Element contents
Islam and Suicide Attacks
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 October 2019
Summary
This Element explores the disputed relationship between Islam and suicide attacks. Drawing from primary source material as well as existing scholarship from fields such as terrorism studies and religious studies, it argues that Islam as a generic category is not an explanatory factor in suicide attacks. Rather, it claims that we need to study how organisations and individuals in their particular contexts draw tools such as Islamic martyrdom traditions, ritual practices and perceptions on honour and purity from their cultural repertoire to shape, justify and give meaning to the bloodshed.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781108670524Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 31 October 2019
Bibliography
Abu Dawud Sulayman bin Ash‘ath. 2008. Sunan Abu Dawud, transl. Nasiruddin al-Khattab, 5 vols., Riyadh: Maktaba Darussalam, https://islamfuture.wordpress.com/2013/07/08/sunan-abu-dawood-5-vol-set.Google Scholar
Aghaie, Kamran. 2001. The Karbala Narrative: Shī‘ī Political Discourse in Modern Iran in the 1960s and 1970s, Journal for Islamic Studies 12:2, 151–76.Google Scholar
Alexander, Jeffrey C. 2004. Cultural Pragmatics: Social Performance between Ritual and Strategy, Sociological Theory 22:1, 88–105.Google Scholar
Almond, Gabriel A., Scott Appleby, R. and Sivan, Emmanuel. 2003. Strong Religion: The Rise of Fundamentalisms around the World, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Appleby, R. Scott. 2000. The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence, and Reconciliation, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar
Asad, Talal. 1993. Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Asad, Talal. 2003. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity, Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Atran, Scott. 2006. The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism, Washington Quarterly 29:2, 127–47.Google Scholar
‘Azzam, ‘ Abdullah. n.d. Martyrs: The Building Blocks of Nations, transl. Azzam Publications, n.p.: Azzam Publications, https://english.religion.info/2002/02/01/document-martyrs-the-building-blocks-of-nations.Google Scholar
‘Azzam, ‘ Abdullah. 1986. Ayat al-rahman fi jihad al-afghan [The Signs of the Merciful in the Afghan Jihad], Amman: Maktaba al-Manar, https://archive.org/details/aayat.afghan.g.Google Scholar
Azzam Publications. 1997. In the Hearts of the Green Birds: the Martyrs of Bosnia, London: Azzam Publications, https://archive.org/details/In_The_Heart_Of_Green_Birds.Google Scholar
Baumann, Gerd. 1999. The Multicultural Riddle: Rethinking National, Ethnic and Religious Identities, New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bell, Catherine. 1992. Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bin Laden, Osama. 1996. Iʻlan al-jihad ʻal al-Amrikiyyin al-muhtalin li-Bilad al-Haramayn [Declaration of Jihad against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places], Al-Quds al-ʻArabi, 23 August, https://ctc.usma.edu/harmony-program/declaration-of-jihad-against-the-americans-occupying-the-land-of-the-two-holiest-sites-original-language–2/.Google Scholar
Bin Laden, Osama. 2002. Full text: Bin Laden’s ‘Letter to America’, 6 October, unknown transl., Observer, www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver.Google Scholar
Blok, Anton. 2001a. Introduction, in Blok, Anton, Honour and Violence, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1–13.Google Scholar
Blok, Anton. 2001b. The Meaning of ‘Senseless’ Violence (1991), in Blok, Anton, Honour and Violence, Cambridge: Polity Press, 103–14.Google Scholar
Bloom, Mia M. 2004. Palestinian Suicide Bombing: Public Support, Market Share and Outbidding, Political Science Quarterly 119:1, 61–88.Google Scholar
Bloom, Mia M.. 2005. Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror, New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Bloom, Mia M.. 2006. Dying to Kill: Motivations for Suicide Terrorism, in Pedahzur, Ami (ed.), Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom, London: Routledge, 25–53.Google Scholar
