Al-ʿAbbād, ʿAbd al-Muḥsin. Kutub wa-Rasā'il ʿAbd al-Muḥsin ibn Ḥamad al-ʿAbbād al-Badr. Al-Riyāḍ: Dār al-Tawḥīd li-l-Nashr, 2006.
Al-ʿAbbūdī, Muḥammad. “Dhikrayātī fī Ifrīqīyā.” Journal of the Islamic University of Medina
1 (1966).
Al-ʿAbbūdī, Muḥammad. “Fī Ifrīqīyā al-Khaḍrā.” Journal of the Islamic University of Medina
2 (1967).
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, Maḥmūd ʿAbbās Aḥmad. Al-Azhar wa-Afrīqiyā: Dirāsa Wathāʾiqīyya. Al Haram, Giza: Al-Dār al-ʿĀlamiyya li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ, 2004.
Abdallah, Abdulwahhab. Fatawoyin Aikin Hajji da Umrah da Ziyara a kan Koyarwar Alkurʾani da Sunnah da Fahimtar Magabata na Kwarai. Second edition. Kano: Supreme Council for Shariʿa in Nigeria, 2004.
Abdallah, Abdulwahhab. Hisbah: Manufarta da Ka'idodinta da Muhammancinta. Kano: Majlis Ahlis Sunnah Wal-Jama'ah, 2008.
Abdallah, Abdulwahhab. Ramadan a kan Koyarwar Alkurʾani da Sunnah bisa Fahimtar Magabata na Kwarai. Kano: Kumurya Prints U/Uku, 2009.
Abdoulaye, Galilou. “The Graduates of Islamic Universities in Benin: A Modern Elite Seeking Social, Religious and Political Recognition.” In Islam in Africa, edited by Bierschenk, Thomas and Stauth, Georg, 129–46. Munster: Lit Verlag, 2003.
Abdurrahman, M., and Canham, Peter, The Ink of the Scholar: The Islamic Tradition of Education in Nigeria. Yaba, Lagos: Macmillan Nigeria, 1978.
Abou Zahab, Mariam. “Salafism in Pakistan: The Ahl-e Hadith Movement.” In Global Salafism, edited by Meijer, Roel, 126–42. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
Abubakar, Aliyu. Al-Thaqāfa al-ʿArabiyya fī Nayjīriyā min 1804 ilā 1960 ʿĀm al-Istiqlāl. Beirut: no publisher, 1972.
Ādam, Jaʿfar Maḥmūd. Matakan Mallakar Miji. Kano: Usman bin Affan Islamic Trust, 2000.
Ādam, Jaʿfar Maḥmūd. ‘
Yan Alkuraniyyun: (‘Yan Tatsine, Kala-Kato): Tarihin Kafuwarsu da Akidunsu. Kano: Usman bin Affan Islamic Trust, 2005.
Adesoji, Abimbola. “Between Maitatsine and Boko Haram: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Response of the Nigerian State.” Africa Today
57:4 (2011): 98–119.
Ahmad, Muhammad. Gwagwarmaya tsakanin Gaskiya da Karya akan Mallakar Masallacin Jumaʿa na Sheikh Jaʿafar Mahmud Adam, Sabuwar Gandu – Kano. Kano: Al-Kitab Printing Press, 2010.
Ahmed, Chanfi. West African ʿulamāʾ and Salafism in Mecca and Medina: Jawāb al-Ifrῑqῑ – The Response of the African. Leiden: Brill, 2015.
Ahmed, Einas. “Militant Salafism in Sudan.” Islamic Africa
6:1–2 (July 2015): 164–84.
Āl Bassām, ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Ṣāliḥ. ʿUlamāʾ Najd khilāl Thamāniyat Qurūn. Second edition. Al-Riyāḍ: Dār al-ʿĀṣima li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ, 1998.
Āl Salmān, Mashhūr ibn Ḥasan. Kutub Ḥadhdhara minhā al-ʿUlamāʾ. Al-Riyāḍ: Dār al-Ṣamīʿī, 1995.
Alao, Abiodun. “Islamic Radicalisation and Violence in Nigeria: Country Report.” Undated working paper.
Alavi, Seema. “Siddiq Hasan Khan (1832–1890) and the Creation of a Muslim Cosmopolitanism in the 19th Century.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
54 (2011): 1–38.
Al-Albānī, Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn. Ḍaʿīf al-Adab al-Mufrad li-l-Imām al-Bukhārī. Al-Jubayl, Saudi Arabia: Dār al-Ṣiddīq, 1994.
Al-Albānī, Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn. Al-Dhabb al-Aḥmad ʿan Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad. Al-Jubayl, Saudi Arabia: Dār al-Ṣiddīq, 1999.
Al-Albānī, Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn. Fatāwā al-ʿAllāma Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī. Collected and prepared by ʿĀdil ibn Saʿd, Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 2011.
Al-Albānī, Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn. Fihris Makhṭūṭāt Dār al-Kutub al-Zāhirīyya: Al-Muntakhab min Makhṭūṭāt al-Ḥadīth. Damascus: Majmaʿ al-Lugha al-ʿArabiyya bi-Dimashq, 1970.
Al-Albānī, Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn. Khuṭbat al-Ḥāja allatī Kāna Rasūl Allāh – Ṣalla Allāh ʿalayhi wa-Sallam – Yuʿallimuhā Aṣḥābahu. Al-Riyāḍ: Maktabat al-Maʿārif li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ, 2000.
Al-Albānī, Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn. Silsilat al-Aḥādīth al-Daʿīfa wa-l-Mawḍūʿa wa-Atharuhā al-Sayyiʼ fī al-Umma. Al-Riyāḍ: Maktabat al-Maʿārif, 1992.
Ali, Abdullah Yusuf, trans. The Holy Qurʾan: Text, Translation, and Commentary. Fourth edition. Elmhurst, NY: Tahrike Tarsile Qurʾan, 2004.
Aliyu, A. Y. et al. Hajj Research Project Nigeria. Volumes 1–4. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University, 1983.
Alkali, Muhammad Nur, Monguno, Abubakar Kawu, and Mustafa, Ballama Shettima. “Overview of Islamic Actors in Northeastern Nigeria.” Nigeria Research Network Working Paper Number 2 (January 2012).
Aluko, T. K. O. “An Evaluation of the Effects of the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (Needs) on Poverty Reduction in Nigeria.” In Nigeria's Democratic Experience in the Fourth Republic Since 1999: Policies and Politics, edited by Obiyan, A. Sat and Amuwo, Kunle, 360–79. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2013.
Al-Ālūsī, Nuʿman Khayr al-Dīn. Al-Āyāt al-Bayyināt fī ʿAdam Samā' al-Amwāt ʿind al-Ḥanafiyya al-Sādāt, edited by Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī, Muḥammad. Al-Riyāḍ: Maktabat al-Maʿārif li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ, 2005.
Al-Ālūsī, Nuʿman Khayr al-Dīn. Jalā' al-ʿAynayn fī Muḥākamat al-Aḥmadayn. Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Madanī, 1980.
Amnesty International. “Nigeria: Trapped in the Cycle of Violence.” November 2012.
Amnesty International. “Nigeria: War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity as Violence Escalates in North-East.” 31 March 2014.
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Revised Edition. London and New York: Verso, 1991.
Atharī, Muḥammad ibn Riyāḍ al-Aḥmad al-Salafī. Riyāḍ al-Janna fī al-Ḥathth ʿalā al-Tamassuk bi-l-Sunna. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 2001.
Annual Reports of Northern Nigeria.
Anonymous. “The Popular Discourses of Salafi Radicalism and Salafi Counter-Radicalism in Nigeria: A Case Study of Boko Haram.” Journal of Religion in Africa
42:2 (2012): 118–44.
Anwar, Auwalu. “Struggle for Influence and Identity: The Ulama in Kano, 1937–1987.” MA Thesis, University of Maiduguri, 1989.
Appleby, R. Scott. The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence, and Reconciliation. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000.
Asad, Talal. “The Idea of an Anthropology of Islam.” Georgetown University Center for Contemporary Arab Studies Occasional Papers Series, 1986.
Al-ʿAshūsh, Aḥmad. “Ilā al-ʿIlmāniyyīn al-Ashrār wa-Tābiʿīhim min al-Muslimīn al-Aghrār.” Muʾassasat al-Bayān al-Islāmī, 2012.
