Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. Regional Variation in Written American English
  • Cited by 40
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
January 2016
Print publication year:
2016
Online ISBN:
9781139506137
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139506137
Subjects:
Grammar and Syntax, Sociolinguistics, English Language and Linguistics: General Interest, Language and Linguistics
Series:
Studies in English Language
Information

Book description

The first study of its kind, Regional Variation in Written American English takes a corpus-based approach to map over one hundred grammatical alternation variables across the United States. A multivariate spatial analysis of these maps shows that grammatical alternation variables follow a relatively small number of common regional patterns in American English, which can be explained based on both linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. Based on this rigorous analysis of extensive data, Grieve identifies five primary modern American dialect regions, demonstrating that regional variation is far more pervasive and complex in natural language than is generally assumed. The wealth of maps and data, and the groundbreaking implications of this volume, make it essential reading for students and researchers in linguistics, English language, geography, computer science, sociology and communication studies.

Reviews

‘Grieve presents a keen new perspective on American regional dialects, along with an accessible account of up-to-date methods for examining variation in written language.'

Tyler Kendall - University of Oregon

'Grieve’s study on AmE syntax is timely, long overdue, innovative, and thorough. He takes a fresh approach to investigating dialectology, both in terms of material and methods. The book is a well-structured and coherent description of modern AmE grammar. It introduces innovative statistical approach to the study of dialectal variation, and concentrates on written language instead of spoken language, which is typically the object of study in dialectology. … This book is excellent reading for anyone who is interested and investigates grammatical variation in English(es).'