Brunner, Claudia. 2007. Occidentalism Meets the Female Suicide Bomber: A Critical Reflection on Recent Terrorism Debates: A Review Essay, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 32:4, 957–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Bukhari, Muhammad ibn Isma‘il. 1997. Sahih al-Bukhari, transl. Muhammad Muhsin Khan, 9 vols., Riyadh: Maktaba Darussalam, https://islamfuture.wordpress.com/2012/11/25/sahih-al-bukhari-9-vol-set.Google Scholar
Cavanaugh, William T. 2009. The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cook, David. 2008. The Ashāb al-Ukhdūd: History and Hadīth in a Martyrological Sequence, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 34, 125–48.Google Scholar
Cook, David. 2017. Contemporary Martyrdom: Ideology and Material Culture, in Hegghammer, Thomas (ed.), Jihadi Culture: The Art and Social Practices of Militant Islamists, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 128–50.Google Scholar
CPOST (Chicago Project on Security and Threats). 2018. Suicide Attack Database, University of Chicago, https://cpost.uchicago.edu/database.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Martha. 1998. The Logic of Terrorism: Terrorist Behaviour as a Product of Strategic Choice, in Reich, Walter and Laqueur, Walter (eds.), Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind, Baltimore: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 7–24.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Martha. 2001. ‘Suicide’ Terrorism in Comparative Perspective, in Countering Suicide Terrorism: An International Conference, Herzlia: International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, 21–29.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Martha. 2007. Explaining Suicide Terrorism: A Review Essay, Security Studies 16:1, 133–62.Google Scholar
Dalrymple, William. 2005. Inside Islam’s ‘Terror Schools’, New Statesman, 28 March, www.newstatesman.com/politics/international-politics/2014/04/inside-islams-terror-schools.Google Scholar
Davis, Natalie Zemon. 1975. Rites of Violence (1973), in Davis, Natalie Zemon, Society and Culture in Early Modern France, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 152–87.Google Scholar
Edwards, David B. 2017. Caravan of Martyrs: Sacrifice and Suicide Bombing in Afghanistan, Oakland: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Eickelman, Dale F., and Piscatori, James. 2004. Muslim Politics, Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Firestone, Reuven. 1999. Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fouda, Yosri, and Fielding, Nick. 2003. Masterminds of Terror: The Truth behind the Most Devastating Terrorist Attack the World Has Ever Seen, New York: Arcade Publishing.Google Scholar
Gambetta, Diego. 2005. Can We Make Sense of Suicide Missions? in Gambetta, Diego (ed.), Making Sense of Suicide Missions, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 259–300.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1973a. Religion as a Cultural System, in Geertz, Clifford, The Interpretations of Cultures, New York: Basic Books, 87–125.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1973b. Deep Play. Notes on the Balinese Cockfight (1972), in Geertz, Clifford, The Interpretation of Cultures, New York: Basic Books, 412–53.Google Scholar
Gerges, Fawaz A. 2005. The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, Paul. 2013. Tipping Point: The Adoption of Suicide Bombing, Psicología Política 46, 77–94.Google Scholar
Ginges, Jeremy, Hansen, Ian and Norenzayan, Ara. 2009. Religion and Support for Suicide Attacks, Psychological Science 20:2, 224–30.Google Scholar
Girard, René. 1977. Violence and the Sacred (1972), transl. Patrick Gregory, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Graitl, Lorenz. 2017. Terror as Sacrificial Ritual? A Discussion of (Neo-)Durkheimian Approaches to Suicide Bombing, in Lewis, James R (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Religion and Terrorism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 116–31.Google Scholar