Babou, Cheikh Anta. Fighting the Greater Jihad: Amadu Bamba and the Founding of the Muridiyya of Senegal, 1853–1913. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2007.
Bala, Salisu. “Salafi Targets for ‘Boko Haram’: The Murder of Shaykh Muhammad Auwal Adam ‘Albani’ Zaria (d. 2014).” Annual Review of Islam in Africa
12:1 (2013/2014): 31–8.
Barkindo, Bawuro. “Growing Islamism in Kano City since 1970: Causes, Form and Implications.” In Muslim Identity and Social Change in Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by Brenner, Louis, 91–105. Bloomington, IN: University of Indiana Press, 1993.
Bayart, , Jean-Francois. “Le politique par le bas en Afrique noire: Questions de méthode.” Politique Africaine
1 (1981): 53–82.
Bello, Ahmadu. My Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962.
Bello, Muḥammad. Infāq al-Maysūr fī Tārīkh Bilād al-Takrūr. Cairo: Egyptian Ministry of Endowments, 1964.
Ben Amara, Ramzi. “The Izala Movement in Nigeria: Its Split, Relationship to Sufis and Perception of Sharīʿa Re-Implementation.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Bayreuth, 2011.
Ben Amara, Ramzi. “Shaykh Ismaila Idris (1937–2000), the Founder of the Izala movement in Nigeria.” Annual Review on Islam in Africa
11 (2012): 74–8.
Bobboyi, Hamid. “Scholars and Scholarship in the Relations between the Maghrib and the Central Bilad al-Sudan during the Pre-Colonial Period.” In Reclaiming the Human Sciences and Humanities Through African Perspectives, Volume 1, edited by Lauer, Helen and Anyidoho, Kofi, 746–760. Accra: Sub-Saharan Publishers, 2012.
Brenner, Louis. Controlling Knowledge: Religion, Power, and Schooling in a West African Muslim Society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.
Brenner, Louis. The Shehus of Kukawa: A History of the al-Kanemi Dynasty of Bornu. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973.
Brigaglia, Andrea. “A Contribution to the History of the Wahhabi Daʿwa in West Africa: The Career and the Murder of Shaykh Jaʿfar Mahmoud Adam (Daura, ca. 1961/1962-Kano 2007).” Islamic Africa 3:1 (Spring 2012): 1–23.
Brigaglia, Andrea. “Jaʿfar Mahmood Adam, Mohammed Yusuf and al-Muntada Islamic Trust: Reflections on the Genesis of the Boko Haram Phenomenon in Nigeria.” Annual Review of Islam in Africa
11 (2012): 35–44.
Brigaglia, Andrea. “The Radio Kaduna Tafsīr (1978–1992) and the Construction of Public Images of Muslim Scholars in the Nigerian Media.” Journal for Islamic Studies
27 (2007): 173–210.
Brigaglia, Andrea. “Tafsīr and the Intellectual History of Islam in West Africa: The Nigerian Case.” In Tafsīr and Intellectual History: Exploring the Boundaries of a Tradition, edited by Görke, Andreas and Pink, Johanna, 379–415. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Brigaglia, Andrea and Fiji, Fauziyya. “‘We Ain't Coming to Take People Away’: A Sufi Praise-Song and the Representation of Police Forces in Northern Nigeria.” Annual Review of Islam in Africa
10 (2008–2009): 50–7.
Broadcasting Board of Governors/Gallup. Nigeria Media Use 2012 (2012).
Broadcasting Board of Governors/Gallup. Contemporary Media Use in Nigeria (2014).
Brown, Jonathan A. C.
The Canonization of al-Bukhārī and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunnī Ḥadīth Canon. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
Brown, Jonathan A. C. “From Quietism to Parliamentary Giant: Salafism in Egypt and the Nour Party of Alexandria.” Unpublished paper.
Brown, Jonathan A. C. “Is Islam Easy to Understand or Not?: Salafis, the Democratization of Interpretation, and the Need for the Ulema.” Journal of Islamic Studies
26:2 (2015): 117–44.
Brown, Jonathan A. C.
Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. London: Oneworld, 2014.
Brown, Jonathan A. C. “Salafis and Sufis in Egypt.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, December 2011.
Bonnefoy, Laurent. Salafism in Yemen: Transnationalism and Religious Identity. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011.
Bunzel, Cole. “From Paper State to Caliphate: The Ideology of the Islamic State.” Brookings Institution, March 2015.
Al-Būṭī, Saʿīd Ramaḍān. Al-Lā Madhhabiyya: Akhṭar Bidʿa Tuhaddid al-Sharīʿa al-Islāmiyya. Third Edition. Damascus: Dār al-Fārābī, 2005.
The Carter Center and the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. Observing the 1998–99 Nigerian Elections: Final Report. Atlanta: The Carter Center, Summer 1999.
Central Intelligence Agency. “Nigeria.” World Factbook, May 2012.
Chamberlin, John Weir. “The Development of Islamic Education in Kano City, Nigeria, with Emphasis on Legal Education in the 19th and 20th Centuries.” Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1975.
Christelow, Allan. “Three Islamic Voices in Contemporary Nigeria.” In Islam and the Political Economy of Meaning, edited by Roff, William R., 226–53. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
Commins, David. “From Wahhabi to Salafi.” In Saudi Arabia in Transition: Insights on Social, Political, Economic and Religious Change, edited by Haykel, Bernard, Hegghammer, Thomas, and Lacroix, Stéphane, 151–66. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Commins, David. Islamic Reform: Politics and Social Change in Late Ottoman Syria. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Commins, David. The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. London: I.B. Tauris, 2006.
Cook, Michael. Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Cook, Michael. “On the Origins of Wahhabism.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, 2:2 (July 1992): 191–202.
Csordas, Thomas. “Introduction: Modalities of Transnational Transcendence.” In Transnational Transcendence: Essays on Religion and Globalization, edited by Csordas, Thomas, 1–30. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.
Dallal, Ahmad. “The Origins and Objectives of Islamic Revivalist Thought, 1750–1850.” Journal of the American Oriental Society
113:3 (July–September 1993): 341–59.
Delong-Bas, Natana. Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. London: I.B. Tauris, 2007.
Diané, Kabiné. Recueil des cinq piliers de l'Islam. Imprimerie A. Diop, 1959.
Doi, A.R.I. “Education in Nigeria: Teaching of Islamic Studies as an Academic Subject.” Journal of the Muslim World League (June 1978): 33–8.
Dudley, B.J.
Politics and Parties in Northern Nigeria. London: Cass, 1968.
Dukawa, Yakubu Ahmad. “Makānat al-Lugha al-ʿArabiyya fī Wilāyat Kanu.” M.A. thesis [in Arabic], Bayero University Kano, 1986.
Eickelman, Dale F. and Piscastori, James, Muslim Politics. Second Edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.
Esposito, John L. and Voll, John O.. Makers of Contemporary Islam. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Farquhar, Michael. “The Islamic University of Medina since 1961: The Politics of Religious Mission and the Making of a Modern Salafi Pedagogy.” In Shaping Global Islamic Discourses: The Role of al-Azhar, al-Medina, and al-Mustafa, edited by Bano, Masooda and Sakurai, Keiko, 21–40. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015.
Federal Republic of Nigeria. 2006 Population Census.
Gaffney, Patrick. The Prophet's Pulpit: Islamic Preaching in Contemporary Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
Galadanci, S. A. S.
Ḥarakat al-Lugha al-ʿArabiyya wa-Ādābuhā fī Nayjīriyā. Second Edition. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1993.
Gauvain, Richard. Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God. New York: Routledge, 2012.
Al-Ghāmidī, Aḥmad ibn ʿAṭīyya. al-Kitāb al-Wathāʼiqī ʿan al-Jāmiʿa al-Islāmiyya bi-l-Madīna al-Munawwara. Medina: al-Mamlaka al-ʿArabiyya al-Saʿūdiyya, Wizārat al-Taʿlīm al-ʿālī, al-Jāmiʿa al-Islāmiyya bi-l-Madīna al-Munawwara, 1998.
