Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T09:18:31.711Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

God and the Problem of Logic

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 May 2023

Andrew Dennis Bassford
Affiliation:
University of Texas, Austin

Summary

Classical theists hold that God is omnipotent. But now suppose a critical atheologian were to ask: Can God create a stone so heavy that even he cannot lift it? This is the dilemma of the stone paradox. God either can or cannot create such a stone. Suppose that God can create it. Then there's something he cannot do – namely, lift the stone. Suppose that God cannot create the stone. Then, again, there's something he cannot do – namely, create it. Either way, God cannot be omnipotent. Among the variety of known theological paradoxes, the paradox of the stone is especially troubling because of its logical purity. It purports to show that one cannot believe in both God and the laws of logic. In the face of the stone paradox, how should the contemporary analytic theist respond? Ought they to revise their belief in theology or their belief in logic? Ought they to lose their religion or lose their mind?
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009272391
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 08 June 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, Sarah. 2015. “A New Paradox of Omnipotence.” Philosophia 43 (3): 759785.Google Scholar
Adams, Sarah, and Robson, Jon. 2020. “Analyzing Aseity.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 50 (2): 251267.Google Scholar
Aeschylus. 467 BC/2006. “Seven Against Thebes.” In Aeschylus, Volume 1, Reprint Edition. Translated by Herbert Weir Smyth. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library.Google Scholar
Ahsan, Abbas. 2022. “Islamic Mystical Dialetheism: Resolving the Paradox of God’s Unknowability and Ineffability.” Philosophia 50 (3): 925964.Google Scholar
Alanen, Lilli. 1985. “Descartes, Duns Scotus, and Ockham on Omnipotence and Possibility.” Franciscan Studies 45 (1): 157188.Google Scholar
Alanen, Lilli. 1988. “Descartes, Omnipotence, and Kinds of Modality.” In Doing Philosophy Historically. Edited by Hare, Peter H.. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. pp. 182–196.Google Scholar
Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid. c. 1096/1965. The Jerusalem Epistle. In his Al-Ghazali’s Tract on Dogmatic Theology. Translated by A. L. Tibawi. London: Luzac and Company.Google Scholar
Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid. c. 1105/2016. The Alchemy of Happiness. Translated by Murray, John. London: The Lost Library.Google Scholar
Anderson, Alan Ross, and Belnap, Nuel D.. 1975. Entailment: The Logic of Relevance and Necessity, Volume 1. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, C. Anthony. 1984. “Divine Omnipotence and Impossible Tasks: An Intensional Analysis.” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 15 (3): 109124.Google Scholar
Anselm of Canterbury. 1076/1975. Monologion. In his Anselm of Canterbury, Volume 1. Translated and edited by Jasper Hopkins and Herbert Richardson. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.Google Scholar
Anselm of Canterbury. 1077/1975. Proslogion. In his Anselm of Canterbury, Volume 1. Translated and edited by Jasper Hopkins and Herbert Richardson. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.Google Scholar
Antony, Louise. 2018. “No Good Reason – Exploring the Problem of Evil.” In The Norton Introduction to Philosophy, Second Edition. Edited by Rosen, Gideon, Byrne, Alex, Cohen, Joshua, Harman, Elizabeth, and Shiffrin, Seana. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Aquinas, Thomas. c. 1255/2014. On the Principles of Nature. Translated by Eleonore Stump and Stephen Chanderbhan. In his The Hackett Aquinas: Basic Works. Edited by Hause, Jeffrey and Pasnau, Robert. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.Google Scholar
Aquinas, Thomas. 1259. Disputed Questions on Truth. Translated by Robert W. Mulligan, James V. McGlynn, and Robert W. Schmidt. Available online at isodore.co/aquinas/.Google Scholar
Aquinas, Thomas. 1265. Summa Contra Gentiles. Translated by Pegis, Anton C.. Available online at isodore.co/aquinas/.Google Scholar
Aquinas, Thomas. 1271. Commentary on Aristotle’s Physics. Translated by Blackwell, Richard J., Spath, Richard J., Thirlkel, W. Edmund, and Conway, Pierre H.. Available online at isodore.co/aquinas/.Google Scholar
Aquinas, Thomas. 1272. Commentary on Aristotle’s Metaphysics. Translated by John P. Rowan. Available online at isodore.co/aquinas/.Google Scholar
