Agrawal, A. A., Laforsch, C. & Tollrian, R. (1999). Transgenerational induction of defences in animals and plants. Nature, 401, 60–63.
Albon, S. D., Clutton-Brock, T. H. & Guinness, F. E. (1987). Early development and population dynamics in red deer. II. Density-independent effects and cohort variation. Journal of Animal Ecology, 56, 69–81.
Amundson, R. (2005). The Changing Role of the Embryo in Evolutionary Thought: Roots of Evo-Devo, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Andersson, M. (1994). Sexual Selection, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Anway, M. D., Cupp, A. S., Uzumcu, M. & Skinner, M. K. (2005). Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors and male fertility. Science, 308, 1466–1469.
Applebaum, S. W. & Heifetz, Y. (1999). Density-dependent physiological phase in insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 44, 317–341.
Arthur, W. (1997). The Origin of Animal Body Plans: A Study in Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Avital, E. & Jablonka, E. (2000). Animal Traditions: Behavioural Inheritance in Evolution, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Badyaev, A. V. (2009). Evolutionary significance of phenotypic accommodation in novel environments: an empirical test of the Baldwin effect. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 364, 1125–1141.
Badyaev, A. V. & Uller, T. (2009). Parental effects in ecology and evolution: mechanisms, processes and implications. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 364, 1169–1177.
Baldwin, J. M. (1896). A new factor in evolution. American Naturalist, 30, 441–451, 536–553.
Baldwin, J. M. (1902). Development and Evolution, London: MacMillan.
Barker, D. J. P. (1998). In utero programming of chronic disease. Clinical Science, 95, 115–128.
Barker, D. J. P., Winter, P. D., Osmond, C., Margetts, B. & Simmonds, S. J. (1989). Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease. Lancet, 2, 577–580.
Bateson, P. P. G. (1976). Rules and reciprocity in behavioural development. In Growing Points in Ethology, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Hinde, R. A.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 40l–42l.
Bateson, P. (1983). Optimal outbreeding. In Mate Choice, ed. Bateson, P.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 257–277.
Bateson, P. (1987). Biological approaches to the study of behavioral development. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 10, 1–22.
Bateson, P. (1994). The dynamics of parent–offspring relationships in mammals. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 9, 399–403.
Bateson, P. (2000). Models of memory: the case of imprinting. In Brain, Perception, Memory: Advances in Cognitive Neuroscience, ed. Bolhuis, J.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 267–278.
Bateson, P. (2001). Fetal experience and good adult design. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30, 928–934.
Bateson, P. (2006). The adaptability driver: links between behaviour and evolution. Biological Theory, 1, 342–345.
Bateson, P. (2007). Developmental plasticity and evolutionary biology. Journal of Nutrition, 137, 1060–1062.
Bateson, P. (2010). The evolution of evolutionary theory. European Review, 18, 287–296.
Bateson, P., Barker, D., Clutton-Brock, T., et al. (2004). Developmental plasticity and human health. Nature, 430, 419–421.
Bateson, P. & Horn, G. (1994). Imprinting and recognition memory: a neural net model. Animal Behaviour, 48, 695–715.
Bateson, P. & Mameli, M. (2007). The innate and the acquired: useful clusters or a residual distinction from folk biology?Developmental Psychobiology, 49, 818–831.
Bateson, P. & Martin, P. (1999). Design For a Life: How Behaviour Develops, London: Cape.
Bateson, W. (1894). Materials for the Study of Variation: Treated With Especial Regard to Discontinuity in The Origin of Species, London: Macmillan.
Bauerfeind, S. S., Perlick, J. E. C. & Fischer, K. (2009). Disentangling environmental effects on adult life span in a butterfly across the metamorphic boundary. Experimental Gerontology, 44, 805–811.
Beall, C. M. (2007). Two routes to functional adaptation: Tibetan and Andean high-altitude natives. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 8655–8660.
Beall, C. M., Cavalleri, G. L., Deng, L., et al. (2010). Natural selection on EPAS1 (HIF2α) associated with low hemoglobin concentration in Tibetan highlanders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 107, 11459–11464.
Beaumont, H. J. E., Gallie, J., Kost, C., Ferguson, G. C. & Rainey, P. B. (2009). Experimental evolution of bet hedging. Nature, 462, 90–93.
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L. & Draper, P. (1991). Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: an evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Development, 62, 647–670.
Beltman, J. B., Haccou, P. & Ten Cate, C. (2004). Learning and colonization of new niches: a first step towards speciation. Evolution, 58, 35–46.
Belyaev, D. K. (1969). Domestication of animals. Science Journal (UK), 5, 47–52.
Bird, C. D. & Emery, N. J. (2009). Rooks use stones to raise the water level to reach a floating worm. Current Biology, 19, 1410–1414.