Graham, William. Beyond the Written Word: Oral Aspects of Scripture in the History of Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Graham, William. “Traditionalism in Islam: An Essay in Interpretation.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History
23:3 (Winter 1993): 495–522.
Grendler, Paul. “Printing and Censorship.” In The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy, edited by Schmitt, C. B., Skinner, Quentin, Kessler, Eckhard, and Kraye, Jill, 25–54. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Gumi, Abubakar. Al-ʿAqīda al-Ṣaḥīḥa bi-Muwāfaqat al-Sharīʿa. Beirut: Dār al-ʿArabiyya, 1972.
Gumi, Abubakar. Hadisai Arbain. Zaria: Gaskiya Corporation, 1959.
Gumi, Abubakar with Tsiga, Ismaila. Where I Stand. Ibadan: Spectrum Books, 1992.
Gwarzo, Tahir. “Activities of Islamic Civic Associations in the Northwest of Nigeria: With Particular Reference to Kano State.” Africa Spectrum
38:3 (2003): 289–318.
Al-Ḥabīshī, ʿAlī; Radmān, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. “Muqaddimat al-Muḥaqqiq.” In Abd al-Wahhāb, Muḥammad ibn, Kitāb al-Tawḥīd. Dammāj, Yemen: Maktabat al-Imām al-Wādiʿī, 2009.
Ḥabūb, ʿUthmān ʿAbd Allāh. Al-Imāma al-ʿUẓmā: Wājibāt wa-Ḥuqūq. Al-Riyāḍ: Maktabat al-Rushd, 2012.
Hackett, Rosalind and Soares, Benjamin, eds. New Media and Religious Transformations in Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2015.
Hadiyyat Allāh, ʿAbd al-Rashīd. “Ḥaqāʾiq ʿan Nayjīrīyā.” Majallat al-Jāmiʿa al-Islāmiyya bi-l-Madīna
6 (December 1969): 126–34.
Hall, Bruce and Stewart, Charles. “The Historic ‘Core Curriculum’ and the Book Market in Islamic West Africa.” In The Trans-Saharan Book Trade: Manuscript Culture, Arabic Literacy and Intellectual History in Muslim Africa, edited by Krätli, Graziano and Lydon, Ghislaine, 109–74. Leiden: Brill, 2011.
Hamid, Shadi. Temptations of Power: Islamists and Illiberal Democracy in a New Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Harnischfeger, Johannes. Democratization and Islamic Law: The Sharia Conflict in Nigeria. Frankfurt: Campus, 2007.
Haykel, Bernard. “On the Nature of Salafi Thought and Action.” In Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement, edited by Meijer, Roel, 33–57. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
Haykel, Bernard. Revival and Reform in Islam: The Legacy of Muhammad al-Shawkānī. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Heck, Paul. ‘‘‘Jihad’ Revisited.” Journal of Religious Ethics
32:1 (Spring 2004): 95–128.
Hefner, Robert W., ed. Remaking Muslim Politics: Pluralism, Contestation, Democratization. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.
Hefner, Robert W. and Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, eds. Schooling Islam: The Culture and Politics of Modern Muslim Education. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006.
Hegghammer, Thomas. Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism since 1979. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Hegghammer, Thomas. “Jihadi-Salafis or Revolutionaries? On Religion and Politics in the Study of Militant Islamism.” In Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement, edited by Meijer, Roel, 244–66. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
Hegghammer, Thomas and Lacroix, Stéphane, The Meccan Rebellion: The Story of Juhayman al-ʿUtaybi Revisited. Bristol: Amal Press, 2011.
Hegghammer, Thomas and Lacroix, Stéphane. “Rejectionist Islamism in Saudi Arabia: The Story of Juhayman al-ʿUtaybi Revisited.” International Journal of Middle East Studies
39 (2007): 103–22.
Higazi, Adam. “The Jos Crisis: A Recurrent Nigerian Tragedy.” Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Discussion Paper 2 (January 2011).
Higazi, Adam. “Mobilisation into and against Boko Haram in North-East Nigeria.” In Collective Mobilisations in Africa, edited by Tall, Kadya, Pommerolle, Marie-Emmanuelle, and Cahen, Michel, 305–58 (Leiden: Brill, 2015).
Higazi, Adam. “Les origines et la transformation de l'insurrection de Boko Haram dans le nord du Nigeria.” Politique Africaine
130:2 (2013): 137–64.
Hirschkind, Charles. The Ethical Soundscape: Casette Sermons and Islamic Counterpublics. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006.
Hiskett, Mervyn. “The Maitatsine Riots in Kano, 1980: An Assessment.” Journal of Religion in Africa
17:3 (October 1987): 209–23.
Hiskett, Mervyn. The Sword of Truth: The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman dan Fodio. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.
Hodgkin, Elizabeth. “Islamism and Islamic Research in Africa.” In Islam et sociétiés au sud du Sahara
4 (November 1990): 73–132.
Hodgson, Marshall. The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, Volumes 1–3. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.
Hoover, Jon. Ibn Taymiyya's Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
Hoover, Stewart and Kaneva, Nadia. “Fundamental Mediations: Religion, Meaning, and Identity in Global Context.” In Fundamentalisms and the Media, edited by Hoover, Stewart and Kaneva, Nadia, 1–22. London and New York: Continuum, 2009.
Hourani, Albert. Emergence of the Modern Middle East. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.
Human Rights Watch. “Criminal Politics: Violence, ‘Godfathers,’ and Corruption in Nigeria.” October 2007.
Human Rights Watch. “Nigeria: Post-Election Violence Killed 800.” May 16, 2011.
Human Rights Watch. “Nigeria: Prosecute Killings by Security Forces.” November 26, 2009.
Human Rights Watch. “Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria.” October 2012.
Hunwick, John, compiler. Arabic Literature of Africa, Volume II: Central Sudanic Africa. Leiden; New York: E.J. Brill, 1995.
Hunwick, John, compiler. “Timbuktu: A Refuge of Scholarly and Righteous Folk.” Sudanic Africa
14 (2003): 13–20.
Ibn Bāz, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Al-Shaykh Ibn Bāz wa-Mawāqifuhu al-Thābita. Edited by Abd Allāh al-Farīḥ, Aḥmad ibn. Kuwait: Maktabat al-Rushd, 2000.
Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad. Kitāb al-Sunna. Mecca: Al-Maṭbaʿ al-Salafiyya, 1930/1.
Ibn Taymiyya, Aḥmad. Al-Wāsiṭa bayn al-Ḥaqq wa-l-Khalq. Translated by Ādam, Jaʿfar Maḥmūd. Kano: Al-Muntada al-Islāmī Trust, 1999.
Ibn Taymiyya, Aḥmad. Al-Waṣiyya al-Kubrā, edited by Abd Allāh al-Nimr, Muḥammad and ʿJumʿa al-Ḍamīriyya, Uthmān. Al-Ṭāʾif: Maktabat al-Ṣiddīq, 1987.
Iddrisu, Abdulai. Contesting Islam in Africa: Homegrown Wahhabism and Muslim Identity in Northern Ghana, 1920–2010. Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 2013.
Al-Ifrīqī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Al-Anwār al-Raḥmāniyya li-Hidāyat al-Firqa al-Tijāniyya. No publisher: 1937.
International Crisis Group. “Curbing Violence in Nigeria II: The Boko Haram Insurgency.” 3 April 2014.
“Islamic Actors and Interfaith Relations in Northern Nigeria.” Nigeria Research Network Policy Paper 1 (March 2013).
Islamic University of Medina. Buḥūth Multaqā Khādim al-ḥaramayn al-Sharīfayn li-Khīrrijī al-Jāmiʿāt al-Saʿūdīyya min Ifrīqiyā, al-Awwal: al-Muqām bi-Nayjīriyā, Kānū taḥta Ishrāf al-Jāmiʿa al-Islāmiyya bi-l-Madīna al-Munawwara. Medina: al Jāmiʿa al-Islāmiyya bi-l-Madīna al-Munawwara, 2003.
Jalal, Ayesha. Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.
Al-Jāmī, Muḥammad Amān. Majmūʿ Rasāʾil al-Jāmī fī al-ʿAqīda wa-l-Sunna. Medina: Dār Ibn Rajab, 1993.