Gunning, Jeroen. 2009. Hamas in Politics: Democracy, Religion and Violence, New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Gunning, Jeroen, and Jackson, Richard. 2011. What’s so ‘Religious’ about ‘Religious Terrorism’?, Critical Studies on Terrorism 4:3, 369–88.Google Scholar
Günther, Sebastian. 1994. Maqâtil Literature in Medieval Islam, Journal of Arabic Literature 25:3, 192–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hafez, Mohammed M. 2006a. Dying to Be Martyrs: The Symbolic Dimension of Suicide Terrorism, in Pedahzur, Ami (ed.), Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom, London and New York: Routledge, 54–80.Google Scholar
Hafez, Mohammed M.. 2006b. Manufacturing Human Bombs: The Making of Palestinian Suicide Bombers, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
Hafez, Mohammed M.. 2006c. Suicide Terrorism in Iraq: A Preliminary Assessment of the Quantitative Data and Documentary Evidence, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 29:6, 591–619.Google Scholar
Hafez, Mohammed M.. 2007. Suicide Bombers in Iraq: The Strategy and Ideology of Martyrdom, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
Hansen, Stig Jarle. 2012. Revenge or Reward? The Case of Somalia’s Suicide Bombers, Journal of Terrorism Research 1:1, 15–40.Google Scholar
Hassan, Nasra. 2001. An Arsenal of Believers: Talking to the ‘Human Bombs’, The New Yorker 77, 19 November, 36–42.Google Scholar
Hatina, Meir. 2014. Martyrdom in Modern Islam: Piety, Power, and Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Henne, Peter S. 2012. The Ancient Fire: Religion and Suicide Terrorism, Terrorism and Political Violence 24:1, 38–60.Google Scholar
Hill, Peter. 2005. Kamikaze, 1943–5, in Gambetta, Diego (ed.), Making Sense of Suicide Missions, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–39.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Bruce. 1995. Holy Terror: The Implications of Terrorism Motivated by a Religious Imperative, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 1995:4, 271–84.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Bruce, and McCormick, Gordon H. 2004. Terrorism, Signalling, and Suicide Attack, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 27:4, 243–81Google Scholar
Hoffman, Bruce, and McCormick, Gordon H. 2017. Inside Terrorism, 3rd edn., New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, Richard, Jarvis, Lee, Gunning, Jeroen and Breen-Smith., Marie 2011. Terrorism: A Critical Introduction, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
JMCC (Jerusalem Media and Communication Center). 2002. Poll No. 47, December 2002 – Poll Result on Palestinian Attitudes Towards the Palestinian Situation in General, www.jmcc.org/documentsandmaps.aspx?id=452.Google Scholar
Jones, James W. 2008. Blood that Cries out from the Earth: The Psychology of Religious Terrorism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Joscelyn, Thomas. 2016. The Islamic State’s Prolific ‘Martyrdom’ Machine, The Long War Journal: A Project of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/06/the-islamic-states-prolific-martyrdom-machine.php.Google Scholar
Juergensmeyer, Mark. 2003. Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence, 2nd edn., Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Kepel, Gilles. 2002. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, transl. Anthony F. Roberts, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kepel, Gilles. 2008. Beyond Terror and Martyrdom: The Future of the Middle East, transl. Pascale Ghazaleh, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kepel, Gilles. 2017. Terror in France: The Rise of Jihad in the West, 2nd edn., Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Khosrokhavar, Farhad. 2005. Suicide Bombers: Allah’s New Martyrs, transl. David Macey, London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Khosrokhavar, Farhad. 2009. Inside Jihadism: Understanding Jihadi Movements Worldwide, London: Paradigm Publishers.Google Scholar