Blumberg, M. S. (2005). Basic Instinct: The Genesis of Behavior. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press.
Blumberg, M. S. (2009). Freaks of Nature: What Anomalies Tell Us About Development and Evolution, New York: Oxford University Press.
Bolhuis, J. J. (1991). Mechanisms of avian imprinting: a review. Biological Reviews, 66, 303–345.
Borenstein, E., Feldman, M. W. & Aoki, K. (2008). Evolution of learning in fluctuating environments: when selection favors both social and exploratory individual learning. Evolution, 62, 586–602.
Bossdorf, O., Richards, C. L. & Pigliucci, M. (2008). Epigenetics for ecologists. Ecology Letters, 11, 106–115.
Breland, K. & Breland, M. (1966). Animal Behavior, New York: Macmillan.
Britten, R. J. & Davidson, E. H. (1969). Gene regulation for higher cells: a theory. Science, 165, 349–357.
Brönmark, C., Pettersson, L. B. & Nilson, P. A. (1999). Predator-induced defense in crucian carp. In The Ecology and Evolution of Inducible Defenses, ed. Tollrian, R. & Harvell, C. D.. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 203–217.
Brooks, A. A., Johnson, M. R., Steer, P. J., Pawson, M. E. & Abdalla, H. I. (1995). Birth weight: nature or nurture?Early Human Development, 42, 29–35.
Brown, R. W., Chapman, K. E., Edwards, C. R. & Seckl, J. R. (1993). Human placental 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: evidence for and partial purification of a distinct NAD-dependent isoform. Endocrinology, 132, 2614–21.
Burkhardt, R. W. (2005). Patterns of Behavior, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Byrne, R. W. (2000). Evolution of primate cognition. Cognitive Science, 24, 543–570.
Campos, E. (1995). Amblyopia. Survey of Ophthalmology, 40, 23–39.
Cannon, W. B. (1929). Organization for physiological homeostasis. Physiological Reviews, 9, 399–431.
Capy, P., Gasperi, G., Biemont, C. & Bazin, C. (2000). Stress and transposable elements: co-evolution or useful parasites?Heredity, 85, 101–106.
Carroll, S. B. (2005). Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of Evo Devo, New York: Norton.
Cedar, H. & Bergman, Y. (2009). Linking DNA methylation and histone modification: patterns and paradigms. Nature Reviews Genetics, 10, 295–304.
Centerwall, S. A. & Centerwall, W. R. (2000). The discovery of phenylketonuria: the story of a young couple, two affected children, and a scientist. Pediatrics, 105, 89–103.
Chali, D., Enquselassie, F. & , M. (1998). A case-control study on determinants of rickets. Ethiopian Medical Journal, 36, 227–234.
Champagne, F. A. (2010). Epigenetic influence of social experiences across the lifespan. Developmental Psychobiology, 52, 299–311.
Champagne, F. A. & Curley, J. P. (2009). Epigenetic mechanisms mediating the long-term effects of maternal care on development. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 593–600.
Champagne, F. A., Francis, D. D., Mar, A. & Meaney, M. J. (2003). Variations in maternal care in the rat as a mediating influence for the effects of environment on development. Physiology & Behavior, 79, 359–371.
Chomsky, N. (2000). On Nature and Language, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Chou, H.-H., Hayakawa, T., Diaz, S., et al. (2002). Inactivation of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase occurred prior to brain expansion during human evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 99, 11736–11741.
Clutton-Brock, T. H., Guinness, F. E. & Albon, S. D. (1982). Red Deer: Behaviour and Ecology of Two Sexes, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cohen, L. G., Celnik, P., Pascual-Leone, A., et al. (1997). Functional relevance of cross-modal plasticity in blind humans. Nature, 389, 180–183.
Coon, D. (2006). Psychology: a Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Belmont: Thomson Learning.
Cornwallis, C. K. & Uller, T. (2010). Towards an evolutionary ecology of sexual traits. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 25, 145–152.
Cresswell, W. (1994). Song as a pursuit-deterrent signal, and its occurrence relative to other anti-predation behaviors of skylark (Alauda arvensis) on attack by merlins (Falco columbarius). Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology, 34, 217–223.
Danial, N. N. & Korsmeyer, S. J. (2004). Cell death: critical control points. Cell, 116, 205–19.
Darwin, C. (1859). On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection, London: Macmillan.
Darwin, C. (1871). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, London: Murray.
Darwin, C. (1872). The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, London: John Murray.
Dasgupta, P. (2009). Poverty traps: exploring the complexity of causation. In The Poorest and the Hungry: Assessments, Analyses, and Actions, ed. Braun, J., Vargas Hill, R. & Pandya-Lorch, R., Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 129–146.