Aquinas, Thomas. 1274/1952. Summa Theologica, Volume 1. Translated by The Fathers of the English Dominican Province. New Haven, CT: William Benton.Google Scholar
Aristotle. c. 350 BC/1941a. The Categories. Translated by E. M. Edghill. In The Basic Works of Aristotle. Edited by McKeon, Richard. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Aristotle. c. 350 BC/1941b. The Ethics. Translated by William D. Ross. In The Basic Works of Aristotle. Edited by McKeon, Richard. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Aristotle. c. 350 BC/1941c. The Physics. Translated by Reginald P. Hardie and Richard K. Gaye. In The Basic Works of Aristotle. Edited by McKeon, Richard. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Aristotle. c. 350 BCa. The Prior Analytics. Translated by A. J. Jenkinson. Available online at classics.mit.edu.Google Scholar
Aristotle. c. 350 BCb. The Topics. Translated by William A. Pickard-Cambridge. Available online at classics.mit.edu.Google Scholar
Augustine of Hippo. c. 397/1961. The Confessions. Translated by R. S. Pine-Coffin. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Averroes, c. 1150/1969. The Incoherence of the Incoherence. Translated by Simon Van Den Bergh. London: Luzac and Company.Google Scholar
Baddorf, Matthew. 2017. “Divine Simplicity, Aseity, and Sovereignty.” Sophia 56 (3): 403418.Google Scholar
Baillie, James, and Hagen, Jason. 2008. “There Cannot be Two Omnipotent Beings.” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 64 (1): 2133.Google Scholar
Barth, Karl. 1936/1949. The Doctrine of the Word of God, Volume 1, Part 1. Translated by G. T. Thomson. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.Google Scholar
Barwise, Jon, and Etchemendy, John. 2002. Language, Proof, and Logic. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar
Bassford, Andrew Dennis. 2019. “A Response to Chisholm’s Paradox.” Philosophical Studies 177 (4): 11371155.Google Scholar
Bassford, Andrew Dennis. 2020. “Malebranche on Intelligible Extension.” Metaphysica 21 (2): 199221.Google Scholar
Bassford, Andrew Dennis. 2021a. “God’s Place in Logical Space.” Journal of Analytic Theology 9: 100125.Google Scholar
Bassford, Andrew Dennis. 2021b. “Essence, Effluence, and Emanation: A Neo-Suarezian Analysis.” Studia Neoaristotelica 18 (2): 139186.Google Scholar
Bassford, Andrew Dennis. 2022. “Ought Implies Can or Could Have.” Review of Metaphysics 75 (4): 779807.Google Scholar
Bassford, Andrew D., and Daniel Dolson, Christopher. forthcoming. “Counterfactual Similarity, Nomic Indiscernibility, and the Paradox of Quidditism.” Inquiry.Google Scholar
Beall, Jc. 2011. “Dialetheists Against Pinocchio.” Analysis 71 (4): 689691.Google Scholar
Beall, Jc. 2017. “There is No Logical Negation: True, False, Both, and Neither.” Australasian Journal of Logic 14 (1): Article 1.Google Scholar
Beall, Jc. 2019. “On Contradictory Christology: Preliminary Remarks, Notation and Terminology.” Journal of Analytic Theology 7 (1): 434439.Google Scholar
Beall, Jc. 2021. The Contradictory Christ. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Beall, Jc, and Cotnoir, Aaron J.. 2017. “God of the Gaps: A Neglected Reply to God’s Stone Problem.” Analysis 77 (4): 681689.Google Scholar
Beall, Jc, and Ripley, David. 2004. “Analetheism and Dialetheism.” Analysis 64 (1): 3035.Google Scholar
Beall, Jc, and van Fraassen, Bas C.. 2003. Possibilities and Paradox: An Introduction to Modal and Many-Valued Logic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bergmann, Merrie, Moor, James, and Nelson, Jack. 2014. The Logic Book, Sixth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Berto, Francesco, and Mark, Jago. Fall 2018. “Impossible Worlds.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Zalta, Edward N.. Available online at plato.stanford.edu.Google Scholar
Bittle, Celestine N. 1937. Logic: The Science of Correct Thinking. Milwaukee, WI: Bruce Publishing.Google Scholar
Bittle, Celestine N. 1939. Ontology: The Domain of Being. Milwaukee, WI: Bruce Publishing.Google Scholar
Bittle, Celestine N. 1941. Cosmology: From Aether to Cosmos. Milwaukee, WI: Bruce Publishing.Google Scholar
Bittle, Celestine N. 1953. Theodicy: God and His Creatures. Milwaukee, WI: Bruce Publishing.Google Scholar
Blumenfeld, David. 1978. “On the Compossibility of the Divine Attributes.” Philosophical Studies 34 (1): 91103.Google Scholar
Boethius, Anicius. 524/1999. The Consolation of Philosophy. Translated by Victor Watts. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Bonaventure. 1259/1978. The Soul’s Journey into God. In his Bonaventure. Translated by Ewert Cousins. New York: Paulist Press.Google Scholar
Bonevac, Daniel. 2012. “Two Theories of Analogical Predication.” Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion 4 (1): 2042.Google Scholar
