration: An Update on Global Patterns and Trends. New York, NY: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.Google Scholar
DESA (2015). World Population Policies Database. New York, NY: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Available at https://esa.un.org/PopPolicy/about_database.aspx (accessed October 10, 2017).Google Scholar
Deshingkar, Priya, and Farrington, John (2009). “A framework for understanding circular migration.” In Circular Migration and Rural Livelihood Strategies in Rural India, ed. Deshingkar, Priya and Farrington, John. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 1–36.Google Scholar
EM-DAT (2011). EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database. Brussels: Université Catholique de Louvain.Google Scholar
EVS (2015). EVS 1981–2008 Variable Report: Longitudinal Data Files. Leibniz: European Values Study and GESIS Data Archive for the Social Sciences.Google Scholar
Faetanini, Marina, and Tankha, Rukmini, eds. (2013). Social Inclusion of Internal Migrants in India. New Delhi: UNESCO New Delhi.Google Scholar
Faist, Thomas, and Schade, Jeanette (2013). “The climate–migration nexus: A reorientation.” In Disentangling Migration and Climate Change: Methodologies, Political Discources, and Human Rights, ed. Faist, Thomas and Schade, Jeanette. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 3–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fearon, James D., and Laitin, David D. (2011). “Sons of the soil, migrants, and civil war.” World Development 39(2), 199–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feler, Leo, and Henderson, J. Vernon (2011). “Exclusionary policies in urban development: Under-servicing migrant households in Brazilian cities.” Journal of Urban Economics 69(3), 253–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flynn, Moya, Kosmarskaya, Natalya, and Sabirova, Guzel (2014). “The place of memory in understanding urban change in Central Asia: The cities of Bishkek and Ferghana.” Europe-Asia Studies 66(9), 1501–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frankel, Jeffrey A., and Romer, David (1999). “Does trade cause growth?.” American Economic Review 89(3), 379–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaikwad, Nikhar, and Nellis, Gareth (2017). “The majority-minority divide in attitudes toward internal migration: Evidence from Mumbai.” American Journal of Political Science 61(2), 456–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gausset, Quentin, Kenrick, Justin, and Gibb, Robert (2011). “Indigeneity and autochthony: A couple of false twins?.” Social Anthropology 19(2), 135–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gavaskar, Mahesh (2010). “Mumbai’s shattered mirror.” Economic and Political Weekly 45(7), 17–22.Google Scholar
Girardin, Luc, Hunziker, Philipp, Cederman, Lars-Erik, Bormann, Nils-Christian, and Vogt, Manuel (2015). GROWup: Geographical Research on War, Unified Platform. Zurich: ETH. Available at http://growup.ethz.ch/ (accessed October 10, 2017).Google Scholar
Graham, Benjamin A. T., Miller, Michael K., and Strøm, Kaare W. (2017). “Safeguarding democracy: Powersharing and democratic survival.” American Political Science Review 111(4), 686–704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, Thomas B. (2001). Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Post-colonial Bombay. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Harmel, Robert, and Robertson, John D. (1985). “Formation and success of new parties: A cross-national analysis.” International Political Science Review 6(4), 501–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatcher, Craig, and Thieme, Susan (2016). “Institutional transition: Internal migration, the propiska, and post-socialist urban change in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.” Urban Studies 53(10), 2175–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, Alisha C. (2016). “Forbearance.” American Political Science Review 110(2), 232–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Homer-Dixon, Thomas F. (1999). Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hooker, Juliet (2005). “Indigenous inclusion/black exclusion: Race, ethnicity and multicultural citizenship in Latin America.” Journal of Latin American Studies 37(2), 285–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Housen, Tambri, Hopkins, Sandra, and Earnest, Jaya (2013). “A systematic review on the impact of internal remittances on poverty and consumption in developing countries: Implications for policy.” Population, Space and Place 19(5), 610–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hvalkof, Søren (2000). “Outrage in rubber and oil: Extractivism, indigenous peoples, and justice in the Upper Amazon.” In People, Plants, and Justice: The Politics of Nature Conservation, ed. Zerner, Charles. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 83–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IndiaStat (2000). IndiaStat: Revealing India Statistically. New Delhi, India: Datanet India.Google Scholar