Davenport, J. (1997). Temperature and the life-history strategies of sea turtles. Journal of Thermal Biology, 22, 479–488.
Davis, O. S. P., Haworth, C. M. A. & Plomin, R. (2009). Dramatic increase in heritability of cognitive development from early to middle childhood: an 8-year longitudinal study of 8,700 pairs of twins. Psychological Science, 20, 1301–1308.
Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene, New York: Oxford University Press.
Dawkins, R. (1986). The Blind Watchmaker, Harlow: Longman.
Dawkins, R. (1989). The evolution of evolvability. In Artificial Life VI: Proceedings of the Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, ed. Langton, C.. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 201–220.
Kort, S. R., Tebbich, J. M., Dally, N. J., Emery, N. J. & Clayton, N. S. (2006). The comparative cognition of caching. In Comparative Cognition: Experimental Explorations of Animal Intelligence, ed. Wasserman, E. A. & Zentall, T. R.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 602–618.
Dejong, G. (1995). Phenotypic plasticity as a product of selection in a variable environment. American Naturalist, 145, 493–512.
Denver, R., Mirhadi, N. & Phillips, M. (1998). Adaptive plasticity in amphibian metamorphosis: response of Scaphiopus hammondii tadpoles to habitat desiccation. Ecology, 79, 1859–1872.
Diamond, J. (1991). Pearl Harbor and the Emperor's physiologists. Natural History, 1991, 2–7.
Dirani, M., Tong, L., Gazzard, G., et al. (2009). Outdoor activity and myopia in Singapore teenage children. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 93, 997–1000.
Dobzhansky, T. (1973). Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. American Biology Teacher, 35, 125–129.
Donohue, K. (2005). Niche construction through phonological plasticity: life history dynamics and ecological consequences. New Phytology, 166, 83–92.
Dover, G. (1986). Molecular drive in multigene families: how biological novelties arise, spread and are assimilated. Trends in Genetics, 2, 159–165.
Duarte, J. M. B. & Jorge, W. (1996). Chromosomal polymorphism in several populations of deer (genus Mazama) from Brazil. Archivos de Zootecnia, 45, 281–287.
Edelman, G. M. (1987). Neural Darwinism, New York: Basic Books.
Eichler, E. E. (2001). Segmental duplications: what's missing, misassigned, and misassembled – and should we care?Genome Research, 11, 653–6.
Eldar, A., Shilo, B.-Z. & Barkai, N. (2006). Elucidating mechanisms underlying robustness of morphogen gradients. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, 14, 435–439.
Elton, C. (1930). Animal Ecology and Evolution, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Erhuma, A., Bellinger, L., Langley-Evans, S. C. & Bennett, A. J. (2007). Prenatal exposure to undernutrition and programming of responses to high-fat feeding in the rat. British Journal of Nutrition, 98, 517–524.
Eriksson, J. G., Forsen, T. J., Osmond, C. & Barker, D. J. P. (2003). Pathways of infant and childhood growth that lead to type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 26, 3006–3010.
Felsenfeld, G. & Groudine, M. (2003). Controlling the double helix. Nature, 421, 448–453.
Feng, S., Cokus, S. J., Zhang, X., et al. (2010). Conservation and divergence of methylation patterning in plants and animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 107, 8689–8694.
Fernald, R. D. (2000). Evolution of eyes. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 10, 444–450.
Feuillet, L., Dufour, H. & Pelletier, J. (2007). Brain of a white-collar worker. Lancet, 370, 262.
Fitzgibbon, C. D. & Fanshawe, J. H. (1988). Stotting in Thomson gazelles: an honest signal of condition. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology, 23, 69–74.
Flatt, T. (2005). The evolutionary genetics of canalization. Quarterly Review of Biology, 80, 287–316.
Fraga, M. F., Ballestar, E., Paz, M. F., et al. (2005). Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 102, 10604–10609.
Frankel, N., Davis, G. K., Vargas, D., Wang, S., Payre, F. & Stern, D. L. (2010). Phenotypic robustness conferred by apparently redundant transcriptional enhancers. Nature, 466, 490–493.
Freeman, T. C. B., Sengpiel, F. & Blakemore, C. (1996). Development of binocular interactions in the primary visual cortex of anaesthetized kittens. Journal of Physiology, 494P, P18–P19.
Fuglsang, J. & Ovesen, P. (2006). Aspects of placental growth hormone physiology. Growth Hormone & IGF Research, 16, 67–85.
Gale, C. R., Jiang, B., Robinson, S. M., Godfrey, K. M., Law, C. M. & Martyn, C. N. (2006). Maternal diet during pregnancy and carotid intima-media thickness in children. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 26, 1877–1882.