Al-Jazāʾirī, ʿAbd al-Mālik Ramaḍānī, compiler. Fatāwā al-ʿUlamāʾ al-Akābir fīmā Uhdira min Dimāʾ fī al-Jazāʾir. ʿAjmān: Maktabat al-Furqān, 2001/2.
Johnson, Boris and Membery, York. “Homer to Plato: Boris Johnson on the Ten Greatest Ancient Greeks.” Daily Mail, 25 June 2011.
Juergensmeyer, Mark. Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. Revised Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.
Kaba, Lansiné. The Wahhabiyya: Islamic Reform and Politics in French West Africa. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1974.
Kane, Ousmane. Muslim Modernity in Postcolonial Nigeria: A Study of the Society for the Removal of Innovation and Reinstatement of Tradition. Boston: Brill, 2003.
Kawka, Rupert, ed. From Bulamari to Yerwa to Metropolitan Maiduguri: Interdisciplinary Studies on the Capital of Borno State, Nigeria. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 2002.
Kepel, Gilles. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Translated by Roberts, Anthony F.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.
Khān, Ṣiddīq Ḥasan. An Interpreter of Wahabiism. Bhopal: Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān, 1884.
Khān, Ṣiddīq Ḥasan. Al-Rawḍa al-Nadiyya. Edited by Ismāʿīl al-Rushdī, Ḥilmī ibn Muḥammad. Alexandria: Dār al-ʿAqīda, 2002.
Khān, Ṣiddīq Ḥasan. Al-Tāj al-Mukallal min Jawāhir Maʾāthir al-Ṭirāz al-Ākhir wa-l-Awwal. Second Edition. Beirut: Dār Iqrāʾ, 1983.
Kippenberg, Hans. Violence as Worship: Religious Wars in the Age of Globalization. Translated by McNeil, Brian. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2011.
Kobo, Ousman. Unveiling Modernity in Twentieth-Century West Africa Islamic Reforms. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012.
Kramnick, Jonathan. Making the English Canon: Print-Capitalism and the Cultural Past, 1700–1770. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Kresse, Kai. Philosophising in Mombasa: Knowledge, Islam and Intellectual Practice on the Swahili Coast. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.
Kurzman, Charles. “Introduction: The Modernist Islamic Movement.” In Modernist Islam, 1840–1940: A Sourcebook, edited by Kurzman, Charles, 3–27. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Lacroix, Stéphane. Awakening Islam: The Politics of Religious Dissent in Contemporary Saudi Arabia, translated by Holoch, George. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.
Lacroix, Stéphane. “Between Revolution and Apoliticism: Nasir al-Din al-Albani and his Impact on the Shaping of Contemporary Salafism.” In Global Salafism, ed. Meijer, 58–80.
Lacroix, Stéphane. “Sheikhs and Politicians: Inside the New Egyptian Salafism.” Brookings Institution, June 2012.
Lacroix, Stéphane. “Understanding Stability and Dissent in the Kingdom: The Double-Edged Role of the jamaʿat in Saudi Politics.” In Saudi Arabia in Transition: Insights on Social, Political, Economic and Religious Change, edited by Haykel, Bernard, Hegghamer, Thomas, and Lacroix, Stéphane, 167–80. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Lacunza-Balda, Justo. “Translations of the Quran into Swahili, and Contemporary Islamic Revival in East Africa.” In African Islam and Islam in Africa: Encounters between Sufis and Islamists, edited by Rosander, Eva and Westerlund, David, 95–126. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1997.
Laitin, David. Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Religious Change Among the Yoruba. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.
Laoust, Henri. Essai sur les doctrines sociales et politiques de Taḳī-d-Dīn Aḥmad b. Taimīya, Canoniste ḥanbalite né à Ḥarrān en 661/1262, mort à Damas en 728/1328. Cairo: Imprimerie de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, 1939.
Larkin, Brian. Signal and Noise: Media, Infrastructure, and Urban Culture in Nigeria. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008.
Last, Murray. “Muslims and Christians in Nigeria: An Economy of Political Panic.” The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs
96:392 (2007): 605–16.
Last, Murray. “The Search for Security in Muslim Northern Nigeria.” Africa
78:1 (February 2008): 41–63.
Last, Murray. The Sokoto Caliphate. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., 1967.
Launay, Robert. Beyond the Stream: Islam and Society in a West African Town. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
Lauzière, Henri. “The Construction of Salafiyya: Reconsidering Salafism from the Perspective of Conceptual History.” International Journal of Middle East Studies
42:3 (2010): 369–89.
Lauzière, Henri. The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century. New York: Columbia University Press, 2015.
Lav, Daniel. Radical Islam and the Revival of Medieval Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
LeVan, A. Carl. Dictators and Democracy in African Development: The Political Economy of Good Governance in Nigeria. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Leveau, Rémy. “Les mouvements islamiques.” Pouvoirs
62 (September 1992): 45–58.
Lia, Brynjar. Architect of Global Jihad: The Life of Al Qaeda Strategist Abu Mus‘ab Al-Suri. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
Lings, Martin. What Is Sufism?
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.
Lister, Charles. “Profiling the Islamic State.” Brookings Institution, December 2014.
Little, Donald. “Did Ibn Taymiyya Have a Screw Loose?” Studia Islamica
41 (1975): 93–111.
Lo, Muḥammad Aḥmad. Taqdīs al-Ashkhāṣ fī al-Fikr al-Ṣūfī. New Edition. Al-Dammām: Dār Ibn al-Qayyim li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ, 2002; Cairo: Dār Ibn ʿAffān, 2002.
Loimeier, Roman. Between Social Skills and Marketable Skills: The Politics of Islamic Education in 20th Century Zanzibar. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
Loimeier, Roman. Islamic Reform and Political Change in Northern Nigeria. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1997.
Loimeier, Roman. Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 2013.
Loimeier, Roman. “Playing with Affiliations: Muslims in Northern Nigeria in the 20th Century.” In Entreprises religieuses transnationales en Afrique de l'Ouest, edited by Fourchard, Laurent, Mary, Andre and Otayek, René, 349–71. Paris: Karthala, 2005.
Lubeck, Paul. “Islamic Protest under Semi-Industrial Capitalism: ‘Yan Tatsine Explained.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
55:4 (1985): 369–89.
Lubeck, Paul. “Nigeria: Mapping a Sharīʿa Restorationist Movement.” In Sharīʿa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World, edited by Hefner, Robert W., 244–79. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.
Lucas, Scott. Constructive Critics, Ḥadīth Literature, and the Articulation of Sunnī Islam: The Legacy of the Generation of Ibn Saʻd, Ibn Maʻīn, and Ibn Ḥanbal. Leiden: Brill, 2004.
Luqmān, Akhtar Jamāl. Al-Sayyid Ṣiddīq Ḥasan al-Qannūjī: Ārāʾuhu al-Iʿtiqādīyya wa-Mawqifuhu min ʿAqīdat al-Salaf. Al-Riyāḍ: Dār al-Hijra, 1996.
Lynch, Marc. “Introduction.” In Rethinking Islamist Politics, Project on Middle East Political Science Briefing 24, 3–6 (11 February 2014).
Al-Madkhalī, Rabīʿ ibn Hādī. Aḍwāʾ Islāmiyya ʿalā ʿAqīdat Sayyid Quṭb wa-Fikrihi. Al-Madīna: Maktabat al-Ghurabāʾ al-Atharīyya, 1993.
Mahmood, Saba. Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.
Maigari, Muḥammad Dahiru. Al-Shaykh Ibrāhīm Inyās al-Sinighālī: Ḥayātuhu wa-Ārāʾuhu wa-Taʿlīmuhu. Beirut: Dār al-ʿArabiyya, 1981.
Makdisi, George. “Ibn Taymiyya: A Sufi of the Qadiriya Order.” American Journal of Arabic Studies
1 (1973): 118–29.
Al-Maqdisī, Abū; Muḥammad, . Hādhihi ʿAqīdatunā. 1997.
Al-Maqdisī, Abū; Muḥammad, . Millat Ibrāhīm wa-Daʿwa al-Anbiyāʾ wa-l-Mursalīn. 1984.
Mandaville, Peter. Transnational Muslim Politics: Reimaging the Umma. London; New York: Routledge, 2001.
Marshall, Ruth. Political Spiritualities: The Pentecostal Revolution in Nigeria. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.