Kippenberg, Hans G. 1981. Jeder Tag ‘Ashura, jedes Grab Karbala: Zur Ritualisierung der Straßenkämpfe im Iran, in Greussing, Kurt (ed.), Religion und Politik im Iran, Frankfurt am Main: Syndikat, 217–56.Google Scholar
Kippenberg, Hans G.. 2006a. Defining the Present Situation of Muslims and Re-enacting the Prophet’s Ghazwas, in Kippenberg, Hans G. and Seidensticker, Silman (eds.), The 9/11 Handbook: Annotated Translation and Interpretation of the Attackers’ Spiritual Manual, London and Oakville: Equinox Publishing, 47–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kippenberg, Hans G.. 2006b. The Social Matrix of the Attack, in Kippenberg, Hans G. and Seidensticker, Silman (eds.), The 9/11 Handbook: Annotated Translation and Interpretation of the Attackers’ Spiritual Manual, London and Oakville: Equinox Publishing Ltd, 59–69.Google Scholar
Kippenberg, Hans G.. 2011. Violence as Worship: Religious Wars in the Age of Globalization, transl. Brian McNeil, Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Kippenberg, Hans G., and Seidensticker, Silman (eds.). 2006. The 9/11 Handbook: Annotated Translation and Interpretation of the Attackers’ Spiritual Manual, London and Oakville: Equinox Publishing Ltd.Google Scholar
Kirby, Aidan. 2007. The London Bombers as ‘Self-Starters’: A Case Study in Indigenous Radicalization and the Emergence of Autonomous Cliques, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 30:5, 415–28.Google Scholar
Kitts, Margo. 2010. The Last Night: Ritualized Violence and the Last Instructions of 9/11, Journal of Religion 90:3, 283–312.Google Scholar
Kitts, Margo. 2018. Elements of Ritual and Violence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kohlberg, E. 1997. Medieval Muslim Views on Martyrdom. The Hague: Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen.Google Scholar
Kohlberg, E.. 2010. Shahīd, in Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edn., Leiden: Brill, www.referenceworks.brillonline.com.Google Scholar
Lamont, Michèle. 1992. Money, Morals, and Manners: The Culture of the French and American Upper-Middle Class, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lamont, Michèle, and Thévenot, Laurent (eds.). 2000. Rethinking Comparative Cultural Sociology: Repertoires of Evaluation in France and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, Bernard. 2003.The Assassins: A Radical Islamic Sect, 3rd edn., New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Li, Darryl. 2012. Taking the Place of Martyrs: Afghans and Arabs under the Banner of Islam, Arab Studies Journal 20:1, 12–39.Google Scholar
Malory, Nye. 1999. Religion Is Religioning? Anthropology and the Cultural Study of Religion, Scottish Journal of Religious Studies 20:2, 193–234.Google Scholar
Maqdsi, Muhammad. 1993. Charter of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) of Palestine (transl. Muhammad Maqdsi), Journal of Palestine Studies 22:4, 122–34.Google Scholar
Marway, Herjeet. 2015. Female Suicide Bombers and Autonomy, in Marway, Herjeet and Widdows, Heather (eds.), Women and Violence: The Agency of Victims and Perpetrators, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 110–28.Google Scholar
Merari, Ariel. 2010. Driven to Death: Psychological and Social Aspects of Suicide Terrorism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mishal, Shaul, and Aharoni, Reuven. 1994. Speaking Stones: Communiqués from the Intifada Underground, New York: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Mishal, Shaul, and Aharoni, Reuven, and Sela, Avraham. 2006. The Palestinian Hamas: Vision, Violence, and Coexistence, 2nd edn., New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Moghadam, Assaf. 2006a. Suicide Terrorism, Occupation, and the Globalization of Martyrdom: A Critique of Dying to Win, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 29:8, 707–29.Google Scholar
Moghadam, Assaf. 2006b. Defining Suicide Terrorism, in Pedahzur, Ami (ed.), Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom, London: Routledge, 13–24.Google Scholar
Moghadam, Assaf. 2008. The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, Abu al-Husayn. 2007. Sahih Muslim, transl. Nasiruddin al-Khattab, 7 vols., Riyadh: Maktaba Darussalam, https://islamfuture.wordpress.com/2013/01/03/sahih-muslim-7-vol-set.Google Scholar