Brower, Jeffrey E. 2008. “Making Sense of Divine Simplicity.” Faith and Philosophy 25 (1): 330.Google Scholar
Brower, Jeffrey E. 2011. “Simplicity and Aseity.” In The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical Theology. Edited by Flint, Thomas P. and Rea, Michael C.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jean, Buridan. C. 1335/1985. The Treatise on Consequences. In Jean Buridan’s Logic. Translated by Peter King. Dordrecht: Reidel.Google Scholar
Jean, Buridan. C. 1335. Quaestiones in Analytica Posteriora. (Translator unknown.) Available online at logicmuseum.com.Google Scholar
Burrus, Virginia. 2013. “Nothing Is Not One: Revisiting the Ex Nihilo.” Modern Theology 29 (2): 3348.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, Haridas. 1954. “The Concept of Brahman in Hindu Philosophy.” Philosophy East and West 4 (1): 4766.Google Scholar
Clark, David W. 1971. “Voluntarism and Rationalism in the Ethics of Ockham.” Franciscan Studies 31: 7287.Google Scholar
Clark, Errin D. 2017. “Thomas Aquinas on Logic, Being, and Power, and Contemporary Problems for Divine Omnipotence.” Sophia 56 (2): 247261.Google Scholar
Clement of Alexandria. c. 200. The Stromata, or Miscellanies. (Translator unknown.) Available online at earlychristianwritings.com.Google Scholar
Collier, Matthew James. 2019. “God’s Necessity on Anselmian Theistic Genuine Modal Realism.” Sophia 58 (3): 331348.Google Scholar
Conee, Earl. 1991. “The Possibility of Power Beyond Possibility.” Philosophical Perspectives 5: 447473.Google Scholar
Cotnoir, Aaron J. 2015. “Nāgārjuna’s Logic.” In The Moon Points Back. Edited by Tanaka, Koji, Deguchi, Yasuo, Jay, L. Garfield, and Graham Priest. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cotnoir, Aaron J. 2017. “Theism and Dialetheism.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 96 (3): 592609.Google Scholar
Cotnoir, Aaron J. 2019. “On the Role of Logic in Analytic Theology: Exploring the Wider Context of Beall’s Philosophy of Logic.” Journal of Analytic Theology 7: 508528.Google Scholar
Cowan, J. L. 1965. “The Paradox of Omnipotence.” Analysis 25 (3): 102108.Google Scholar
Cowan, J. L. 1974. “The Paradox of Omnipotence Revisited.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 3 (3): 435445.Google Scholar
Craig, William Lane. 2011. “Divine Eternity.” In The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical Theology. Edited by Flint, Thomas P. and Rea, Michael C.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Creel, Richard E. 1980. “Can God Know that He Is God?Religious Studies 16 (2): 195201.Google Scholar
Curley, Edward M. 1984. “Descartes on the Creation of the Eternal Truths.” Philosophical Review 93 (4): 569597.Google Scholar
Damian, Peter. 1065/1969. On Divine Omnipotence. Translated by Blum, Owen J.. In Medieval Philosophy: From St. Augustine to Nicholas of Cusa. Edited by Wippel, John F. and Wolter, Allan B.. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Ciro, De Florio, and Frigerio, Aldo. 2015. “Two Omnipotent Beings?Philosophia 43 (2): 309324.Google Scholar
Descartes, René. 1629–1649/1970. Philosophical Letters. Translated by Kenny, Anthony. Indianapolis, IN: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Descartes, René. 1641/2006. Meditations, Objections, and Replies. Translated by Ariew, Roger and Cress, Donald. Cambridge, MA: Hackett.Google Scholar
Descartes, René. 1647/1996. Principles of Philosophy. In his The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, Volume 1. Translated by John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, and Dugald Murdoch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Descartes, René. 1677/1996. The World. In his The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, Volume 1. Translated by John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, and Dugald Murdoch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Devenish, Philip E. 1985. “Omnipotence, Creation, Perfection: Kenny and Aquinas on the Power and Action of God.” Modern Theology 1 (2): 105117.Google Scholar
Devlin, Keith. 1992. Sets, Functions, and Logic: An Introduction to Abstract Mathematics, Second Edition. New York: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Drange, Theodore M. 2003. “Gale on Omnipotence.” Philo 6 (1): 2326.Google Scholar
Englebretsen, George. 1971. “The Incompatibility of God’s Existence and Omnipotence.” Sophia 10 (1): 2831.Google Scholar
Evans, C. Stephen. 2008. “Kierkegaard and the Limits of Reason: Can There Be a Responsible Fideism?Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia 64 (4): 10211035.Google Scholar