Irwin, Douglas A. (2002). Free Trade under Fire. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Iyer, Lakshmi, Mani, Anandi, Mishra, Prachi, and Topalova, Petia (2012). “The power of political voice: Women’s political representation and crime in India.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 4(4), 165–93.Google Scholar
Jackson, Jean E., and Warren, Kay B. (2005). “Indigenous movements in Latin America, 1992–2004: Controversies, ironies, new directions.” Annual Review of Anthropology 34, 549–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, Hanan G., and Skoufias, Emmanuel (1997). “Risk, financial markets, and human capital in a developing country.” Review of Economic Studies 64(3), 311–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jayachandran, Seema (2006). “Selling labor low: Wage responses to productivity shocks in developing countries.” Journal of Political Economy 114(3), 538–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeffrey, Robin, Sen, Ronojoy, and Singh, Pratima, eds. (2012). More than Maoism: Politics and Policies of Insurgency in South Asia. New Delhi: Manohar.Google Scholar
Jha, Saumitra, Rao, Vijayendra, and Woolcock, Michael (2007).“Governance in the gullies: Democratic responsiveness and leadership in Delhi’s slums.” World Development 35(2), 230–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kapur, D., Gawande, Kishore, and Satyanath, Shanker (2012). “Renewable resource shocks and conflict in India’s Maoist belt.” CASI Working Paper Series 12(2), 1–54.Google Scholar
King, Russell, and Skeldon, Ronald (2010). “‘Mind the gap!’ Integrating approaches to internal and international migration.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36(10), 1619–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kochar, Anjini (1999). “Smoothing consumption by smoothing income: Hours-of-work responses to idiosyncratic agricultural shocks in rural India.” Review of Economics and Statistics 81(1), 50–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, K. S. Kavi (2011). “Climate sensitivity of Indian agriculture: Do spatial effects matter?.” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy & Society 4(2), 221–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kundu, Amitabh (2009). “Urbanisation and migration: An analysis of trends, patterns and policies in Asia.” Human Development Report Office (HDRO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Research Papers.Google Scholar
Lacina, Bethany (2014). “How governments shape the risk of civil violence: India’s federal reorganization, 1950–56.” American Journal of Political Science 58(3), 720–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lacina, Bethany (2017). Rival Claims: Ethnic Violence and Territorial Autonomy under Indian Federalism. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lama, Mahendra P. (2000). “Internal displacement in India: Causes, protection and dilemmas.” Forced Migration Review 8, 24–26.Google Scholar
Lokniti (2009). National Election Study. New Delhi: Center for the Study of Developing Societies.Google Scholar
Lucas, Robert E. B. (2015). “Internal migration in developing economies: An overview.” KNOMAD Working Paper 6.Google Scholar
Madrid, Raúl L. (2005). “Indigenous parties and democracy in Latin America.” Latin American Politics and Society 47(4), 161–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mall, R. K., Gupta, A., Rathore, L. S., Singh, R., and Singh, R. S. (2006). “Water resources and climate change: An Indian perspective.” Current Science 90(12), 1610–26.Google Scholar
Margalit, Yotam (2011). “Costly jobs: Trade-related layoffs, government compensation, and voting in U.S. elections.” American Political Science Review 105(1), 166–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKenna, Thomas M. (1998). Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McPhaul, John (2015). “Costa Rica struggles with indigenous land rights.” The Tico Times. October 7.Google Scholar
McSweeney, Kendra, and Jokisch, Brad (2007). “Beyond rainforests: Urbanisation and emigration among lowland indigenous societies in Latin America.” Bulletin of Latin American Research 26(2), 159–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehlum, Halvor, Miguel, Edward, and Torvik, Ragnar (2006). “Poverty and crime in 19th century Germany.” Journal of Urban Economics 59(3), 370–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendelsohn, Robert, Dinar, Ariel, and Sanghi, Apurva (2001). “The effect of development on the climate sensitivity of agriculture.” Environment and Development Economics 6(1), 85–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendola, Mariapia (2012). “Rural out-migration and economic development at origin: A review of the evidence.” Journal of International Development 24(1), 102–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miguel, Edward, Satyanath, Shanker, and Sergenti, Ernest (2004). “Economic shocks and civil conflict: An instrumental variables approach.” Journal of Political Economy 112(4), 725–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millward, James A. (2009). “Introduction: Does the 2009 Urumchi violence mark a turning point?.” Central Asian Ethnicity 28(4), 347–60.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Mark R. (2008). “The urban transformation of the developing world.” Science 319(5864), 761–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MOSPI (2012). Manual on Labour Statistics I – 2012. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Central Statistics Office.Google Scholar