Nanninga, Pieter. 2014. Jihadism and Suicide Attacks: al-Qaeda, al-Sahab and the Meanings of Martyrdom, PhD thesis University of Groningen.Google Scholar
Nanninga, Pieter. 2016. The Liminality of ‘Living Martyrdom’: Suicide Bombers’ Preparations for Paradise, in Berger, Peter and Kroesen, Justin (eds.), Ultimate Ambiguities: Investigating Death and Liminality, New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 78–96.Google Scholar
Nanninga, Pieter. 2017. The Role of Religion in al-Qaeda’s Violence, in Lewis, James R (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Religion and Terrorism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 158–71.Google Scholar
Nanninga, Pieter. 2018. Among the Believers Are Men: How the Islamic State Uses Early-Islamic Traditions to Shape its Martyr Biographies, Numen 65:2–3, 165–84.Google Scholar
Nanninga, Pieter. 2019. Religion and International Crimes: The Case of the Islamic State, in Smeulers, Alette, Weerdesteijn, Maartje and Hola, Barbora (eds.), Perpetrators of International Crimes: Theories, Methods and Evidence, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 192–207.Google Scholar
Norton, August Richard. 2007. Hezbollah: A Short History, Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Oliver, Anne Marie, and Steinberg, Paul. 2005. The Road to the Martyrs’ Square: A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pape, Robert A. 2006. Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism, paperback ed., New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Pape, Robert A., and Feldman, James K. 2010. Cutting the Fuse: The Explosion of Global Suicide Terrorism and How to Stop It, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Pedahzur, Ami, and Perliger, Arie. 2006. The Changing Nature of Suicide Attacks: A Social Network Perspective, Social Forces 84:4, 1987–2008.Google Scholar
Piazza, James, A. 2008. A Supply-Side View of Suicide Terrorism: A Cross-National Study, The Journal of Politics 70:1, 28–39.Google Scholar
Post, Jerrold M. 2007. The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to al-Qaeda, New York: Palgrave MacMillan.Google Scholar
Qutb, Sayyid. 1979 [1964]. Ma‘alim fi l-tariq [Milestones along the Road], Beirut and Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq.Google Scholar
Rahnema, Ali. 1998. An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shari‘ati, London and New York: I. B. Tauris Publishers.Google Scholar
Reuter, Christoph. 2004. My Life Is a Weapon, transl. Helena Ragg-Kirkby, Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Riesebrodt, Martin. 1998. Pious Passion: The Emergence of Modern Fundamentalism in the United States and Iran, transl. Don Renau, Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, Michael. 2005. Tamil Tiger ‘Martyrs’: Regenerating Divine Potency?, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 28:6, 493–514.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, F. 2010. Intihār, in Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edn., Leiden: Brill, www.referenceworks.brillonline.com.Google Scholar
Roy, Olivier. 2017. Jihad and Death: The Global Appeal of Islamic State, transl. Cynthia Schoch,Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sageman, Marc. 2004. Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Sageman, Marc. 2006. Islam and Al Qaeda, in Pedahzur, Ami (ed.), Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom, London: Routledge, 122–31.Google Scholar
Sageman, Marc. 2008. Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Al-Sahab Foundation for Media Production. 2001. Tadmir al-mudammira al-amrikiyya Kul 2 [The Destruction of the American Destroyer [USS] Cole 2], https://archive.org/details/stateoftheummah2.Google Scholar
Al-Sahab Foundation for Media Production. 2002a. Wasaya abtal ghazawat Niw Yurk wa-Washintun: Ahmad al-Haznawi [The Wills of the Heroes of the Raids on New York and Washington: Ahmad al-Haznawi], https://archive.org/details/hznwiwill.Google Scholar