Sanna Hillberg Source: The Linguist List

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
Cancel
×

Contents

Contents
References

References

Aarts, B. 2011. Oxford Modern English Grammar. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Allen, H. B. 1952. The linguistic atlas of the Upper Midwest. Orbis, 1: 89–94. Google Scholar
Allen, H. B. 1958. Minor dialect areas of the Upper Midwest. PADS, 30: 3–16. Google Scholar
Allen, H. B. 1959. Canadian–American speech differences along the middle border. Journal of the Canadian Linguistic Association, 5: 17–25. Google Scholar
Allen, H. B. 1964. The primary dialect areas of the Upper Midwest. In H. B. Allen (ed.), Readings in Applied English Linguistics. 31–41. Google Scholar
Allen, H. B. 1973–1976. The Linguistic Atlas of the Upper Midwest. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Google Scholar
Anderwald, L. 2009. The Morphology of English Dialects: Verb Formation in Non-standard English. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Anselin, L. 1988. Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Dordrecht, Germany: Kluwer Academic. Google Scholar
Anselin, L. 1995. Local indicators of spatial association – LISA. Geographical Analysis, 27: 93–115. Google Scholar
Asnaghi, C. 2013. An analysis of regional lexical variation in California English using site-restricted web searches. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Leuven. Google Scholar
Atwood, E. B. 1953. A Survey of Verb Forms in the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Google Scholar
Atwood, E. B. 1962. The Regional Vocabulary of Texas. Austin: University of Texas Press. Google Scholar
Bailey, T. C. & Gatrell, A. C. 1995. Interactive Spatial Data Analysis. Harlow, UK: Longman. Google Scholar
Bartlett, M. S. 1938. Methods of estimating mental factors. Nature, 141: 609–610. Google Scholar
Bavaud, F. 1998. Models for spatial weights: a systematic look. Geographical Analysis, 30: 153–171. Google Scholar
Bell, A. 1984. Language style as Audience Design. Language in Society, 13: 145–204. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Bell, A. 2001. Back in Style: Reworking Audience Design. In Eckert, P. & Rickford, J. R. (eds.), Style and Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 139–169. Google Scholar
Bezdek, J. C. 1981. Pattern Recognition with Fuzzy Objective Function Algorithms. Dordrecht, Germany: Kluwer Academic. Google Scholar
Biber, D. 1987. A textual comparison of British and American writing. American Speech, 62: 99–119. Google Scholar
Biber, D. 1988. Variation across Speech and Writing. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Biber, D. 1993. Representativeness in corpus design. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 8: 243–257. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Biber, D. 1995. Dimensions of Register Variation: A Cross-linguistic Comparison. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Reppen, R. 1998. Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Language Structure and Use. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow, UK: Longman. Google Scholar
Bivand, R. S., Pebesma, E. J., & Gómez-Rubio, V. 2008. Applied Spatial Data Analysis with R. New York, NY: Springer. Google Scholar
Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Google Scholar
Boogaart, K. G. van den & Tolosana-Delgado, R. 2013. Analyzing Compositional Data with R. New York, NY: Springer. Google Scholar
Carver, C. M. 1987. American Regional Dialects. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Google Scholar
Cassidy, F. G. & Hall, J. H. 1985. Dictionary of American Regional English, Volume I: Introduction and A–C. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar
Cassidy, F. G. 1991. Dictionary of American Regional English: Volume II: D–H. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar
Chambers, J. & Trudgill, P. 1998. Dialectology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Chun, Y. & Griffith, D. A. 2013. Spatial Statistics and Geostatistics: Theory and Applications for Geographic Information Science and Technology. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. Google Scholar
Cliff, A. D., & Ord, J. K. 1969. The problem of spatial autocorrelation. In Scott, A. J. (ed.) Studies in Regional Science. London, UK: Pion. 25–55. Google Scholar
Cliff, A. D. 1973. Spatial Autocorrelation. London, UK: Pion. Google Scholar
Cliff, A. D. 1981. Spatial Processes: Models and Applications. London, UK: Pion. Google Scholar
Conrad, S. & Biber, D. 2001. Variation in English: Multi-Dimensional Studies. London, UK: Longman. Google Scholar
Cox, T. F., & Cox, M. A. 2010. Multidimensional Scaling. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Google Scholar