Martin, Richard C., Woodward, Mark R., and Atmaja, Dwi S.. Defenders of Reason in Islam: Mu‘tazilism from Medieval School to Modern Symbol. London: Oneworld, 1997.
Al-Mashʿabī, ʿAbd al-Majīd ibn ʿAbd Allāh. Manhaj Ibn Taymiyya fī Masʾalat al-Takfīr. Al-Riyāḍ: Maktabat Aḍwāʾ al-Salaf, 1997.
Masquelier, Adeline. Women and Islamic Revival in a West African Town. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009.
McCain, Carmen. “The Politics of Exposure: Contested Cosmopolitanisms, Revelation of Secrets, and Intermedial Reflexivity in Hausa Popular Expression.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 2014.
Meijer, Roel, ed. Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
Meijer, Roel. “Politicizing al-Jarḥ wa-l-Taʿdīl: Rabi b. Hadi al-Madkhali and the Transnational Battle for Religious Authority.” In The Transmission and Dynamics of the Textual Sources of Islam: Essays in Honour of Harald Motzki, edited by Boekhoff-van der Voort, Nicolet, Versteegh, Kees and Wagemakers, Joas, 375–99. Leiden: Brill, 2011.
Melchert, Christopher. Ahmad ibn Hanbal. London: Oneworld, 2006.
Metcalf, Barbara. Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982.
Meyer, Birgit. “Impossible Representations: Pentecostalism, Vision, and Video Technology in Ghana.” In Religion, Media, and the Public Sphere, edited by Meyer, Birgit and Moors, Annelies, 290–312. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.
Miles, William F.S. “Muslim Ethnopolitics and Presidential Elections in Nigeria.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
20 (2000): 229–41.
Miles, William F.S. “West Africa Transformed: The New Mosque-State Relationship.” In Political Islam in West Africa: State-Society Relations Transformed, edited by Miles, William F. S., 183–93. Boulder, CO; London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2007.
Mohammed, Kyari. “The Message and Methods of Boko Haram.” In Boko Haram: Islamism, Politics, Security and the State in Nigeria, edited by Pérouse de Montclos, Marc-Antoine, 9–32. Leiden: African Studies Centre, 2014.
Monteil, Vincent. “Un visionnaire musulman sénégalais (1946–1965).” Archives de sociologie des religions
19:19 (1965): 69–98.
Moosa, Ebrahim. “Shaykh Aḥmad Shākir and the Adoption of a Scientifically-Based Lunar Calendar.” Islamic Law and Society
5:1 (1998): 57–89.
Mouline, Nabil. The Clerics of Islam: Religious Authority and Political Power in Saudi Arabia. Translated by Rundell, Ethan. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014.
Murtaḍa, Aḥmad. “Jamāʿat ‘Boko Haram’: Nashʾatuhā wa-Mabādiʾuhā wa-Aʿmāluhā fī Nayjīriyā.” Qirā’āt Ifrīqiyya, 13 November 2012.
Mustapha, Abdul Raufu, ed. Sects & Social Disorder: Muslim Identities & Conflict in Northern Nigeria. London: James Currey, 2014.
Nafi, Basheer. “The Rise of Islamic Reformist Thought and Its Challenge to Traditional Islam.” In Islamic Thought in the Twentieth Century, edited by Taji-Farouki, Suha and Nafi, Basheer, 28–60. London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2004, 40.
Nafi, Basheer. “Taṣawwuf and Reform in Pre-Modern Islamic Culture: In Search of Ibrāhīm al-Kūrānī.” Die Welt des Islams
42:3 (2002): 307–55.
Nafi, Basheer. “A Teacher of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb: Muḥammad Ḥayāt al-Sindī and the Revival of Aṣḥāb al-Ḥadīth's Methodology.” Islamic Law and Society
13:2 (2006): 208–41.
National Population Commission of Nigeria. “Nigeria 2008 Demographic and Health Survey: Key Findings.” Abuja, 2009.
Al-Nawawī, Yaḥyā ibn Sharaf. Al-Arbaʿuna Hadithan. Translated and annotated by Adam, Sheikh Jaʿafar Mahmoud, edited by Umar Rijiyar Lemo, Muhammad Rabi‘u and Umar R/Lemo, Muhammad Sani. Second Edition. Kano: Sheikh Jaʿafar Islamic Documentation Centre, 2011.
Al-Nawawī, Yaḥyā ibn Sharaf. Riyāḍ al-Ṣāliḥīn. Mecca: The Muslim World League, undated.
Newman, Paul. “The Etymology of Hausa boko.” Mega-Chad Research Network, 2013.
Niandou-Souley, Abdoulaye. “Les ‘licenciés du Caire’ et l'État au Niger.” In
Le radicalisme islamique au sud du Sahara: daʿwa, arabisation et critique de l'Occident
, edited by Otayek, René, 213–28. Paris: Karthala, 1993.
Niasse, Ibrahim. Ijābat al-Fatwā fī Tahāfut al-Ṣūfiyya. Kano: Northern Maktabat Printing Press, 1964.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Use and Abuse of History. Translated by Collins, Adrian. New York: Cosimo, 2010.
Nigeria Elections Coalition. “Nigeria Presidential Elections – 2011 (FINAL).”
O'Brien, Susan. “La charia contestée: Démocratie, débat et diversité musulmane dans les ‘états Charia’ du Nigeria.” Politique Africaine
106 (2007): 46–68.
Ochonu, Moses. Colonialism by Proxy: Hausa Imperial Agents and Middle Belt Consciousness in Nigeria. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2014.
Olidort, Jacob. “The al-Nour Party: A Salafi Partner in the Fight against Terrorism?” Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 13 March 2015.
Olidort, Jacob. “The Politics of ‘Quietist’ Salafism.” Brookings Institution, February 2015.
Onapajo, Hakeem and Usman, Abubakar. “Fuelling the Flames: Boko Haram and Deteriorating Christian-Muslim Relations in Nigeria.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
35:1 (2015): 106–22.
Østebø, Terje. Localising Salafism: Religious Change among Oromo Muslims in Bale, Ethiopia. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012.
Ostien, Philip. “An Opportunity Missed by Nigeria's Christians: The 1976–78 Sharia Debate Revisited.” In Muslim-Christian Encounters in Africa, edited by Soares, Benjamin, 221–55. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2006.
Ostien, Philip, ed. Sharia Implementation in Northern Nigeria, 1999–2006: A Sourcebook. Ibadan: Spectrum Books, 2007.
Otayek, René. “L'affirmation élitaire des arabisants au Burkina Faso: enjeux et contradictions.” In Le radicalisme islamique au sud du Sahara: daʿwa, arabisation et critique de l'Occident, edited by Otayek, René, 229–52. Paris: Karthala, 1993.
Otayek, René and Soares, Benjamin. “Introduction: Islam and Muslim Politics in Africa.” In Islam and Muslim Politics in Africa, edited by Soares, Benjamin and Otayek, René, 1–24. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Paden, John. Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto: Values and Leadership in Nigeria. Zaria: Hudahuda Publishing Company, 1986.
Paden, John. Faith and Politics in Nigeria: Nigeria as a Pivotal State in the Muslim World. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2007.
Paden, John. Religion and Political Culture in Kano. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.
Palmer, H. R.
The Bornu Sahara and Sudan. London: John Murray, 1936.
Pearson, Elizabeth and Zenn, Jacob. “How Nigerian Police Also Detained Women and Children as Weapon of War.” The Guardian, 6 May 2014.
Peel, J. D. Y.
Religious Encounter and the Making of the Yoruba. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.
Pérouse de Montclos, Marc-Antoine, ed. Boko Haram: Islamism, Politics, Security and the State in Nigeria. Leiden: African Studies Centre, 2014.
The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. “The Future of the Global Muslim Population,” 2011.
Pierret, Thomas. Religion and State in Syria: The Sunni Ulama from Coup to Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Pink, Johanna. “Where Does Modernity Begin? Muḥammad al-Shawkānī and the Tradition of Tafsīr.” In Tafsīr and Islamic Intellectual History: Exploring the Boundaries of a Tradition, edited by Görke, Andreas and Pink, Johanna, 323–60. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Psalidopoulos, Michalis, ed. The Canon in the History of Economics: Critical Essays. London and New York: Routledge, 2000.