Al-Sahab Foundation for Media Production. 2002b. The Nineteen Martyrs: ‘Abd al-‘Aziz al-‘Umari, https://archive.org/details/wasiyat-shaheed-alumari.Google Scholar
Al-Sahab Foundation for Media Production. 2003. American Hell in Afghanistan and Iraq: Sa‘id al-Ghamdi, https://archive.org/details/911-will-saeed-al-ghamdi.Google Scholar
Al-Sahab Foundation for Media Production. 2004. Badr al-Riyadh 2 [The Full Moon of Riyadh], https://archive.org/details/moon_BR/badr2_wmv.wmv.Google Scholar
Al-Sahab Foundation for Media Production. 2006a. Al-‘ilm lil-‘amal: ghazwa Manhatan 1 [Knowledge Is for Acting Upon: The Manhattan Raid 1], https://archive.org/details/GhazwatManhattan1.Google Scholar
Al-Sahab Foundation for Media Production. 2006b. Al-‘ilm lil-‘amal: ghazwa Manhatan 2 [Knowledge Is for Acting Upon: The Manhattan Raid 2], https://archive.org/details/GhazwatManhattan2.Google Scholar
Al-Sahab Foundation for Media Production. 2007a. Wasaya abtal ghazawat Niw Yurk wa-Washintun: Abu Mus‘ab Walid al-Shehri [The Wills of the Martyrs of the Raids on New York and Washington: Abu Mus‘ab Walid al-Shehri], https://archive.org/details/Abu-Musab-Walid-al-Shehri-Will.Google Scholar
Al-Sahab Foundation for Media Production. 2007b. Rih al-janna 1 [Winds of Paradise 1], https://archive.org/details/windsofparadise1_english.Google Scholar
Al-Sahab Foundation for Media Production. 2008a. Al-qawl qawl al-sawarim: ghazwa al-mu’adhin Abu Gharib al-Makki [The Word Is the Word of the Swords: The Raid of the Muezzin Abu Gharib al-Makki], https://archive.org/details/AsSahab-TheWordIsTheWordOfTheSwords1.Google Scholar
Al-Sahab Foundation for Media Production. 2008b. Ḥisad 7 sanawat min al-hurub al-salibiyya [The Results of Seven Years of the Crusades], https://archive.org/details/Results.Google Scholar
Al-Sahab Foundation for Media Production. 2008c. Rih al-janna 2 [Winds of Paradise: 2], https://archive.org/details/windsofparadise2_AMEF.Google Scholar
Al-Sahab Foundation for Media Production. 2008d, Jihad wa-istishhad: al-qa’id Abu al-Hasan [Jihad and Martyrdom: Commander Abu al-Hasan], https://archive.org/details/assahab_20080708_hi.Google Scholar
Schalk, Peter. 1997. Resistance and Martyrdom in the Process of State Formation of Tamil Eelam, in Pettigrew, Joyce (ed.), Martyrdom and Political Resistance: Essays from Asia and Europe, Amsterdam: VU University Press, 61–84.Google Scholar
Schalk, Peter. 2017. The LTTE: A Nonreligious, Political, Martial Movement for Establishing the Right of Self-Determination of Īḻattamiḻs, in Lewis, James R (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Religion and Terrorism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 146–57.Google Scholar
Schuurman, Bart, et al. 2018. End of the Lone Wolf: The Typology That Should Not Have Been, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 42:8, 771–8.Google Scholar
Schweitzer, Yoram. 2000. Suicide Terrorism: Development and Main Characteristics. A lecture presented in the International Conference on Countering Suicide Terrorism at ICT, Herzeliya, Israel on 21 February 2000, www.ict.org.il/Article.aspx?ID=779#gsc.tab=0.Google Scholar
Schweitzer, Yoram. 2006. Al-Qaeda and the Global Epidemic of Suicide Attacks, in Pedahzur, Ami (ed.), Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom, London: Routledge, 132–51.Google Scholar
Sedgwick, Mark. 2004. Al-Qaeda and the Nature of Religious Terrorism, Terrorism and Political Violence 16:4, 795–814.Google Scholar
Seidensticker, Tilman. 2006. The Instructions Given in the Spiritual Manual and their Particular Interpretation of Islam, in Kippenberg, Hans G. and Seidensticker, Silman (eds.), The 9/11 Handbook: Annotated Translation and Interpretation of the Attackers’ Spiritual Manual, London and Oakville: Equinox Publishing Ltd, 19–28.Google Scholar
Silke, Andrew. 1998. Cheshire-Cat Logic: The Recurring Theme of Terrorist Abnormality in Psychological Research, Psychology, Crime & Law 4:1, 51–69.Google Scholar
Silke, Andrew. 2008. Research on Terrorism: A Review of the Impact of 9/11 and the Global War on Terrorism, in Chen, Hsinchun et al. (eds.), Terrorism Informatics: Knowledge Management and Data Mining for Homeland Security, New York: Springer, 27–50.Google Scholar