Cressie, N. A. C. 1993. Statistics for Spatial Data. New York, NY: Wiley. Google Scholar
Davies, M. 2008. The Corpus of Contemporary American English: 450 million words, 1990–present. Available online at http://corpus.byu.edu/coca Google Scholar
Davis, A. L. 1948. A word atlas of the Great Lakes Region. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Michigan. Google Scholar
Dewar, M., & Epstein, D. 2007. Planning for “megaregions” in the United States. Journal of Planning Literature, 22: 108–124. Google Scholar
Dunn, O. J. 1961. Multiple comparisons among means. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 56: 52–64. Google Scholar
Everitt & Hothorn, 2011. An Introduction to Applied Multivariate Analysis with R. New York, NY: Springer. Google Scholar
Everitt, B. E., Landau, S., Leese, M., & Stahl, D. 2011. Cluster Analysis. New York, NY: Wiley. Google Scholar
Fabrigar, L. R. & Wegener, D. T. 2012. Exploratory Factor Analysis. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Finegan, E., Biber, D. 1994. Register and social dialect variation: an integrated approach. In Biber, D. & Finegan, E. (eds.), Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Register. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 315–347. Google Scholar
Finegan, E., Biber, D. 2001. Register variation and social dialect variation. In Eckert, P. & Rickford, J. R. (eds.), Style and Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 235–267. Google Scholar
Fischer, D. H. 1989. Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Florida, R., Gulden, T., & Mellander, C. 2008. The rise of the mega-region. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 1: 459–476. Google Scholar
Follett, W. 1966. Modern American Usage. New York: Hill & Wang. Google Scholar
Fortin, M. J., & Dale, M. R. T. 2005. Spatial Analysis: A Guide for Ecologists. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Fotheringham, A. S., Brunsdon, C., & Charlton, M. 2000. Quantitative Geography: Perspectives on Spatial Data Analysis. New York, NY: Sage. Google Scholar
Fowler, H. W. 1926. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. Google Scholar
Friedl, J. E. F. 2006. Mastering Regular Expressions. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. Google Scholar
Garnett, J. C. M. 1919. General ability, cleverness and purpose. British Journal of Psychology, 9: 345–366. Google Scholar
Geeraerts, D., Grondelaers, S., & Bakema, P. 1994. The Structure of Lexical Variation. Meaning, Naming and Context. Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar
Getis, A. 2009. Spatial weights matrices. Geographical Analysis, 41: 404–410. Google Scholar
Getis, A. & Aldstadt, J. 2004. Constructing the spatial weights matrix using a local statistic. Geographical Analysis, 35: 90–104. Google Scholar
Getis, A. & Ord, J. K. 1992. The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics. Geographical Analysis, 24: 189–206. Google Scholar
Getis, A. & Ord, J. K. 1996. Local spatial statistics: An overview. In Longley, P. & Batty, M. (eds.), Spatial Analysis: Modelling in a GIS Environment. Cambridge, UK: GeoInformation International. 261–277. Google Scholar
Goebl, H. 1984. Dialektometrische Studien: Anhand Italoromanischer, Rätoro-manischer und Galloromanischer Sprachmaterialien aus AIS und ALF. Tübingen, Germany: Niemeyer. Google Scholar
Goebl, H. 1993. Dialectometry: a short overview of the principles and practice of quantitative classification of linguistic atlas data. In Köhler, and Rieger, (eds.), Contributions to Quantitative Linguistics. Dordrecht, Germany: Kluwer. 277–315. Google Scholar
Goebl, H. 2006. Recent advances is Salzburg dialectometry. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 21: 411–435. Google Scholar
Gooskens, C. & Heeringa, W. 2004. Perceptive evaluation of Levenshtein dialect distance measurements using Norwegian dialect data. Language Variation and Change, 16: 189–207. Google Scholar
Gordon, A. D. 1999. Classification. 1999. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Google Scholar
Gorsuch, R. L. 1983. Factor Analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates. Google Scholar
Gries, S. 2002. The influence of processing on syntactic variation: Particle placement in English. In Dehe, N., Jackendoff, R., McIntyre, A., & Urban, S. (eds.), Verb–Particle Explorations. Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter. 269–288. Google Scholar
Grieve, J. 2009. A corpus-based regional dialect survey of grammatical variation in written Standard American English. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Northern Arizona University. Google Scholar