Al-Qaḥṭānī, Saʿīd bin ʿAlī bin Wahf. Garkuwar Musulmi Ta Addu'o'i Daga Alkurʾani Da Sunna. Translated by Umar, Bashir Aliyu, edited by Umar, Muhammad Sani and Sani, Abubakar Muhammad. Riyadh: Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Daʿwa, and Guidance; Kano: al-Dar al-Salafiyya, second printing, 2000.
Al-Qayrawānī, Ibn Abī; Zayd. Matn al-Risāla. Beirut: Al-Maktaba al-Thaqāfiyya, undated.
Quṭb, Sayyid. Fī Ẓilāl al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Dār al-Shurūq, 1973–1974.
Rabil, Robert. Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2014.
Rapoport, Yossef and Ahmed, Shahab, eds. Ibn Taymiyya and His Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Renne, Elisha. “Educating Muslim Women and the Izala Movement in Zaria City, Nigeria.” Islamic Africa
3:1 (2012): 55–86.
Reno, William. Warlord Politics and African States. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998.
Reynolds, Jonathan T. “Good and Bad Muslims: Islam and Indirect Rule in Northern Nigeria.” In The International Journal of African Historical Studies
34:3 (2001): 601–18.
Reynolds, Jonathan T.
The Time of Politics (Zamanin Siyasa): Islam and the Politics of Legitimacy in Northern Nigeria, 1950–1966. San Francisco: International Scholars Publications, 1999.
Ricci, Ronit. Islam Translated: Literature, Conversion, and the Arabic Cosmopolis of South and Southeast Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.
Riḍā, Muḥammad Rashīd. Ḥuqūq al-Nisāʾ fī al-Islām. Edited by Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī, Muḥammad. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1984.
Riḍā, Muḥammad Rashīd. Al-Wahhābiyyūn wa-l-Ḥijāz. Cairo, 1925.
Riedl, Rachel. Authoritarian Origins of Democratic Party Systems in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Lemo, Rijiyar, ʿUmar Mūsā, Muḥammad al-Thānī. Ayyāmī maʿa Dāʿiyat al-Jīl wa-Mufassir al-Tanzīl. Kano: Dar al-Ḥikma li-l-Kitāb al-Islāmī, 2011.
Lemo, Rijiyar, ʿUmar Mūsā, Muḥammad al-Thānī. Bughyat al-Mishtāq fī Sharḥ Risālat Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymiyya ilā Ahl al-ʿIrāq. Kano: Al-Imamul Bukhari Centre for Research and Translation, 2011.
Lemo, Rijiyar, ʿUmar Mūsā, Muḥammad al-Thānī. “Ḍawābiṭ al-Jarḥ wa-al-Taʿdīl ʿind al-Ḥāfiẓ al-Dhahabī min khilāl Kitābihi Siyar al-Aʿlām al-Nubalāʾ: Jamʿan wa-Dirāsatan.” M.A. thesis, Islamic University of Medina, 1999.
Lemo, Rijiyar, ʿUmar Mūsā, Muḥammad al-Thānī. “Al-Madrasa al-Ḥadīthiyya fī Makka wa-al-Madīna wa-Atharuhā fī al-Ḥadīth wa-ʿUlūmihi min Nashʾatihā ḥattā Nihāyat al-Qarn al-Thānī al-Hijrī.” Ph.D. dissertation, Islamic University of Medina, 2005.
Rougier, Bernard. “Introduction.” In Qu'est-ce que le salafisme?, edited by Rougier, Bernard, 1–21. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2008.
Sada, Ibrahim Na ʾiya. “The Making of the Zamfara and Kano State Shari ʾa Penal Codes.” In Sharia Implementation in Northern Nigeria, 1999–2006: A Sourcebook, edited by Ostien, Philip, 22–32. Ibadan: Spectrum Books, 2007.
Saeed, Abdullah. “Salafiya, Modernism, and Revival.” In The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics, edited by Esposito, John and Shahin, Emad el-Din, 27–41. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Saeedullah, . The Life and Works of Muhammad Siddiq Hasan Khan, Nawab of Bhopal. Lahore: Published by Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, printed at Ashraf Press, 1973.
Salomon, Noah. “Evidence, Secrets, Truth: Debating Islamic Knowledge in Contemporary Sudan.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion
81:3 (September 2013): 820–51.
Salomon, Noah. “The Salafi Critique of Islamism: Doctrine, Difference and the Problem of Islamic Political Action in Contemporary Sudan.” In Global Salafism, edited by Meijer, 143–68.
Al-Ṣanʿānī, Muḥammad ibn Ismāʻīl al-Amīr. Rafʿ al-Astār li-Ibṭāl Adillat al-Qāʾilīn bi-Fanāʾ al-Nār, edited by Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī, Muḥammad. Beirut: Maktab al-Islāmī, 1984.
Sani, Shehu. “Boko Haram: History, Ideas, Revolt,” Parts 1–6. Vanguard, various issues, 2011.
Sanusi, Sanusi Lamido. “Identity, Political Ethics and Parochialism: Engagement with Jaʿfar Adam (1).” Gamji, 27 April 2005. Available at: www.gamji.com/sanusi/sanusi49.htm; accessed April 2013.
Sanusi, Sanusi Lamido. “Identity, Political Ethics and Parochialism: Engagement with Jaʿfar Adam (2).” Gamji, 3 May 2005. Available at: www.gamji.com/sanusi/sanusi50.htm; accessed April 2013.
Sanusi, Sanusi Lamido. “Politics and Shari'a in Northern Nigeria” in Islam and Muslim Politics in Africa, edited by Soares, Benjamin F. and Otayek, René, 177–188. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Al-Sawwāb, Muḥammad Maḥmud. “Shakhsiyyat al-Dāʿiya Hiya al-ʿĀmil al-Asāsī fī Najāḥihi.” Al-Rābiṭa
29:34 (May 1990): 20–5.
Schulz, Dorothea. Muslims and New Media in West Africa: Pathways to God. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012.
Schulze, Reinhard. Islamischer Internationalismus im 20. Jahrhundert: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Islamischen Weltliga. Leiden: Brill, 1990.
Seesemann, Rüdiger. The Divine Flood: Ibrahim Niasse and the Roots of a Twentieth-Century Sufi Revival. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Seesemann, Rüdiger. “On the Cultural History of Islamic Knowledge and Its Contemporary Relevance.” Religious Studies Faculty Colloquium, Northwestern University, 17 February 2010.
Seesemann, Rüdiger. “The Quotidian Dimension of Islamic Reformism in Wadai (Chad).” In L'islam politique au sud du Sahara: Identités, discours, et enjeux, edited by Gomez-Perez, Muriel, 327–46. Paris: Karthala, 2005.
Seesemann, Rüdiger. “The Takfīr Debate: Sources for the Study of a Contemporary Dispute among African Sufis, Part One: The Nigerian Arena.” Sudanic Africa
9 (1998): 39–70; and “Part Two: The Sudanese Arena,” Sudanic Africa 10 (1999): 65–110.
Shākir, Aḥmad. Ḥukm al-Jāhiliyya. Cairo: Maktabat al-Sunna, 1992.
Shākir, Aḥmad. “Introduction.” In Ḥanbal, Aḥmad Ibn, Al-Musnad, Volume 1. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿarif, 1949.
El Shamsy, Ahmed. The Canonization of Islamic Law: A Social and Intellectual History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Shariff, Muhammad Ujdud. Hisbah: Origin, Philosophy and Practice in Kano State, Nigeria. Kano: Center for the Propagation of Shari'ah, 2011; printed and bound by Tellettes Consulting Company.
Al-Shawkānī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī. Al-Fawāʾid al-Majmūʿa fī al-Aḥādīth al-Mawḍūʿa, edited by ‘Yaḥyā al-Muʿallimī, Abd al-Raḥmān. Cairo: Maktabat al-Sunnah al-Muḥammadīyya, 1960.
Al-Shawkānī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī. Nayl al-Awṭār. Egypt: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-ḥalabī, 1952.
Shah, Ami. “The Urban Living Room: Space and Identity amongst Migrant Communities in Ibadan, Nigeria, and Ahmedabad, India.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oxford, 2007.