Singh, Rashmi. 2011. Hamas and Suicide Terrorism: Multi-Causal and Multi-Level Approaches, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Speckhard, Anne. 2008. The Emergence of Female Suicide Terrorists, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 31:11, 995–1023.Google Scholar
Speckhard, Anne, and Ahkmedova, Khapta. 2006. The Making of a Martyr: Chechen Suicide Terrorism, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 29:5, 429–92.Google Scholar
START (National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism). 2018. Global Terrorism Database, www.start.umd.edu/gtd.Google Scholar
Stern, Jessica. 2003. Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill. New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Strenski, Ivan. 2003. Sacrifice, Gift and the Social Logic of Muslim ‘Human Bombers’, Terrorism and Political Violence 15:3, 1–34.Google Scholar
Swidler, Ann. 1986. Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies, American Sociological Review 51:2, 273–86.Google Scholar
Swidler, Ann. 2001. Talk of Love: How Culture Matters, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir. 1993. The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. XI: The Challenge to the Empires, transl. Khalid Yahya Blankinship, New York: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Al-Tirmidhi, Abu ‘Isa Muhammad ibn ‘Isa. 2007. Jami‘ al-Tirmidhi, transl. Abu Khaliyl, 6 vols., Riyadh: Maktaba Darussalam, https://islamfuture.wordpress.com/2013/06/22/jami-at-tirmidhi-6-vol-set.Google Scholar
Turner, Kathleen. 2016. The Rise of Female Suicide Bombers, Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses 8:3, 15–19.Google Scholar
Van Gennep, Arnold. 1960. The Rites of Passage, transl. Monika B. Vizedom and Gabrielle L. Caffee, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Victor, Barbara. 2003. Army of Roses: Into the World of Palestinian Women Suicide Bombers, Emmaus: Rodale.Google Scholar
Victoroff, Jeff. 2005. The Mind of the Terrorist: A Review and Critique of Psychological Approaches, Journal of Conflict Resolution 49:1, 3–42.Google Scholar
Ward, Veronica. 2018. What Do We Know about Suicide Bombing? Review and Analysis, Politics and the Life Sciences 37:1, 88–112.Google Scholar
Weinberg, Leonard. 2006. Suicide Terrorism for Secular Causes, in Pedahzur, Ami (ed.), Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom, London: Routledge, 108–21.Google Scholar
Weiner, Eugene, and Weiner, Anita. 1990. The Martyr’s Conviction: A Sociological Analysis, Atlanta: Scholars Press.Google Scholar
Whitehead, Neil L., and Abufarha, Nasser. 2008. Suicide, Violence, and Cultural Conceptions of Martyrdom in Palestine, Social Research 75:2, 395–416.Google Scholar
Wiktorowicz, Quintan. 2005. A Genealogy of Radical Islam, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 28:2, 75–97.Google Scholar
Wilayat Ninawa Media Office. 2017. Lanahdiyannahum subulana [We will Surely Guide Them to Our Ways], https://jihadology.net/2017/05/17/new-video-message-from-the-islamic-state-we-will-surely-guide-them-to-our-ways-wilayat-ninawa.Google Scholar
Winter, Charlie. 2017. War by Suicide: A Statistical Analysis of the Islamic State’s Martyrdom Industry, The Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, https://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ICCT-Winter-War-by-Suicide-Feb2017.pdf.Google Scholar
World Islamic Front for Jihad against the Jews and Crusaders. 1998. Bayan al-Jabha al-Islamiyya al-ʻAlamiyya li-jihad al-yuhud wa-l-salibiyyin [Statement of the World Islamic Front for Jihad against Jews and Crusaders], Al-Quds al-ʻArabi, 23 February, http://plancksconstant.org/blog/2006/02/fatw2.htm.Google Scholar
Al-Zawahiri, Ayman. 2001. Fursan tahta rayat al-nabi [Knights under the Banner of the Prophet], n.p.: Minbar al-tawhid wa-l-jihad, https://azelin.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/ayman-al-zawahiri-knights-under-the-prophets-banner-first-edition.pdf.Google Scholar
- 13
- Cited by