Grieve, J. 2011. A regional analysis of contraction rate in written Standard American English. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 16: 514–546. Google Scholar
Grieve, J. 2012a. A statistical analysis of regional variation in adverb position in a corpus of written Standard American English. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 8: 39–72. Google Scholar
Grieve, J. 2012b. Sociolinguistics: quantitative methods. In Carol, A. Chapelle (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. Google Scholar
Grieve, J. 2013. A statistical comparison of regional phonetic and lexical variation in American English. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 28: 82–107. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Grieve, J. 2014a. A comparison of statistical methods for the aggregation of regional linguistic variation. In Szmrecsanyi, B. & Wälchli, B. (eds.), Aggregating Dialectology, Typology, and Register Analysis: Linguistic Variation in Text and Speech. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. Google Scholar
Grieve, J. 2014b. A multidimensional analysis of regional variation in American English. In Sardinha, T. B. & Pinto, M. V. (eds.), Multi-Dimensional Analysis, 25 Years on: A Tribute to Douglas Biber. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins. Google Scholar
Grieve, J., Asnaghi, C., & Ruette, T. 2013a. Site-restricted web searches for data collection in regional dialectology. American Speech, 88: 413–440. Google Scholar
Grieve, J., Speelman, D., & Geeraerts, D. 2011. A statistical method for the identification and aggregation of regional linguistic variation. Language Variation and Change, 23: 193–221. Google Scholar
Grieve, J., Speelman, D., & Geeraerts, D. 2013b. A multivariate spatial analysis of vowel formants in American English. Journal of Linguistic Geography, 1: 31–51. Google Scholar
Haining, R. 2003. Spatial Data Analysis: Theory and Practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Hall, J. H. 2002. Dictionary of American Regional English, Volume IV: P–Sk. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar
Hall, J. H. 2012. Dictionary of American Regional English, Volume V: Sl–Z. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar
Hall, J. H. 2013. Dictionary of American Regional English, Volume VI: Contrastive Maps, Index to Entry Labels, Questionnaire, and Fieldwork Data. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar
Hall, J. H., and Cassidy, F. G. 1996. Dictionary of American Regional English, Volume III: I–O. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar
Heeringa, W. J. 2004. Measuring dialect pronunciation differences using Levenshtein distance. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. Google Scholar
Heeringa, W. J. & Nerbonne, J. 2001. Dialect areas and dialect continua. Language Variation and Change, 13: 375–400. Google Scholar
Heeringa, W. J. & Nerbonne, J. 2013. Dialectometry. In Hinskens, F. & Taeldeman, J. (eds.), Language and Space. An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation, Volume III: Dutch. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. 624–646. Google Scholar
Heeringa, W., Nerbonne, J., & Kleiweg, P. 2002. Validating dialect comparison methods. In Gaul, W. & Ritter, G. (eds.), Classification, Automation, and New Media: Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the Gesellschaft für Klassifikatione. Berlin, Germany: Springer. 445–452. Google Scholar
Hodder, I. & Orton, C. 1976. Spatial Analysis in Archaeology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Huddleston, R. & Pullum, G. K. 2002. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Isaaks, E. H. & Srivastava, R. M. 1989. An Introduction to Applied Geostatistics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Kortmann, B., Herrmann, T., Pietsch, L., & Wagner, S. 2005. A Comparative Grammar of British English Dialects. Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar
Kortmann, B. & Schneider, E. 2004. A Handbook of Varieties of English. 2 vols. Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar
Kortmann, B. & Upton, C. 2008. Varieties of English: The British Isles. Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar
Kretzschmar, W. A. 1996. Quantitative areal analysis of dialect features. Language Variation and Change, 8: 13–39. Google Scholar
Kretzschmar, W. A. 2006. The Linguistics of Speech. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Kretzschmar, W. A., McDavid, V., Lerud, T., & Johnson, E. 1993. Handbook of the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar
Kurath, H. 1949. Word Geography of the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Google Scholar