Shaḥrūr, Muḥammad. Al-Kitāb wa-l-Qurʾān: Qirāʾa Muʿāṣira. Damascus: Al-Ahālī li-l-Ṭibāʿa wa-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ, 1990.
Al-Shinqīṭī, Muḥammad al-Amīn. Al-Qawl al-Sadīd fī Kashf Haqīqat al-Taqlīd. Benares: Idārat al-Buḥūth al-Islāmiyya wa-l-Daʿwa wa-l-Iftāʼ, 1983.
Al-Shinqīṭī, Muḥammad al-Amīn. Riḥlat al-Ḥajj ilā Bayt Allāh al-Ḥarām. Cairo: Dār Ibn Taymiyya, undated.
Sivan, Emmanuel. Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics. Second Edition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.
Sklar, Richard. Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963.
Smith, Daniel Jordan. “The Bakassi Boys: Vigilantism, Violence, and Political Imagination in Nigeria.” Cultural Anthropology
19:3 (August 2004): 429–55.
Smith, Daniel Jordan. A Culture of Corruption: Everyday Deception and Popular Discontent in Nigeria. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008.
Smith, Wilfred Cantwell. The Meaning and End of Religion: A New Approach to the Religious Traditions of Mankind. New York: Macmillan, 1963.
Smith, Wilfred Cantwell. What Is Scripture? A Comparative Approach. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993.
Soares, Benjamin F. “The Historiography of Islam in West Africa: An Anthropologist's View.” The Journal of African History
55:1 (March 2014): 27–36.
Soares, Benjamin F.
Islam and the Prayer Economy: History and Authority in a Malian Town. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005.
Soares, Benjamin F. “An Islamic Social Movement in Contemporary West Africa: NASFAT of Nigeria.” In Movers and Shakers: Social Movements in Africa, edited by Ellis, Stephen and Kessel, Ineke van, 178–196. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
Sounaye, Abdoulaye. “La ‘discothèque’ islamique: CD et DVD au cœur de la réislamisation nigérienne.” ethnographiques.org 22 (May 2011).
Sounaye, Abdoulaye. “Les héritiers du cheikh: Izala et ses appropriations d'Usman Dan Fodio au Niger.” Cahiers d’Études africaines
206–207:2 (2012): 427–47.
Sounaye, Abdoulaye. “Irwo Sunnance yan-no! 1: Youth Claiming, Contesting and Transforming Salafism.” Islamic Africa
6:1–2 (July 2015): 82–108.
“Speeches Delivered at the Historic Ceremony of the Opening of the Rebuilt 100,000 Sultan Bello Mosque on Friday, 5th July, 1963 at Sokoto.” Zaria, Nigeria: Gaskiya Corporation, 1963.
Starrett, Gregory. Putting Islam to Work: Education, Politics, and Religious Transformation in Egypt. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998.
Stolow, Jeremy. “Religion and/as Media.” Theory, Culture, and Society
22:4 (August 2005): 119–45.
Suleiman, Salisu. “Northern Traditional Institutions and the Crises of Legitimacy.” Nigerians Talk. 24 September 2012.
Tahir, Ibrahim. “Scholars, Sufis, Saints and Capitalists in Kano, 1904–1974: The Pattern of Bourgeois Revolution in an Islamic Society.” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1975.
Tamari, Tal. “Islamic Higher Education in West Africa: Some Examples from Mali” in Islam in Africa, edited by Bierschenk, Thomas and Stauth, Georg, 91–128. Münster: Lit Verlag, 2002.
Al-Ṭawiyān, Abd al-ʿAzīz ibn Ṣāliḥ ibn Ibrāhīm. Juhūd al-Shaykh Muḥammad al-Amīn al-Shinqītī fī Taqrīr ʿAqīdat al-Salaf. Medina: The Islamic University, 1998.
Thomassen, Einar. “Some Notes on the Development of Christian Ideas about a Canon.” In Canon and Canonicity: The Formation and Use of Scripture, edited by Thomassen, Einar, 9–28. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2010.
Thurston, Alex. “Coded Language among Muslim Activists: Salafis and the Prophet's Sermon of Necessity.” Unpublished paper, under review.
Thurston, Alex. “‘The Disease Is Unbelief”: Boko Haram's Religious and Political Worldview.” Brookings Institution Project on U.S.-Muslim World Relations, November 2015.
Thurston, Alex. “Muslim Politics and Shari‘a in Kano, Nigeria.” African Affairs
114:454 (January 2015): 28–51.
Thurston, Alex. “Nigeria's Mainstream Salafis between Boko Haram and the State.” Islamic Africa
6:1–2 (July 2015): 109–34.
Al-Tuwayjirī, Ḥamad ibn ʿAbd al-Muḥsin. “Editor's Introduction.” In Taymiyya, Taqī al-Dīn Ibn, Al-Fatwā al-Ḥamawiyya al-Kubrā. Al-Riyāḍ: Dār al-Ṣamīʿī, 2004.
Tweed, Thomas. Crossing and Dwelling: A Theory of Religion. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006.
ʿUmar, Bashīr ʿAlī. Manhaj al-Imām Aḥmad fī Iʿlāl al-Ḥadīth. Saudi Arabia: Waqf al-Salām
2005.
Umar, Muhammad Sani. “Changing Islamic Identity in Nigeria from the 1960s to the 1980s: From Sufism to Anti-Sufism.” In Muslim Identity and Social Change in Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by Brenner, Louis, 154–78. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1993.
Umar, Muhammad Sani. “Education and Islamic Trends in Northern Nigeria: 1970s to 1990s.” Africa Today
48:2 (Summer 2001): 127–50.
Umar, Muhammad Sani. Islam and Colonialism: Intellectual Responses of Muslims of Northern Nigeria to British Colonial Rule. Leiden: Brill, 2006.
Al-ʿUthaymīn, Muḥammad ibn Ṣāliḥ. Akidar Ahlus-Sunna. Translated by Abubakar Umar, Shu‘aib. Riyadh: Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Daʿwa, and Guidance, 1999/2000.
Al-ʿUthaymīn, Muḥammad ibn Ṣāliḥ. ʿAqīdat Ahl al-Sunna wa-l-Jamāʿa. Al-Riyāḍ: Muʾassasat al-Shaykh Muḥammad Ṣāliḥ al-ʿUthaymīn al-Khayriyya, 2009.
Al-ʿUthaymīn, Muḥammad ibn Ṣāliḥ. Sharḥ al-ʿAqīda al-Wāsiṭiyya li-Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymiyya. ʿAyn Shams: Maktabat al-Hady al-Muḥammadī, 2011.
Vikør, Knut S.
Between God and the Sultan: A History of Islamic Law. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Vogel, Frank. Islamic Law and Legal System: Studies of Saudi Arabia. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
Voll, John. “ʿAbdallah ibn Salim al-Basri and 18th Century Hadith Scholarship.” Die Welt des Islams
42:3 (2002): 356–72.
Voll, John. “Linking Groups in the Networks of Eighteenth-Century Scholars.” In Eighteenth-Century Revival and Reform in Islam, edited by Levtzion, Nehemiah and Voll, John, 69–92. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1987.
de Vries, Hent. “In Media Res: Global Religion, Public Spheres, and the Task of Contemporary Comparative Religious Studies.” In Religion and Media, edited by de Vries, Hent and Weber, Samuel, 3–42. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Wagemakers, Joas. A Quietist Jihadi: The Ideology and Influence of Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Wakili, Haruna. “Islam and the Political Arena in Nigeria: The Ulama and the 2007 Elections.” Northwestern University Institute for the Study of Islamic Thought in Africa Working Paper 09–004, March 2009.
Walker, Andrew. “What Is Boko Haram?” Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, June 2012.
Ware, Rudolph. The Walking Qurʾan: Islamic Education, Embodied Knowledge, and History in West Africa. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.
Wedeen, Lisa. Peripheral Visions: Publics, Power, and Performance in Yemen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
Weimann, Gunnar. Islamic Criminal Law in Northern Nigeria: Politics, Religion, Judicial Practice. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010.
Weismann, Itzchak. “Between Ṣūfī Reformism and Modernist Rationalism: A Reappraisal of the Origins of the Salafiyya from the Damascene Angle.” Die Welt des Islams
41:2 (July 2001): 206–37.
