Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T03:20:54.256Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Children's Imagination

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2022

Paul L. Harris
Affiliation:
Harvard University Graduate School of Education

Summary

Children's imagination was traditionally seen as a wayward, desire-driven faculty that is eventually constrained by rationality. A more recent, Romantic view claims that young children's fertile imagination is increasingly dulled by schooling. Contrary to both perspectives, this Element argues that, paradoxically, children's imagination draws much inspiration from reality. Hence, when they engage in pretend play, envision the future, or conjure up counterfactual possibilities, children rarely generate fantastical possibilities. Their reality-guided imagination enables children to plan ahead and to engage in informative thought experiments. Nevertheless, when adults present children with less reality-based possibilities – via biblical narratives or the endorsement of special beings – children are receptive. Indeed, such imaginary possibilities can infuse their otherwise commonsensical appraisal of reality. Finally, like adults, young children enjoy being absorbed into a make-believe, fictional world but faced with real-world problems calling for creativity, they often need guidance, given their limited knowledge of prior solutions.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009067423
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 23 June 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Atance, C. M. (2015). Young children’s thinking about the future. Child Development Perspectives, 9(3), 178182. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12128Google Scholar
Bascandziev, I. (in press). Representational pluralism in the service of learning: The case of thought experiments. In Bélanger, M., Potvin, P., Horst, S., Shtulman, S., & Mortimer, E. (Eds.), Representational pluralism. Routledge.Google Scholar
Bascandziev, I., & Carey, S. (2021). Thought experiments as a means to overcome naive theories in early childhood. Paper in preparation.Google Scholar
Bascandziev, I., & Harris, P. L. (2010). The role of testimony in young children’s solution of a gravity-driven invisible displacement task. Cognitive Development, 25(3), 233246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2010.06.002Google Scholar
Bascandziev, I., & Harris, P. L. (2020). Can children benefit from thought experiments? In Levy, A. & Godfrey-Smith, P. (Eds.), The scientific imagination: Philosophical and psychological perspectives (pp. 262279). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bascandziev, I., Powell, L., Harris, P. L., & Carey, S. (2016). A role for executive functions in explanatory understanding of the physical world. Cognitive Development, 39(July–September), 7185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2016.04.001Google Scholar
Beck, S. R., Apperly, I. A., Chappell, J., Guthrie, C., & Cutting, N. (2011). Making tools isn’t child’s play. Cognition, 119(2), 301306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2011.01.003Google Scholar
Beck, S. R., Williams, C., Cutting, N., Apperly, I. A., & Chappell, J. (2016). Individual differences in children’s innovative problem-solving are not predicted by divergent thinking or executive functions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1690). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0190CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bering, J. M., & Parker, B. D. (2006). Children’s attributions of intentions to an invisible agent. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 253262. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.253CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berti, A. E., & Freeman, N. H. (1997). Representational change in resources for pictorial innovation: A three-component analysis. Cognitive Development, 12(4), 405426. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2014(97)90020-4Google Scholar
Bettelheim, B. (1991). The uses of enchantment: The meaning and importance of fairy tales. Penguin Books. (Original work published 1975.)Google Scholar
Black, J. B., Turner, T. J., & Bower, G. H. (1979). Point of view in narrative comprehension, memory and production. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18(2), 187198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(79)90118-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bornstein, M. H. (2007). On the significance of social relationships in the development of children’s earliest symbolic play: An ecological perspective. In Gönçü, A. & Gaskins, S. (Eds.), Play and development: Evolutionary, sociocultural and functional perspectives (pp. 101129). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Bornstein, M. H. (2022). Creativity across the lifespan. In Russ, S. W., Hoffmann, J. D., & Kaufman, J. C. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of lifespan development of creativity (pp. 5698). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bower, G. H., & Morrow, D. G. (1990). Mental models in narrative comprehension. Science, 247(4938), 4448. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2403694Google Scholar
Boyette, A. H. (2016). Children’s play and culture learning in an egalitarian foraging society. Child Development, 87(3), 759769. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12496Google Scholar
Bryant, D. J., Tversky, B., & Franklin, N. (1992). Internal and external spatial frameworks for representing described scenes. Journal of Memory and Language, 31(1), 7498. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(92)90006-JGoogle Scholar
Busby, J., & Suddendorf, T. (2005). Recalling yesterday and predicting tomorrow. Cognitive Development, 20(3), 362372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2005.05.002Google Scholar