Kurath, H. 1972. Studies in Area Linguistics. Bloomington, IN: University of Indiana Press. Google Scholar
Kurath, H. 1979. Preface. In McDavid, R. I. & O'Cain, T. Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar
Kurath, H., Hansen, L., Bloch, B., & Bloch, J. 1939. Handbook of the Linguistic Geography of New England. Providence, RI: Brown University Press. Google Scholar
Kurath, H., Hansen, L., Bloch, B., & Bloch, J. 1939–1943. Linguistic Atlas of New England. Providence, RI: Brown University Press. Google Scholar
Kurath, H. & McDavid, R. I. 1961. The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Google Scholar
Labov, W. 1963. The social motivation of a sound change. Word, 19: 273–303. Google Scholar
Labov, W. 1966a. The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Google Scholar
Labov, W. 1966b. The linguistic variable as a structural unit. Washington Linguistics Review, 3: 4–22. Google Scholar
Labov, W. 1969. Contraction, deletion, and inherent variability of the English copula. Language, 45: 715–62. Google Scholar
Labov, W. 1972. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. Google Scholar
Labov, W. 1991. The three dialects of English. In Eckert, P. (ed.), New Ways of Analyzing Sound Change. New York, NY: Academic Press. 1–44. Google Scholar
Labov, W. 2013. Dialect Diversity in America. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press. Google Scholar
Labov, W., Ash, S., & Boberg, C. 2006. Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Sound Change. New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar
Lang, R. E. & Nelson, A. C. 2007. Beyond the metroplex: examining commuter patterns at the “megapolitan” scale. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Google Scholar
Lee, J. & Kretzschmar, W. A. 1993. Spatial analysis of linguistic data with GIS functions. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 7: 541–60. Google Scholar
McDavid, R. I. 1993. Dialects of the LAMSAS region. In Kretzschmar, W. A., McDavid, V., Lerud, T., & Johnson, E. (eds.), Handbook of the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 147–153. Google Scholar
McDavid, R. I., & O'Cain, T. 1979. Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar
McElhinny, B. S. 1993. Copula and auxiliary contraction in the speech of White Americans. American Speech, 68: 371–399. Google Scholar
Marckwardt, A. H. 1957. Principal and subsidiary dialect areas in the north central states. PADS, 27: 3–15. Google Scholar
Mencken, H. L. 1919. The American Language. New York, NY: Knopf. Google Scholar
Meschenmoser, D., & Pröll, S. 2012. Fuzzy clustering of dialect maps using the empirical covariance: Grouping maps in dialect corpora based on spatial similarities. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 17: 176–97. Google Scholar
Milroy, L. 2001. Conversation, spoken language and social identity. In Eckert, P. & Rickford, J. R. (eds.), Style and Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 268–278. Google Scholar
Moran, P. A. P. 1948. The interpretation of statistical maps. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 37: 243–251. Google Scholar
Mulaik, S. 2009. Foundations of Factor Analysis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Google Scholar
Nerbonne, J. 2006. Identifying linguistic structure in aggregate comparison. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 21: 463–476. Google Scholar
Nerbonne, J. 2010. Measuring the diffusion of linguistic change. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365: 3821–3828. Google Scholar
Nerbonne, J., Gemert, I. van, & Heeringa, W. 2005. A dialectometric view of linguistic gravity. Available at www.let.rug.nl/nerbonne/papers/gravity2004.pdf Google Scholar
Nerbonne, J. & Heeringa, W. 1997. Measuring dialect distance phonetically. In J. Coleman (ed.), Workshop on Computational Phonology, Special Interest Group of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 11–18. Google Scholar
Nerbonne, J. & Heeringa, W. 2001. Computational comparison and classification of dialects. Dialectologia et Geolinguistica, 9: 69–83. Google Scholar
Nerbonne, J. & Heeringa, W. 2007. Geographic distributions of linguistic variation reflect dynamics of differentiation. In Featherston, S. & Sternefeld, W. (eds.), Roots: Linguistics in Search of Its Evidential Base. Berlin, Germany: Mouton De Gruyter. 267–297. Google Scholar
Nerbonne, J. & Heeringa, W. 2010. Measuring dialect differences. In Auer, P. & Schmidt, J. E. (eds.), Language and Space: An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation. Volume I: Theories and Methods. Berlin, Germany: Mouton De Gruyter. 550–567. Google Scholar