Wheeler, Brannon. Applying the Canon in Islam: The Authorization and Maintenance of Interpretive Reasoning in Ḥanafī Scholarship. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.
Whitaker, C. S.. The Politics of Tradition: Continuity and Change in Northern Nigeria, 1946–1966. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970.
Wiktorowicz, Quintan. “Anatomy of the Salafi Movement.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
29 (2006): 207–39.
Wiktorowicz, Quintan. The Management of Islamic Activism: Salafis, the Muslim Brotherhood, and State Power in Jordan. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001.
Wood, Graeme. “What ISIS Really Wants.” The Atlantic, March 2015.
Yakubu, Mahmood. An Aristocracy in Political Crisis. Aldershot, UK: Avebury, 1996.
Yūsuf, Abū
Muḥammad, Yūsuf. Hādhihi ʿAqīdatunā wa-Manhaj Daʿwatinā. Maiduguri: Maktabat al-Ghurabāʾ, likely 2009.
Yusuf, Shehu Tijjani. “Stealing from the Railways: Blacksmiths, Colonialism, and Innovation in Northern Nigeria.” In Transforming Innovations in Africa: Explorative Studies on Appropriation in African Societies, edited by Gewald, Jan-Bart, Leliveld, André, and Peša, Iva, 275–96. Leiden: Brill, 2012.
Zaman, Muhammad Qasim. Religion and Politics under the Early ʻAbbāsids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunnī Elite. Leiden: Brill, 1997.
Zenn, Jacob. “Cooperation or Competition: Boko Haram and Ansaru after the Mali Intervention.” CTC Sentinel
6:3 (March 2013): 1–8.
Abdallah, Shaykh Abdulwahhab. 5 October 2011, Kano.
Abdullah, Kabiru Umar. 16 November 2011, Kano.
Atiq, Dr. Lawi. 25 January 2012, Kano.
Galadanci, Professor Shehu. 16 November 2011, Kano.
Galadanci, Professor Shehu. 17 December 2011, Kano.
Garangamawa, Shaykh Abdullahi. 16 June 2012, Kano. (Recorded interview by anonymous research assistant.)
Ibrahim, Shaykh Baba Uba. 1 December 2011 and 8 December 2011, Kano.
Ibrahim, Shaykh Kabiru Uba. 9 December 2011, Kano.
Inuwa, Shaykh Muhammad Nazifi. 12 October 2011, Kano.
Pakistan, Dr. Abdullahi Saleh. 22 October 2011, Kano.
Umar, Dr. Bashir Aliyu. 2 October 2011, Kano.
Uthman, Shaykh Bashir Tijjani. 13 December 2011, Kano.
Palmer, H. R. “Report on a Journey from Maidugari, Nigeria to Jedda in Arabia,” 1919. IOR R20/A1236 No. 1/7.
GENS 425, “Saudi Arabian Study Grants.”
U.S. Embassy Abuja. “Nigeria: 2009 Country Reports on Terrorism.” December 11, 2009.
U.S. Embassy Abuja. “Nigeria: Snapshot of Northern Gubernatorial Elections.” April 17, 2003.
U.S. Embassy Abuja. “Nigerian ‘Taliban’ Attacks Most Likely Not Tied to Taliban nor Al-Qaida.” February 6, 2004.
U.S. Embassy Abuja. “Politics of Nigeria's Northern Borno State.” November 3, 2009.
U.S. Embassy Abuja. “Terrorist Arrest Exaggerated.” March 19, 2004.
Ādam, Jaʿfar Maḥmūd. “Gwagwarmaya Tsakanin Karya da Gaskiya.” November 15, 2006, Kano.
Ādam, Jaʿfar Maḥmūd. “Kalubalen Shari‘a.” June 15/16, 2000, Kano.
Ādam, Jaʿfar Maḥmūd. Kitāb al-Tawḥīd, first lesson. September 6, 1997.
Ādam, Jaʿfar Maḥmūd. “Me Ya Sa Suke Cewa Boko Haram Ne?” 2007.
Ādam, Jaʿfar Maḥmūd. Riyāḍ al-Șāliḥīn, first lesson. February 28, 1999.
Ādam, Jaʿfar Maḥmūd. Riyāḍ al-Șāliḥīn, second lesson. March 6, 1999.
Ādam, Jaʿfar Maḥmūd. Riyāḍ al-Șāliḥīn, third lesson. March 13, 1999.
Ādam, Jaʿfar Maḥmūd. “Tarihin Rayuwata a Ilmi.” No date, Kano.
Ādam, Jaʿfar Maḥmūd. “Siyasa a Nigeria.” 2003, Kano.
Ādam, Jaʿfar Maḥmūd. Untitled. 16 August 2006, Kano.
Gumi, Aḥmad. “Al Aqidatul Wasidiyyah.” April 19, 2012, likely Kaduna.
Gumi, Aḥmad. “Al Aqidatul Wasidiyyah,” May 27, 2012, likely Kaduna.
Gumi, Aḥmad. “Ramadan Tafseer.” July 17, 2013, Kaduna.
Kabara, Abduljabbar Nasir. “Garkuwar Mauludi (1/14).” June 17, 2006, likely Kano.
Kabara, Abduljabbar Nasir. “Menene Sunnah? (Part One),” undated, likely Kano.
Kabara, Abduljabbar Nasir. “Wajabcin Zikir (1/2),” undated, likely Kano.
Muṣṭafā, ʿAlī. “Fiqhul Aqida 1.” October 2, 2013.
Nur, Muḥammad and Yūsuf, Muḥammad. Untitled, 2009, Maiduguri.
Pantami, Isa ‘Ali and Yusuf, Muḥammad. Undated debate.
Rijiyar Lemo, Muḥammad Sani ʿUmar. “Kungiyoyin Jihadi (1).” April 2009, Maiduguri.
Rijiyar Lemo, Muḥammad Sani ʿUmar. “Kungiyoyin Jihadi (2).” April 2009, Maiduguri.
Rijiyar Lemo, Muḥammad Sani ʿUmar. “Musulunci a Jiya da Yau.” September 2008, Kano.
Rijiyar Lemo, Muḥammad Sani ʿUmar. “Shirin Freedom akan Maulidi.” Recorded radio broadcast, Freedom Radio, March 2007, Kano.
Rijiyar Lemo, Muḥammad Sani ʿUmar. al-Tuḥfa al-ʿIrāqiyya fī al-Aʿmāl al-Qalbiyya, first lesson, 13 May 2008.
Rijiyar Lemo, Muḥammad Sani ʿUmar. Al-ʿUbūdiyya, first lesson, December 2005.
Rijiyar Lemo, Muḥammad Sani ʿUmar. Al-Waṣiyya al-Kubrā;, first lesson, 9 January 2007.
Rijiyar Lemo, Muḥammad Sani ʿUmar. Al-Waṣiyya al-Kubrā;, twenty-first lesson, 17 July 2007.
Rijiyar Lemo, Muḥammad Sani ʿUmar. Al-Waṣiyya al-Kubrā;, twenty-second lesson, 24 July 2007.
Shekau, Abubakar. “Abubakar Shekau Claims Responsibility on Barracks Attack,” March 2014.
Shekau, Abubakar. “Bayʿat Jamāʿat Ahl al-Sunna li-l-Daʿwa wa-l-Jihad li-Khalīfat al-Muslimīn Abī Bakr al-Baghdādī,” 7 March 2015.
Shekau, Abubakar. “Boko Haram Declares a New Caliphate in North Eastern Nigeria,” 24 August 2014.
Shekau, Abubakar. “Message to Jonathan,” 11 January 2012.
Shekau, Abubakar. “A Message to the Leaders of the Disbelievers,” February 2015.
Shekau, Abubakar. “Message to the World on Baga,” January 2015.
Shekau, Abubakar. “Wannan ne Akidarmu,” likely 2015.
Yūsuf, Muḥammad. Oral commentary on Hādhihi ʿAqīdatunā, circa 2009.
Yūsuf, Muḥammad. “Open Letter to the Government of Nigeria,” 11 June 2009, Maiduguri.
Yūsuf, Muḥammad. “Warware Shubuhar Malamai,” circa 2008.
Zaria, Muḥammad Awwal ‘Albānī.’ Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, introduction, 10 October 2011.