Evans, Gillian R. 1994. Philosophy and Theology in the Middle Ages. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fine, Kit. 1970. “Propositional Quantifiers in Modal Logic.” Theoria 36 (3): 336346.Google Scholar
Fine, Kit. 1994. “Essence and Modality.” Philosophical Perspectives 8: 116.Google Scholar
Fine, Kit. 2010. “Some Puzzles of Ground.” Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 51 (1): 97118.Google Scholar
Flint, Thomas P. 1983. “The Problem of Divine Freedom.” American Philosophical Quarterly 20 (3): 255264.Google Scholar
Flint, Thomas P. 1998. “Divine Providence.” In The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical Theology. Edited by Flint, Thomas P. and Rea, Michael C.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Flint, Thomas P., and Freddoso, Alfred J.. 1983. “Maximal Power.” In The Existence and Nature of God. Edited by Freddoso, Alfred J.. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Frankfurt, Harry. 1964. “The Logic of Omnipotence.” Philosophical Review 73 (2): 262263.Google Scholar
Frankfurt, Harry. 1969. “Alternative Possibilities and Moral Responsibility.” Journal of Philosophy 66 (23): 829839.Google Scholar
Frankfurt, Harry. 1977. “Descartes on the Creation of the Eternal Truths.” Philosophical Review 86 (1): 3657.Google Scholar
Fujii, John N. 1961/1963. An Introduction to the Elements of Mathematics. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Gaon, Saadia. 933/1984. The Book of Beliefs and Opinions. Translated by Samuel Rosenblatt. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Geach, Peter T. 1973. “Omnipotence.” Philosophy 48 (183): 720.Google Scholar
Goldfarb, Warren. 2003. Deductive Logic. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.Google Scholar
Grim, Patrick. 1983. “Some Neglected Problems of Omniscience.” American Philosophical Quarterly 20 (3): 265276.Google Scholar
Grim, Patrick. 1984. “There is No Set of All Truths.” Analysis 44 (4): 206208.Google Scholar
Grim, Patrick. 1990. “On Omniscience and a ‘Set of All Truths’: A Reply to Bringsjord.” Analysis 50 (4): 271276.Google Scholar
Grim, Patrick. 2000. “The Being That Knew Too Much.” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 47 (3): 141154.Google Scholar
Hallman, Joseph M. 1999. “Can God Suffer?Logos 2 (1): 153175.Google Scholar
Hasker, William. 1989. God, Time, and Knowledge. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Heck, Richard Kimberly. 2012. “Solving Frege’s Puzzle.” Journal of Philosophy 109: 132174.Google Scholar
Hick, John. 1963. Philosophy of Religion, Third Edition. London: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Hill, Daniel. 1998. “What’s New in Philosophy of Religion?Philosophical Now 21: 3033.Google Scholar
Hill, Scott. 2014. “Giving Up Omnipotence.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 44 (1): 97117.Google Scholar
Holopainen, Toivo J. 2020. “Peter Damian.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Zalta, Edward N.. Available online at plato.stanford.edu.Google Scholar
Hu, Shih. 1922/1963. The Development of the Logical Method in Ancient China. New York: Arno Press.Google Scholar
Nick, Huggett. 2019. “Zeno’s Paradoxes.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward N. Zalta. Available online at plato.stanford.edu.Google Scholar
Hunt, David, and Linda, Zagzebski. 2022. “Foreknowledge and Free Will.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Zalta, Edward N.. Available online at plato.stanford.edu.Google Scholar
Juster, Norton. 1961. The Phantom Tollbooth. New York: Scholastic.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Dan. 2002. “Descartes’s Creation Doctrine and Modality.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 80 (1): 2441.Google Scholar
Keas, Michael N. 2018. “Systematizing the Theoretical Virtues.” Synthese 195 (6): 27612793.Google Scholar
Kelley, David. 1998. The Art of Reasoning, Third Edition. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Kenny, Anthony. 1979. The God of the Philosophers. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Kleene, Stephen Cole. 1952. Introduction to Metamathematics. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishers.Google Scholar
Knepper, Timothy D. 2008. “Not Not: The Method and Logic of Dionysian Negation.” American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly 82 (4): 619637.Google Scholar
Koistinen, Olli. 2003. “Spinoza’s Proof of Necessitarianism.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 67 (2): 283310.Google Scholar
Koons, Robert C. 2014. “A New Kalam Argument: Revenge of the Grim Reaper.” Nous 48 (2): 256267.Google Scholar
Kripke, Saul A. 1959. “A Completeness Theorem in Modal Logic.” Journal of Symbolic Logic 24 (1): 114.Google Scholar