Nerbonne, J., Heeringa, W., & Kleiweg, P. 1999. Edit distance and dialect proximity. In Sankoff, D. & Kruskal, J. (eds.), Time Warps, String Edits and Macromolecules: The Theory and Practice of Sequence Comparison. Stanford, CA: CSLI. Google Scholar
Nerbonne, J., Heeringa, W., Hout, E. van den, Koo, P. van der, Otten, S., & Vis, W. van de 1996. Phonetic distance between Dutch dialects. In Durieux, G., Daelemans, W., & Gillis, S (eds.), Papers from the Sixth CLIN meeting. University of Antwerp. 185–202. Google Scholar
Nerbonne, J. & Kleiweg, P. 2003. Lexical distance in LAMSAS. Computers and the Humanities, 37: 339–357. Google Scholar
Nerbonne, J. & Kleiweg, P. 2007. Toward a dialectological yardstick. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics, 14: 148–166. Google Scholar
Ord, J. K. & Getis, A. 1995. Local spatial autocorrelation statistics: distributional issues and an application. Geographical Analysis, 27: 286–306. Google Scholar
Pederson, L. 1986. Handbook for the Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. Google Scholar
Pederson, L., McDaniel, S. L., & Adams, C. M. 1986–1993. Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States (7 vols.). Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, D. U., Robinson, T. P., Stevenson, M., Stevens, K. B., Rogers, D. J., & Clements, A. C. A. 2008. Spatial Analysis on Epidemiology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Pickl, S. 2013. Probabilistische Geolinguistik: Geostatistische Analysen Lexikalischer Variation in Bayerisch-Schwaben. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Universität Augsburg Google Scholar
Preston, D. 1991. Sorting out the variables in sociolinguistic theory. American Speech, 66: 3–26. Google Scholar
Preston, D. 2001. Style and the psycholinguistics of sociolinguistics: the logical problem of Language variation. In Eckert, P. & Rickford, J. R. (eds.), Style and Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 279–304. Google Scholar
Prokic, J. & Nerbonne, J. 2008. Recognizing groups among dialects. International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing, 1: 153–172. Google Scholar
Pröll, S. 2013. Detecting structures in linguistic maps – fuzzy clustering for pattern recognition in geostatistical dialectometry. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 28: 108–118. Google Scholar
Pullum, G. 2014. Fear and loathing of the English passive. Language and Communication, 37: 60–74. Google Scholar
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., & Svartvik, J. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London, UK: Longman. Google Scholar
R Core Team, 2014. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Google Scholar
Reed, C. 1956. Washington words. PADS, 25: 3–11. Google Scholar
Reed, C. 1957. Word geography of the Pacific Northwest. Orbis, 6: 86–93. Google Scholar
Reed, C. 1961. The pronunciation of English in the Pacific Northwest. Language, 37: 559–564. Google Scholar
Reed, D. 1954. Eastern dialect words in California. PADS, 21: 3–15. Google Scholar
Ripley, B. D. 2005. Spatial Statistics. New York, NY: Wiley. Google Scholar
Rohdenburg, G. & Schlüter, J. 2009. One Language, Two Grammars? Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Romaine, S. 1980. Stylistic variation and evaluative reactions to speech. Language and Speech, 23: 213–232. Google Scholar
Ruette, T. 2013. Aggregating lexical variation: towards large-scale lexical lectometry. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Leuven. Google Scholar
Schneider, E. 2002. Investigating variation and change in written documents. In Chambers, J., Trudgill, P., & Schilling-Estes, N. (eds.), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. London, UK: Blackwell. 67–96. Google Scholar
Schneider, E. 2008. Varieties of English: The Americas and the Caribbean. Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar
Séguy, J. 1954–1973. Atlas linguistique et ethnographique de la Gascogne. 6 vols. Paris, France: Centre national de la récherche scientifique. Google Scholar
Séguy, J. 1971. La relation entre la distance spatiale et la distance lexicale. Revue de linguistique romane, 35: 335–357. Google Scholar
Séguy, J. 1973a. Atlas linguistique et ethnographique de la Gascogne. Vol. VI. Paris, France: Centre national de la recherché scientifique. Google Scholar
Séguy, J. 1973b. La dialectométrie dans l'Atlas linguistique de la Gascogne. Revue de linguistique romane, 37: 1–24. Google Scholar
Sen, A. & Smith, T. E. 1995. Gravity Model of Spatial Interaction Behavior. Berlin, Germany: Springer. Google Scholar
Shackleton, R. G. 2005. English–American speech relationships: a quantitative approach. Journal of English Linguistics, 33: 99–160. Google Scholar