Callaghan, T., Moll, H., Rakoczy, H. et al. (2011). Early social cognition in three cultural contexts. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 76(2), i–142. www.jstor.org/stable/41261530Google ScholarPubMed
Chernyak, N., Leech, K. A., & Rowe, M. L. (2017). Training preschoolers’ prospective abilities through conversation about the extended self. Developmental Psychology, 53(4), 652661. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000283Google Scholar
Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E., & Harris, P. L. (2015). Judgments about fact and fiction by children from religious and non-religious backgrounds. Cognitive Science, 39(2), 353382. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12138Google Scholar
Corriveau, K. H., Kim, A. L., Schwalen, C., & Harris, P. L. (2009). Abraham Lincoln and Harry Potter: Children’s differentiation between historical and fantasy characters. Cognition, 112(2), 213225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davoodi, T., Corriveau, K. H., & Harris, P. L. (2016). Distinguishing between realistic and fantastical figures in Iran. Developmental Psychology, 52(2), 221231. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000079Google Scholar
Defeyter, M. A., & German, T. P. (2003). Acquiring an understanding of design: Evidence from children’s insight problem solving. Cognition, 89(2), 133155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(03)00098-2Google Scholar
Duncker, K. (1945). On problem-solving. Psychological Monographs, 58(5), i–113. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093599Google Scholar
Gaskins, S. (2000). Children’s daily activities in a Mayan village: A culturally grounded description. Cross-Cultural Research, 34(4), 375389. https://doi.org/10.1177/106939710003400405Google Scholar
German, T. P., & Defeyter, M. A. (2000). Immunity to functional fixedness in young children. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 7(4), 707712. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03213010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glenberg, A., Meyer, M., & Lindem, A. (1987). Mental models contribute to foregrounding during text comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 26(1), 6893. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(87)90063-5Google Scholar
Goldstein, T. R., & Lerner, M. D. (2018). Dramatic pretend play games uniquely improve emotional control in young children. Developmental Science, 21(4), Article e12603. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12603Google Scholar
Gopnik, A., Griffiths, T. L., & Lucas, C. G. (2015). When young learners can be better (or at least more open-minded) than older ones. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(2), 8792. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414556653Google Scholar
Gosso, Y., Morais, M. L. S., & Otta, E. (2007). Pretend play of Brazilian children: A window into different cultural worlds. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(5), 538558. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022107305237Google Scholar
Gray, P. (2011). The decline of play and the rise of psychopathology in children and adolescents. American Journal of Play, 3(4), 443463.Google Scholar
Green, M. C., Brock, T. C., & Kaufman, G. F. (2004). Understanding media enjoyment: The role of transportation into narrative worlds. Communication Theory, 14(4), 311327. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00317.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grenell, A., Prager, E. O., Schaefer, C. et al. (2019). Individual differences in the effectiveness of self-distancing for young children’s emotion regulation. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 37(1), 84100. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12259Google Scholar
Hanus, D., Mendes, N., Tennie, C., & Call, J. (2011). Comparing the performances of apes (Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus) and human children (Homo sapiens) in the floating peanut task. Plos One, 6(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019555Google Scholar
Harris, P. L. (1997). Piaget in Paris: From “Autism” to logic. Human Development, 40(2), 109123. https://doi.org/10.1159/000278711Google Scholar
Harris, P. L. (1998). Fictional absorption: Emotional responses to make-believe. In Bråten, S. (Ed.), Intersubjective communication and emotion in early ontogeny (pp. 336353). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, P. L. (2000). The work of the imagination. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Harris, P. L. (2005). Conversation, pretense, and theory of mind. In Astington, J. W. & Baird, J. (Eds.), Why language matters for theory of mind (pp. 7083). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, P. L. (2009). Piaget on causality: The Whig interpretation of cognitive development. British Journal of Psychology, 100(S1), 229232. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712609X414222Google Scholar
Harris, P. L. (2012). Trusting what you’re told: How children learn from others. Belknap Press/Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, P. L. (2021). Early constraints on the imagination: The realism of young children. Child Development, 92(2), 466483. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13487Google Scholar
Harris, P. L., Brown, E., Marriott, C., Whittall, S., & Harmer, S. (1991). Monsters, ghosts and witches: Testing the limits of the fantasy-reality distinction in young children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(1), 105123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.1991.tb00865.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, P. L., German, T., & Mills, P. (1996). Children’s use of counterfactual thinking in causal reasoning. Cognition, 61(3), 233259. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(96)00715-9Google Scholar