Kripke, Saul A. 1963a. “Semantical Considerations on Modal Logic.” Acta Philosophica Fennica 16: 8394.Google Scholar
Kripke, Saul A. 1963b. “Semantical Analysis of Modal Logic I: Normal Propositional Calculi.” Zeitschrift fur Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik 9: 6796.Google Scholar
Kripke, Saul A. 1965. “Semantical Analysis of Modal Logic II: Non-Normal Modal Propositional Calculi.” In The Theory of Models: Proceedings of the 1963 International Symposium at Berkeley. Edited by Addison, John W., Tarski, Alfred, and Henkin, Leon. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishers.Google Scholar
La Croix, Richard R. 1975. “Swinburne on Omnipotence.” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 6 (4): 251255.Google Scholar
La Croix, Richard R. 1977. “The Impossibility of Defining Omnipotence.” Philosophical Studies 32 (2): 181190.Google Scholar
La Croix, Richard R. 1984. “Descartes on God’s Ability to Do the Logically Impossible.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 14 (3): 455475.Google Scholar
Lactanitius. c. 300/1871. On the Wrath of God. In his The Works of Lactanitius. Translated by William Fletcher. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.Google Scholar
Henrik, Lagerlund. Summer 2022. “Medieval Theories of the Syllogism.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward N. Zalta. Available online at plato.stanford.edu.Google Scholar
Laughlin, Peter. 2009. “Divine Necessity and Created Contingence in Aquinas.” Heythrop Journal 50 (4): 648657.Google Scholar
Leftow, Brian. 2011. “Omnipotence.” In The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical Theology. Edited by Flint, Thomas P. and Rea, Michael C.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Leftow, Brian. 2012. “God’s Omnipotence.” In The Oxford Handbook of Aquinas. Edited by Davies, Brian. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lemmon, E. J. 1965/1969. Beginning Logic. London: Nelson.Google Scholar
Lewis, Clive S. 1940/1962. The Problem of Pain. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Lewis, Clarence Irving, and Langford, Cooper Harold. 1932. Symbolic Logic. New York: The Century Company.Google Scholar
Lewis, David K. 1973/2005. Counterfactuals. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lewis, David K. 1978. “Truth in Fiction.” American Philosophical Quarterly 15 (1): 3746.Google Scholar
Lewis, David K. 1979. “Counterfactual Dependence and Time’s Arrow.” Nous 13 (4): 455476.Google Scholar
Lewis, David K. 1986/2005. On the Plurality of Worlds. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Linksy, Bernard. 1999. Russell’s Metaphysical Logic. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar
Peter, Lombard. c. 1155/2007. The Sentences, Book 1. Translated by Silano, Giulio. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies.Google Scholar
Londey, David, Miller, Barry, and King-Farlow, John. 1971. “God and the Stone Paradox: Three Comments.” Sophia 10 (3): 2333.Google Scholar
Mackie, John L. 1955. “Evil and Omnipotence.” Mind 64 (254): 200212.Google Scholar
Macquarrie, John. 1967. God-Talk: An Examination of the Language and Logic of Theology. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Maimonides, Moses. 1190/1956. The Guide for the Perplexed. Translated by Moses Friedlander. New York: Dover.Google Scholar
Malebranche, Nicolas. 1678/1997. Elucidations of The Search after Truth. Translated by Thomas M. Lennon. In his The Search after Truth. Edited by Thomas M. Lennon and Paul J. Olscamp. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Malebranche, Nicolas. 1688/1997. Dialogues on Metaphysics and on Religion. Translated by David Scott. Edited by Jolley, Nicholas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mallozzi, Antonella, Vaidya, Anand, and Michael, Wallner. 2021. “The Epistemology of Modality.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Zalta, Edward N.. Available online at plato.stanford.edu.Google Scholar
Mares, Edwin D. 2004. “Semantic Dialetheism.” In The Law of Non-Contradiction. Edited by Priest, Graham, Beall, Jc, and Armour-Garb, Bradley. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Mavrodes, George. 1963. “Some Puzzles Concerning Omnipotence.” Philosophical Review 72 (2): 221223.Google Scholar
Mavrodes, George. 1977. “Defining Omnipotence.” Philosophical Studies 32 (2): 191202.Google Scholar
Mavrodes, George. 1988. “Commentary on Lilli Alanen’s ‘Descartes, Omnipotence, and Kinds of Modality.’” In Doing Philosophy Historically. Edited by Hare, Peter H.. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. pp. 197–202.Google Scholar
Mayo, Bernard. 1961. “Mr. Keene on Omnipotence.” Mind 70 (278): 249250.Google Scholar