Shackleton, R. G. 2007. Phonetic variation in the traditional English dialects: a computational analysis. Journal of English Linguistics, 35: 30–102. Google Scholar
Shuy, R. 1962. The North–Midland Dialect Boundary in Illinois. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. Google Scholar
Sherman, L. W., Gartin, P. R., & Buerger, M. E. 1989. Hot spots of predatory crime: routine activities and the criminology of place. Criminology, 27: 27–56. Google Scholar
Sibler, P., Weibel, R., Glaser, E., & Bart, G. 2012. Cartographic visualization in support of dialectology. Proceedings of AutoCarto 2012. Google Scholar
Spearman, C. 1904. General intelligence, objectively determined and measured. American Journal of Psychology, 15: 201−293. Google Scholar
Speelman, D., Grondelaers, S., & Geeraerts, D. 2003. Profile-based linguistic uniformity as a generic method for comparing language varieties. Computers and the Humanities, 37: 317–337. Google Scholar
Strunk, W. & White, E. B. 1959. The Elements of Style. New York, NY: Macmillan. Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, B. 2008. Corpus-based dialectometry: aggregate morphosyntactic variability in British English dialects. International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing, 2: 279–296. Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, B. 2011. Corpus-based dialectometry: a methodological sketch. Corpora, 6: 45–76. Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, B. 2013. Grammatical Variation in British English Dialects: A Study in Corpus-Based Dialectometry. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. 2007. Using Multivariate Statistics. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, S. 1998. Was/were variation across the generations: view from the City of York. Language Variation and Change, 10: 153–191. Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, S. 2006. Analysing Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Tamminga, M. 2013. Phonology and morphology in Dutch indefinite determiner syncretism: spatial and quantitative perspectives. Journal of Linguistic Geography, 1: 115–124. CrossRef | Google Scholar
Thomson, G. H. 1951. The Factorial Analysis of Human Ability. London, UK: London University Press. Google Scholar
Thurstone, L. L. 1935. Vectors of the Mind. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar
Thurstone, L. L. 1947. Multiple Factor Analysis: A Development and Expansion of the Vectors of the Mind. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar
Tottie, G. T. 2002. An Introduction to American English. Oxford and Malden, MA: Blackwell. Google Scholar
Toutanova, K., Klein, D., Manning, C., & Singer, Y. 2003. Feature-rich part-of-speech tagging with a cyclic dependency network. Proceedings of HLT-NAACL: 252–259. Google Scholar
Traugott, E. C. & Romaine, S. 1985. Some questions for the definition of “style” in socio-historical linguistics. Folia linguistica historica, 19: 7–40. Google Scholar
Trudgill, P. 1974. Linguistic change and diffusion: description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect geography. Language in Society, 2: 215–246. Google Scholar
Trudgill, P. & Hannah, J. 1994. International English. A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English. London, UK: Arnold. Google Scholar
Upton, C. & Widdowson, J. D. A. 2006. An Atlas of English Dialects. London, UK: Routledge. Google Scholar
Weiner, E. J. & Labov, W. 1983. Constraints on the agentless passive. Journal of Linguistics, 19: 29–58. Google Scholar
Wieling, M. 2012. A quantitative approach to social and geographical dialect variation. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Groningen. Google Scholar
Wieling, M. & Nerbonne, J. 2011. Bipartite spectral graph partitioning for clustering dialect varieties and detecting their linguistic features. Computer Speech and Language, 25: 700–715. Google Scholar
Wieling, M., Nerbonne, J., & Baayen, H. 2011. Quantitative social dialectology: explaining linguistic variation geographically and socially. PLoS ONE, 6: e23613. Google Scholar
Wolfram, W. 1991. The linguistic variable: fact and fantasy. American Speech, 66: 22–32. Google Scholar
Wolfram, W. 1993. Identifying and interpreting variables. In Preston, D. (ed.), American Dialect Research. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins. 193–221. Google Scholar
Wolfram, W. & Schilling-Estes, N. 1998. American English. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Google Scholar

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 187
Total number of PDF views: 2339 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 6165 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between September 2016 - 5th April 2025. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.