Harris, P. L., & Jalloul, M. (2013). Running on empty: Observing causal relationships of play and development. American Journal of Play, 6(1), 2938.Google Scholar
Harris, P. L., & Kavanaugh, R. D. (1993). Young children’s understanding of pretense. Society for Research in Child Development Monographs, 58(1), i107. https://doi.org/10.2307/1166074Google Scholar
Hassabis, D., Kumaran, D., Vann, S. D., & Maguire, E. A. (2007). Patients with hippocampal amnesia cannot imagine new experiences. PNAS, 104(5), 17261731. https://doi.org/10.1073pnas.0610561104Google Scholar
Hayne, H., Gross, J., McNamee, S., Fitzgibbon, O., & Tustin, K. (2011). Episodic memory and episodic foresight in 3- and 5-year-old children. Cognitive Development, 26(4), 343355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2011.09.006Google Scholar
Hickling, A. K., & Wellman, H. M. (2001). The emergence of children’s causal explanations and theories: Evidence from everyday conversation. Developmental Psychology, 37(5), 668683. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.668Google Scholar
Hilgard, J. R. (1970). Personality and hypnosis: A study of imaginative involvement. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hirsh-Pasek, K., Golinkoff, R. M., Berk, L. E., & Singer, D. D. (2009). A mandate for playful learning in the preschool: Presenting the evidence. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hood, B. (1995). Gravity rules for 2- to 4-year olds. Cognitive Development, 10(4), 577598. https://doi.org/10.1016/0885-2014(95)90027-6Google Scholar
Hood, B. (1998). Gravity does rule for falling events. Developmental Science, 1(1), 5963. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hood, B., Santos, L., & Fieselman, S. (2000). Two-year-olds’ naïve predictions for horizontal trajectories. Developmental Science, 3(3), 328332. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00127Google Scholar
Huang, I. (1930). Children’s explanations of strange phenomena. Psychologische Forschung, 14, 63183. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00403871Google Scholar
Huang, I. (1943). Children’s conception of physical causality: A critical summary. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 63(1), 71121. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856559.1943.10533231Google Scholar
Joh, A. S., Jaswal, V. K., & Keen, R. (2011). Imagining a way out of the gravity bias: Preschoolers can visualize the solution to a spatial problem. Child Development, 82(3), 744750. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01584.xGoogle Scholar
Johnson, C. N., & Harris, P. L. (1994). Magic: Special but not excluded. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12(1), 3551. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.1994.tb00617.xGoogle Scholar
Kalkusch, I., Jaggy, A.-K., Bossi, C. B. et al. (2021). Promoting social pretend play in preschool age: Is providing roleplay material enough? Early Education and Development, 32(8), 11361152. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2020.1830248Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1990). Constraints on representational change: Evidence from children’s drawings. Cognition, 34(1), 5783. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(90)90031-EGoogle Scholar
Kuijpers, M. M., Hakemulder, F., Tan, E. S., & Doicaru, M. M. (2014). Exploring absorbing reading experiences. Scientific Study of Literature, 4(1), 89122.Google Scholar
Lane, J. D. (2020). Probabilistic reasoning in context: Socio-cultural differences in children’s and adults’ predictions about the fulfillment of prayers and wishes. Journal of Cognition and Development, 21(2), 240260. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2019.1709468Google Scholar
Lane, J. D., Ronfard, S. L., Francioli, S. P., & Harris, P. L. (2016). Children’s imagination and belief: Prone to flights of fancy or grounded in reality? Cognition, 152(July), 127140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2016.03.022Google Scholar
Lew-Levy, S., Boyette, A. H., Crittenden, A. N., Hewlett, B. S., & Lamb, M. (2020). Gender-typed and gender-segregated play among Tanzanian Hazda and Congolese BaYaka hunter-gatherer children and adolescents. Child Development, 91(4), 12841301. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13306Google Scholar
Lew-Levy, S., Pope, S. M., Haun, D. B. M., Kline, M. A., & Broesch, T. (2021). Out of the empirical box: A mixed-method study of tool innovation among Congolese BaYaka forager and Bondong fisher-farmer children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 211, 105223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105223Google Scholar
Lillard, A. S. (2001). Pretend play as Twin Earth: A social-cognitive analysis. Developmental Review, 21(4), 495531.https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.2001.0532Google Scholar
Lillard, A. S., Lerner, M. D., Hopkins, E. J. et al. (2013). The impact of pretend play on children’s development: A review of the evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 134. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029321CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lucas, C. G., Bridgers, S., Griffiths, T. L., & Gopnik, A. (2014). When children are better (or at least more open-minded) learners than adults: Developmental differences in learning the forms of causal relationships. Cognition, 131(2), 284199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.12.010Google Scholar
McCormack, T., Feeney, A., & Beck, S. R. (2020). Regret and decision-making: A developmental perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(4), 346350. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721420917688Google Scholar