Kris, McDaniel. 2020. “John M. E. McTaggart.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Zalta, Edward N.. Available online at plato.stanford.edu.Google Scholar
McFetridge, Ian G. 1990. “Descartes on Modality.” In his Logical Necessity and Other Essays. Bristol: Longdunn Press.Google Scholar
McTaggart, John M. E. 1906. Some Dogmas of Religion. London: Edward Arnold Publisher.Google Scholar
Mele, Alfred R., and Smith, M. P.. 1988. “The New Paradox of the Stone.” Faith and Philosophy 5 (3): 283290.Google Scholar
Miller, Clyde Lee. 2021. “Nicholas of Cusa.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward N. Zalta. Available online at plato.stanford.edu.Google Scholar
Molina, Luis de. 1588/1988. On Divine Foreknowledge (Part IV of the Concordia). Translated by Alfred J. Freddoso. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Moody, Ernest A. 1966/1975. “The Medieval Contribution to Logic.” In his Studies in Medieval Philosophy, Science, and Logic: Collected Papers, 1933–1969. Berkley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Morris, Thomas V. 1991. Our Idea of God. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Morriston, Wes. 2001. “Omnipotence and the Anselmian God.” Philo 4 (1): 720.Google Scholar
Morriston, Wes. 2002. “Omnipotence and the Power to Choose: A Reply to Wielenberg.” Faith and Philosophy 19 (3): 358367.Google Scholar
Nagasawa, Yujin. 2008. “A New Defense of Anselmian Theism.” Philosophical Quarterly 58 (233): 577596.Google Scholar
Nicholas of Cusa. 1440/1969. On Learned Ignorance, Chapters 2–3. Translated by G. Heron. In Medieval Philosophy: From St. Augustine to Nicholas of Cusa. Edited by Wippel, John F. and Wolter, Allan B.. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Nolan, Daniel. 2021. “Impossibility and Impossible Worlds.” In The Routledge Handbook of Modality. Edited by Bueno, Otavio and Shalkowski, Scott. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Northrop, Forrest S. C. 1947/1983. The Logic of the Sciences and the Humanities. Woodbridge, CT: Ox Bow Press.Google Scholar
Oms, Sergi. forthcoming. “Some Remarks on the Notion of Paradox.” Acta Analytica.Google Scholar
Origen of Alexandria. c. 230/1966. On First Principles. Translated by G. W. Butterworth. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Pearce, Kenneth L. 2017. “Counterpossible Dependence and the Efficacy of the Divine Will.” Faith and Philosophy 34 (1): 316.Google Scholar
Pearce, Kenneth L. 2019. “Infinite Power and Finite Powers.” In The Infinity of God: New Perspectives in Theology and Philosophy. Edited by Goecke, Benedikt Paul and Tapp, Christian. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press.Google Scholar
Pearce, Kenneth L. 2021. “God’s Impossible Options.” Faith and Philosophy 38 (2): 185204.Google Scholar
Pearce, Kenneth L., and Pruss, Alexander R.. 2012. “Understanding Omnipotence.” Religious Studies 48 (3): 403414.Google Scholar
Pike, Nelson. 1969. “Omnipotence and God’s Ability to Sin.” American Philosophical Quarterly 6 (3): 208216.Google Scholar
Pojman, Louis P. 2003. “The Problem of Evil.” In his Philosophy of Religion: An Anthology, Fourth Edition. Edited by Pojman, Louis P.. Toronto: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Pasquale, Porro. 2014. “Henry of Ghent.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward N. Zalta. Available online at plato.stanford.edu.Google Scholar
Plantinga, Alvin. 1967/1994. God and Other Minds: A Study of the Rational Justification of Belief in God. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Plantinga, Alvin. 1970. “World and Essence.” Philosophical Review 79 (4): 461492.Google Scholar
Plantinga, Alvin. 1974. The Nature of Necessity. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Plantinga, Alvin. 1977. God, Freedom, and Evil. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing.Google Scholar
Plantinga, Alvin. 1979/1983/2003. “Religious Belief Without Evidence.” In Philosophy of Religion: An Anthology, Fourth Edition. Edited by Pojman, Louis P.. Toronto: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Plantinga, Alvin. 1980. Does God Have a Nature? Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press.Google Scholar
Plantinga, Alvin, and Grim, Patrick. 1993. “Truth, Omniscience, and Cantorian Arguments: An Exchange.” Philosophical Studies 71 (3): 267306.Google Scholar
Plotinus. c. 253/1952. The Six Enneads. Translated by Stephen MacKenna and B. S. Page. London: William Benton.Google Scholar
Priest, Graham. 1979. “The Logic of Paradox.” Journal of Philosophical Logic 8 (1): 219241.Google Scholar
Priest, Graham. 1987. In Contradiction: A Study of the Transconsistent. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.Google Scholar