National Crime Records Bureau (2001). Crime in India, 2001. New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs (India) and Government of India Press.Google Scholar
NCIC (2016). Ethnic and Diversity Audit of the County Public Service. Nairobi: National Cohesion and Integration Commission.Google Scholar
NSS (2010). “Migration in India, 2007–2008.” NSS report no. 533, National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, New Delhi.Google Scholar
Palshikar, Suhas (2010). “In the midst of sub-democratic politics.” Economic and Political Weekly 45(7), 12–16.Google Scholar
Parthasarathy, B. (2001). India Subdivision Monsoon Rainfall Data. Pune: Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology.Google Scholar
Parthasarathy, B., Munot, A. A., and Kothawale, D. R. (1994). “All-India monthly and seasonal rainfall series: 1871–1993.” Theoretical and Applied Climatology 49(4), 217–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parthasarathy, B., Munot, A. A., and Kothawale, D. R. (1995). “Monthly and seasonal rainfall series for all-India homogeneous regions and meteorological subdivisions: 1871–1994.” In Contributions from Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (RR-065). Pune: Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology.Google Scholar
Perreault, Thomas (2003). “Changing places: Transnational networks, ethnic politics, and community development in the Ecuadorian Amazon.” Political Geography 22(1), 61–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, Margaret E. (2015). “Open trade, closed borders: Immigration in the era of globalization.” World Politics 67(1), 114–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plant, Roger (2002). “Latin America’s multiculturalism: Economic and agrarian dimensions.” In Multiculturalism in Latin America, ed. Sieder, Rachel. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 208–26.Google Scholar
Posner, Daniel N. (2005). Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potts, Deborah (2012). “Challenging the myths of urban dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa: The evidence from Nigeria.” World Development 40(7), 1382–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramos, Alcida Rita (2002). “Cutting through state and class: Sources and strategies of self-representation in Latin America.” In Indigenous Movements, Self-Representation, and the State in Latin America, ed. Warren, Kay B. and Jackson, Jean E.. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, pp. 251–79.Google Scholar
Rice, Robert, and Van Cott, Donna Lee (2006). “The Emergence and performance of indigenous peoples’ parties in South America.” Comparative Political Studies 39(6), 709–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riker, William H. (1964). Federalism: Origin, Operation, Significance. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Rodden, Jonathan A. (2005). Hamilton’s Paradox: The Promise and Peril of Fiscal Federalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roeder, Philip G. (2009). “Ethnofederalism and the mismanagement of conflicting nationalisms.” Regional & Federal Studies 19(2), 203–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, Elaina (2001). “Ex-ante and ex-post labor supply response to risk in a low-income area.” Journal of Development Economics 64(2), 371–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, Cameron (2014). “Regional elections and electoral malpractice in Russia: The manipulation of electoral rules, voters, and votes.” Region 3(1), 147–72.Google Scholar
Salehyan, Idean (2011). Rebels without Borders: Transnational Insurgencies in World Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarsons, Heather (2015). “Rainfall and conflict: A cautionary tale.” Journal of Development Economics 115, 62–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Satterthwaite, David (2008). “Understanding Asian cities: A synthesis of the findings from eight city case studies.” Global Urban Development Magazine 4(2), 1–24.Google Scholar
Sawyer, Suzana (1997). “The 1992 Indian mobilization in lowland Ecuador.” Latin American Perspectives 24(3), 65–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaible, Damian S. (2001). “Life in Russia’s ‘closed city’: Moscow’s movement restrictions and the rule of law.” NYU Law Review 76(1), 344–74.Google Scholar
Scheve, Kenneth F., and Slaughter, Matthew J. (2001). Globalization and the Perceptions of American Workers. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Seymour, Lee J. M. (2010). “The regional politics of the Darfur crisis.” In The International Politics of Mass Atrocities: The Case of Darfur, ed. Black, David R. and Williams, Paul D.. New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 49–67.Google Scholar