McCormack, T., O’Connor, E., Cherry, J., Beck, S. R., & Feeney, A. (2019). Experiencing regret about a choice helps children to delay gratification. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 179, 162175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2018.11.005Google Scholar
Mead, M. (1932). An investigation of the thought of primitive children, with special reference to animism. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 62, 173190. https://doi.org/10.2307/2843884Google Scholar
Neldner, K., Redshaw, K., Murphy, S. et al. (2019). Creation across cultures: Children’s tool innovation is influenced by cultural and developmental factors. Developmental Psychology, 55(4), 877889. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000672Google Scholar
Nielsen, M. (2013). Young children’s imitative and innovative behaviour on the floating object task. Infant and Child Development, 22(1), 4452. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.1765Google Scholar
Nielsen, M., Tomaselli, K., Mushin, I., & Whiten, A. (2014). Exploring tool innovation: A comparison of Bushman and Western children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 126, 384394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2014.05.008Google Scholar
Nyhout, A., & Ganea, P. A. (2019). Mature counterfactual reasoning in 4- and 5-year-olds. Cognition, 183, 5766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.10.027Google Scholar
Orozco-Giraldo, C., & Harris, P. L. (2019). Turning water into wine: Young children’s ideas about impossibility. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 19(3–4), 219243. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340066Google Scholar
Payir, A., & Guttentag, R. (2019). Counterfactual thinking and age differences in judgments of regret and blame. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 183, 261275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2019.02.007Google Scholar
Payir, A., Heiphetz, L., Harris, P. L., & Corriveau, K. H. (2022). What could have been done? Counterfactual alternatives to negative outcomes generated by religious and secular children. Developmental Psychology, 58(2), 376391. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001294Google Scholar
Payir, A, McLoughlin, N., Cui, Y. K. et al. (2021). Children’s ideas about what can really happen: The impact of age and religious background. Cognitive Science, 45(10), Article e13054. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13054Google Scholar
Perren, S., Jaggy, A.-K., Kalkusch, I. et al. (2021). Understanding mechanisms underpinning positive impact of pretend play tutoring on social behavior and peer relationships. Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child Development, April 2021.Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1928). La causalité chez l’enfant. (Children’s understanding of causality.) British Journal of Psychology, 18(3), 276301.Google Scholar
Piazza, J., Bering, J. M., & Ingram, G. (2011). “Princess Alice is watching you”: Children’s belief in an invisible person inhibits cheating. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 109(3), 311320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2011.02.003Google Scholar
Prezioso, M. (2022). Absorption in fiction: self-reports of avid and occasional readers. Paper in preparation.Google Scholar
Principe, G. F., Kanaya, T., Ceci, S. J., & Singh, M. (2006). Believing is seeing: How rumors can engender false memories in preschoolers. Psychological Science, 17(3), 243248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01692.xGoogle Scholar
Principe, G. F., & Schindewolf, E. (2012). Natural conversations as a source of false memories in children: Implications for the testimony of young witnesses. Developmental Review, 32(3), 205223. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2012.06.003Google Scholar
Principe, G. F., & Smith, E. (2008a). Seeing things unseen: Fantasy beliefs and false reports. Journal of Cognition and Development, 9(1), 89111. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248370701836618Google Scholar
Principe, G. F., & Smith, E. (2008b). The tooth, the whole tooth and nothing but the tooth: How belief in the tooth fairy can engender false memories. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22(5), 625642. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1402Google Scholar
Rafetseder, E., Schwitalla, M., & Perner, J. (2013). Counterfactual reasoning from childhood to adulthood. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 114(3), 389404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.10.010Google Scholar
Rall, J., & Harris, P. L. (2000). In Cinderella’s slippers? Story comprehension from the protagonist’s point-of-view. Developmental Psychology, 36(2), 202208. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.202Google Scholar
Saito, A., Hayashi, M., Takeshita, H., & Matsuzawa, T. (2014). The origin of representational drawing: A comparison of human children and chimpanzees. Child Development, 85(6), 22322246. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12319Google Scholar
Seiver, E., Gopnik, A., & Goodman, N. D. (2013). Did she jump because she was the big sister or because the trampoline was safe? Causal inference and the development of social attribution. Child Development, 84(2), 443454. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01865.xGoogle Scholar
Shtulman, A. (2009). The development of possibility judgment within and across domains. Cognitive Development, 24(3), 293309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2008.12.006Google Scholar
Shtulman, A., & Carey, S. (2007). Improbable or impossible? How children reason about the possibility of extraordinary events. Child Development, 78(3), 10151032. https://doi.org/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01047.xGoogle Scholar