Priest, Graham. 1992. “What is a Non-Normal World?Logique et Analyse 35 (140): 291302.Google Scholar
Priest, Graham. 2008a. An Introduction to Non-Classical Logic: From If to Is, Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Priest, Graham. 2008b. “Many-Valued Modal Logics: A Simple Approach.” Review of Symbolic Logic 1 (2): 190203.Google Scholar
Priest, Graham, Berto, Francesco, and Zach, Weber. 2018. “Dialetheism.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward N. Zalta. Available online at plato.stanford.edu.Google Scholar
Priest, Graham, Tanaka, Koji, and Zach, Weber. 2022. “Paraconsistent Logic.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Zalta, Edward N.. Available online at plato.stanford.edu.Google Scholar
Prior, Arthur N. 1955. “Diodoran Modalities.” Philosophical Quarterly 5 (20): 205213.Google Scholar
Pruss, Alexander R., and Rasmussen, Joshua L.. 2018. Necessary Existence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite. c. 500/1897. Divine Names. In his The Works of Dionysius the Areopagite, Volume 1. Translated by Parker, John. London: James Parker and Company.Google Scholar
Pseudo-Grosseteste. c. 1277/1957. Summa Philosophiae, Treatises 2–3. In Selections from Medieval Philosophers, Volume 1. Edited and translated by Richard McKeon. New York: Scribner.Google Scholar
Quine, William V. O. 1947. “The Problem of Interpreting Modal Logic.” Journal of Symbolic Logic 12 (2): 4248.Google Scholar
Quine, William V. O. 1951/2003. “Two Dogmas of Empiricism.” In his From a Logical Point of View: Nine Logico-Philosophical Essays. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Quine, William V. O. 1961/1966. “The Ways of Paradox.” In his The Ways of Paradox and Other Essays. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Quine, William V. O. 1986. Philosophy of Logic, Second Edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. O., and Ullian, J. S.. 1970. The Web of Belief. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Rehnman, Sebastian. 2008. “Does It Matter If Christian Doctrine Is Contradictory? Barth on Logic and Theology.” In Engaging with Barth: Contemporary Evangelical Critiques. Edited by Gibson, David and Strange, Daniel. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.Google Scholar
Remnant, Peter. 1978. “Peter Damian: Could God Change the Past?Canadian Journal of Philosophy 8 (2): 259268.Google Scholar
Restall, Greg. 1997. “Paraconsistent Logics!Bulletin of the Section of Logic 26 (3): 156163.Google Scholar
Rosenkrantz, Gary, and Hoffman, Joshua. 1980. “What an Omnipotent Agent Can Do.” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 11 (1): 119.Google Scholar
Rosenkrantz, Gary, and Hoffman, Joshua. 1988. “Omnipotence Redux.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 49 (2): 283301.Google Scholar
Rosenkrantz, Gary, and Joshua, Hoffman. 2022. “Omnipotence.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Zalta, Edward N.. Available online at plato.stanford.edu.Google Scholar
Rowe, William L. 2002. “Can God Be Free?Faith and Philosophy 19 (4): 405424.Google Scholar
Russell, Bertrand. 1903/1965. Principles of Mathematics, Second Edition. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Russell, Bertrand. 1905. “On Denoting.” Mind 14 (56): 479493.Google Scholar
Sainsbury, Richard M. 2008. Paradoxes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sandgren, Alexander, and Tanaka, Koji. 2020. “Two Kinds of Logical Impossibility.” Nous 54 (4): 795806.Google Scholar
Savage, Curtis Wade. 1967. “The Paradox of the Stone.” Philosophical Review 76 (1): 7479.Google Scholar
Schrader, David E. 1979. “A Solution to the Stone Paradox.” Synthese 42 (2): 255264.Google Scholar
Scotus, John Duns. c. 1300/1987. “The Unicity of God.” In his Philosophical Writings: A Selection, Second Edition. Translated by Wolter, Allan. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.Google Scholar
Serway, Raymond A., and Vuille, Chris. 2015. College Physics, Tenth Edition. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.Google Scholar
Sider, Theodore. 2010. Logic for Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sobel, Jordan Howard. 2004. Logic and Theism: Arguments for and Against Beliefs in God. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sorensen, Roy. 2005. A Brief History of the Paradox: Philosophy and the Labyrinths of the Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Spinoza, Baruch. 1677/2005. Ethics and On the Improvement of the Understanding. Translated by Robert H. M. Elwes. New York: Barnes and Noble.Google Scholar
William, Starr. 2021. “Counterfactuals.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward N. Zalta. Available online at plato.stanford.edu.Google Scholar