Shaver, Andrew, and Zhou, Yang-Yang (2017). “Do Refugees Spread or Reduce Conflict?.” Manuscript, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Solinger, Dorothy J. (2014). “The modalities of geographic mobility in China and their impacts, 1980–2010.” In China-India: Pathways of Economic and Social Development, ed. Davin, Delia and Harriss-White, Barbara (vol. 193 of the Proceedings of the British Academy). Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 3–27.Google Scholar
South, Scott J., Trent, Katherine, and Bose, Sunita (2014). “Skewed sex ratios and criminal victimization in India.” Demography 51(3), 1019–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stedman, Stephen John, and Tanner, Fred, eds. (2003). Refugee Manipulation: War, Politics, and the Abuse of Human Suffering. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Stocks, Anthony (2005). “Too much for too few: Problems of indigenous land rights in Latin America.” Annual Review of Anthropology 34(1), 85–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swain, Ashok (1993). “Conflicts over water: The Ganges water dispute.” Security Dialogue 24(4), 429–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thachil, Tariq (2017). “Do rural migrants divide ethnically in the city? Evidence from an ethnographic experiment in India.” American Journal of Political Science 61(4), 908–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Hunger Project (2014). 2014 State of Participatory Democracy Report. New York, NY: United Nations Democracy Fund.Google Scholar
Thieme, Susan (2014). “Coming home? Patterns and characteristics of return migration in Kyrgyzstan.” International Migration 52(5), 127–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiebout, Charles M. (1956). “A pure theory of local expenditures.” Journal of Political Economy 64(5), 416–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tock, Andrea (2011). “Q’eqchís vs. Chabil Utzaj: La Batalla Continúa.” Plaza Pública, August 6, available at www.plazapublica.com.gt/content/qeqchis-vs-chabil-utzaj-la-batalla-continua (accessed October 10, 2017).Google Scholar
TOI News Service (1986a). “Delhi fears post-riot migrations.” Times of India. October 28, p. 1.Google Scholar
TOI News Service (1986b). “Migrants turn violent in Delhi: Call for Punjab bandh today.” Times of India, October 27, p. 1.Google Scholar
Treisman, Daniel (2007). The Architecture of Government: Rethinking Political Decentralization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNDP (2009). Human Development Report 2009: Overcoming Barriers – Human Mobility and Development. New York, NY: United Nations Development Program.Google Scholar
United Nations (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: 2014 Revision. New York, NY: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.Google Scholar
US Department of State (2016). Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016: Russia. United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Washington, DC, available at www.state.gov/documents/organization/265678.pdf (accessed October 11, 2017).Google Scholar
US Department of the Army (2003). Country Studies. US Department of the Army, Washington, DC, available at http://countrystudies.us/ (accessed October 16, 2107).Google Scholar
Van Cott, Donna Lee (2001). “Explaining ethnic autonomy regimes in Latin America.” Studies in Comparative International Development 35(4), 30–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Cott, Donna Lee (2003). “Institutional change and ethnic parties in South America.” Latin American Politics and Society 45(2), 1–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verma, Monika (2011). “Return of the politics of nativism in Maharashtra.” Indian Journal of Political Science 72(2), 747–58.Google Scholar
Vortherms, Samantha (2017). “Between the center and the people: Localized citizenship in China”. Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin–Madison.Google Scholar
Wallace, Jeremy (2013). “Cities, redistribution, and authoritarian regime survival.” Journal of Politics 75(3), 632–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiner, Myron (1978). Sons of the Soil: Migration and Ethnic Conflict in India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, Steven I. (2004). Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, Jeffrey G. (1998). “Globalization, labor markets and policy backlash in the past.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(4), 51–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Bank (2009). World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Yashar, Deborah J. (1999). “Democracy, indigenous movements, and the postliberal challenge in Latin America.” World Politics 52(1), 76–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, Yu, Bell, Martin, Henry, Sabine, and White, Michael (2013). “Rural-urban linkages and the impact of internal migration in Asian developing countries.” Asian Population Studies 9(2), 119–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18
- Cited by