Slade, A. (1987). A longitudinal study of maternal involvement and symbolic play during the toddler period. Child Development, 58(2), 367375. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130513Google Scholar
Subbotsky, E. V. (1985). Pre-school children’s perception of unusual phenomena. Soviet Psychology, 23, 91114.Google Scholar
Subbotsky, E. V. (1994). Early rationality and magical thinking in preschoolers: Space and time. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12(1), 97108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.1994.tb00621.xGoogle Scholar
Subbotsky, E. V. (2001). Causal explanations of events by children and adults: Can alternative causal modes coexist in one mind? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19 (1), 2345. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151001165949Google Scholar
Suddendorf, T., & Whiten, A. (2001). Mental evolution and development: Evidence for secondary representation in children, great apes and other animals. Psychological Bulletin, 127(5), 629650. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.5.629Google Scholar
Taylor, M., Carlson, S. M., Maring, B. L., Gerow, L., & Charley, C. M. (2004). The characteristics and correlates of fantasy in school-aged children: Imaginary companions, impersonation and social understanding. Developmental Psychology, 40(6), 11731187. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1173Google Scholar
Tellegen, A., & Atkinson, G. (1974). Openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences (“absorption”), a trait related to hypnotic susceptibility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83(3) 268277. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036681Google Scholar
Thibodeau, R. B., Gilpin, A. T., Brown, M. M., & Meyer, B. A. (2016). The effects of fantastical pretend-play on the development of executive functions: An intervention study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 145(May), 120138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.01.001Google Scholar
Thibodeau, R. B., Turley, D., DeCaro, J. A., Gilpin, A. T., & Nancarrow, A. F. (2020). Physiological substrates of imagination in early childhood. Social Development, 30, 867882. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12505Google Scholar
Vaden, V. C., & Woolley, J. D. (2011). Does God make it real? Children’s belief in religious stories from the Judeo-Christian tradition. Child Development, 82(4), 11201135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01589.xGoogle Scholar
Vostrovsky, C. (1895). A study of imaginary companions. Education, 15, 383398.Google Scholar
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Vygotsky, L. S. (2004). Imagination and creativity in childhood. Journal of Russian and East European Psychology, 42(1), 797. https://doi.org/10.1080/10610405.2004.11059210CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weisberg, D. P., & Beck, S. R. (2012). The development of children’s regret and relief. Cognition and Emotion, 26(5), 820835. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2011.621933Google Scholar
White, R. E., & Carlson, S. M. (2016). What would Batman do? Self-distancing improves executive function in young children. Developmental Science, 19(3), 419426. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12314Google Scholar
White, R. E., Prager, E. O., Schaefer, C. et al. (2017). The “Batman Effect”: Improving perseverance in young children. Child Development, 88(5), 15631571. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12695Google Scholar
White, R. E., Thibodeau-Nielsen, R. B., Palermo, F., & Mikulski, A. M. (2021). Engagement in social pretend play predicts preschoolers’ executive function gains across the school year. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 56, 103113. https://doi.org/10.1016/jecresq.2021.03.005Google Scholar
Wolf, D. P., Rygh, J., & Altshuler, J. (1984). Agency and experience: Actions and states in play narratives. In Bretherton, I. (Ed.), Symbolic play: The development of social understanding (pp. 195217). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-132680-7.50011-9Google Scholar
Woolley, J. D., Boerger, E. A., & Markman, A. B. (2004). A visit from the Candy Witch: Factors influencing young children’s belief in a novel fantastical being. Developmental Science, 7(4), 456468. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00366.xGoogle Scholar
Woolley, J. D., & Ghossainy, M. (2013). Revisiting the fantasy-reality distinction: Children as naïve skeptics. Child Development, 84(5), 14961510. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12081Google Scholar
Zhi, Z., Thomas, G. V., & Robinson, E. J. (1997). Constraints on representational change: Drawing a man with two heads. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15, 275290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.1997.tb00521.xGoogle Scholar
Ziegler, F. V., & Acquah, D. J. (2013). Stepping into someone else’s shoes: Children create spatial mental models from the protagonist’s point of view. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10, 546562. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.744689Google Scholar
Ziegler, F., Mitchell, P., & Currie, G. (2005). How does narrative cue children’s perspective-taking? Developmental Psychology, 41, 115123. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.41.1.115Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Children's Imagination
  • Paul L. Harris, Harvard University Graduate School of Education
  • Online ISBN: 9781009067423
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Children's Imagination
  • Paul L. Harris, Harvard University Graduate School of Education
  • Online ISBN: 9781009067423
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Children's Imagination
  • Paul L. Harris, Harvard University Graduate School of Education
  • Online ISBN: 9781009067423
Available formats
×