Stump, Eleanore. 1985. “The Problem of Evil.” Faith and Philosophy 2 (4): 392423.Google Scholar
Suárez, Francisco. 1597/1983. Metaphysical Disputations, Disputation 31. In his On the Essence of Finite Being as Such, on the Essence of That Essence and Their Distinction. Translated by Norman J. Wells. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press.Google Scholar
Suzuki, Daisetsu T. 1934. An Introduction to Zen Buddhism. New York: Grove Press.Google Scholar
Swanson, Eric. 2008. “Modality in Language.” Philosophy Compass 3 (6): 11931207.Google Scholar
Świętorzecka, Kordula. 2011. “Some Remarks on Formal Description of God’s Omnipotence.” Logic and Logical Philosophy 20 (4): 307315.Google Scholar
Swinburne, Richard. 1973. “Omnipotence.” American Philosophical Quarterly 10 (3): 231237.Google Scholar
Swinburne, Richard. 1994. The Christian God. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Talbott, Thomas B. 1988. “On the Divine Nature and the Nature of Divine Freedom.” Faith and Philosophy 5 (1): 324.Google Scholar
Tanaka, Koji. 2018. “Logically Impossible Worlds.” Australasian Journal of Logic 15 (2): 489497.Google Scholar
Tedder, Andrew. 2020. “A Classical Bimodal Logic with Varying Essences.” In The Logica Yearbook 2019. Edited by Sedlár, Igor and Blicha, Martin. Prague: College Publications.Google Scholar
Tedder, Andrew, and Badia, Guillermo. 2018. “Currying Omnipotence: A Reply to Beall and Cotnoir.” Thought 7 (2): 119121.Google Scholar
Thai, Lee Pham, and Pillay, Jerry. 2020. “Can God Create Humans with Free Will who Never Commit Evil?HTS Theological Studies 76 (1): A6102.Google Scholar
Thomason, Richmond H. 1980. “A Model Theory for Propositional Attitudes.” Linguistics and Philosophy 4: 4770.Google Scholar
Tillemans, Tom J. F. 1999. Scripture, Logic, Language: Essays on Dharmakīrti and His Tibetan Successors. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications.Google Scholar
Trakakis, Nick. 1997. “The Absolutist Theory of Omnipotence.” Sophia 36 (2): 5578.Google Scholar
Uckelman, Sara L. 2009. Modalities in Medieval Logic. PhD Thesis, University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Gabriel, Uzquiano. 2020. “Quantifiers and Quantification.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Zalta, Edward N.. Available online at plato.stanford.edu.Google Scholar
Vaughn, Lewis. 2016. The Power of Critical Thinking: Effective Reasoning about Ordinary and Extraordinary Claims, Fifth Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Werner, Louis. 1971. “Some Omnipotent Beings!Critica 5 (14): 5572.Google Scholar
Wertz, S. K. 1984. “Descartes and the Paradox of the Stone.” Sophia 23 (1): 1624.Google Scholar
Wielenberg, Erik J. 2000. “Omnipotence Again.” Faith and Philosophy 17 (1): 2647.Google Scholar
Wielenberg, Erik J. 2001. “The New Paradox of the Stone Revisited.” Faith and Philosophy 18 (2): 261268.Google Scholar
Wierenga, Edward. 1983. “Omnipotence Defined.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 43 (3): 363375.Google Scholar
Wierenga, Edward. 1989. The Nature of God. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
William of Ockham. 1318/1979. Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard (Ordinatio, Distinctions 19–48). In his Opera Theologica, Volume 4. Translated by Gedeon Gál and Stephen F. Brown. Edited by Etzkorn, Gerald and Kelly, Francis. St. Bonaventure: The Franciscan Institute.Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1922/2003. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Translated by Ogden, Charles K.. New York: Barnes & Noble.Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1938/1966. “A Lecture on Religious Belief.” In his Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology, and Religious Belief. Edited by Barrett, Cyril. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Yagisawa, Takashi. 1988. “Beyond Possible Worlds.” Philosophical Studies 53 (2): 175204.Google Scholar
Yagisawa, Takashi. 1992. “Possible Worlds as Shifting Domains.” Erkenntnis 36 (1): 83101.Google Scholar
Yagisawa, Takashi. 2010. Worlds and Individuals, Possible and Otherwise. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Yagisawa, Takashi. 2015. “Impossibilia and Modally Tensed Predication.” Acta Analytica 30 (4): 317323.Google Scholar
Young, Robert. 1976. “Omnipotence and Compatibilism.” Philosophia 6 (1): 4967.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

God and the Problem of Logic
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

God and the Problem of Logic
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

God and the Problem of Logic
Available formats
×