Gangaraju, V. K., Yin, H., Weiner, M. M., Wang, J., Huang, X. A. & Lin, H. (2010). Drosophila Piwi functions in Hsp90-mediated suppression of phenotypic variation. Nature Genetics, 43, 153–158.
Gilbert, S. F. (2005). Mechanisms for the environmental regulation of gene expression: ecological aspects of animal development. Journal of Biosciences, 30, 65–74.
Gilbert, S. F. & Epel, D. (2009). Ecological Developmental Biology: Integrating Epigenetics, Medicine and Evolution, Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Gilbert, S. F., Opitz, J. M. & Raff, R. A. (1996). Resynthesizing evolutionary and developmental biology. Developmental Biology, 173, 357–372.
Ginsburg, S. & Jablonka, E. (2007). The transition to experiencing. II. The evolution of associative learning based on feelings. Biological Theory, 2, 231–243.
Giraldeau, L.-A., Valone, T. J. & Templeton, J. J. (2002). Potential disadvantages of using socially acquired information. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 357, 1559–1566.
Gluckman, P. D. & Hanson, M. A. (2004). Maternal constraint of fetal growth and its consequences. Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 9, 419–425.
Gluckman, P. D. & Hanson, M. A. (2005). The Fetal Matrix: Evolution, Development, and Disease, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Gluckman, P. D. & Hanson, M. A. (eds) (2006). Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Gluckman, P. D. & Hanson, M. A. (2010). The plastic human. Infant and Child Development, 19, 21–26.
Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A. & Beedle, A. S. (2007a). Early life events and their consequences for later disease: a life history and evolutionary perspective. American Journal of Human Biology, 19, 1–19.
Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A. & Beedle, A. S. (2007b). Non-genomic transgenerational inheritance of disease risk. Bioessays, 29, 145–154.
Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A. & Buklijas, T. (2010). A conceptual framework for the developmental origins of health and disease. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 1, 6–18.
Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A., Buklijas, T., Low, F. M. & Beedle, A. S. (2009). Epigenetic mechanisms that underpin metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 5, 401–408.
Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A. & Spencer, H. G. (2005a). Predictive adaptive responses and human evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 20, 527–533.
Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A., Spencer, H. G. & Bateson, P. (2005b). Environmental influences during development and their later consequences for health and disease: implications for the interpretation of empirical studies. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 272, 671–677.
Gluckman, P. D., Lillycrop, K. A., Vickers, M. H., et al. (2007c). Metabolic plasticity during mammalian development is directionally dependent on early nutritional status. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 104, 12796–12800.
Godfrey, K. M., Gluckman, P. D. & Hanson, M. A. (2010). Developmental origins of metabolic disease: life course and intergenerational perspectives. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 21, 199–205.
Godfrey, K. M., Gluckman, P. D., Lillycrop, K. A., et al. (2009). Epigenetic marks at birth predict childhood body composition at age 9 years. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 1, S44.
Gollin, E. S. (ed.) (1981). Developmental Plasticity: Behavioral and Biological Aspects of Variations in Development, New York: Academic Press.
Gonzalgo, M. L. & Jones, P. A. (1997). Mutagenic and epigenetic effects of DNA methylation. Mutation Research, 386, 107–118.
Goodier, J. L. & Kazazian, H. H., Jr. (2008). Retrotransposons revisited: the restraint and rehabilitation of parasites. Cell, 135, 23–35.
Gottlieb, G. (1971). Development of Species Identification in Birds, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Gottlieb, G. (1992). Individual Development and Evolution, New York: Oxford University Press.
Gould, S. J. & Lewontin, R. C. (1979). The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 205, 581–598.
Gould, S. J. & Vrba, E. (1982). Exaptation: a missing term in the science of form. Palaeobiology, 8, 4–15.
Grandjean, V., Hauck, Y., Beloin, C., Hégarat, F. & Hirschbein, L. (1998). Chromosomal inactivation of Bacillus subtilis exfusants: a prokaryotic model of epigenetic regulation. Biological Chemistry, 379, 553–557.
Grant, P. R. (1986). Ecology and Evolution of Darwin's Finches, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Green, R. E., Krause, J., Briggs, A. W., Maricic, T., et al. (2010). A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science, 328, 710–722.
Griffiths, J. S. & Mahler, H. R. (1969). DNA ticketing theory of memory. Nature, 223, 580–582.
Griffiths, P. E. & Stotz, K. (2006). Genes in the post-genomic era. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 27, 499–521.
Grohmann, J. (1939). Modifikation oder Funktionsreifung? Ein Beitrag zur Klärung der wechelseitigen Beziehungen zwischen Instinkthandlung und Erfahrung. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 2, 132–144.
Guan, J.-S., Haggarty, S. J., Giacometti, E., et al. (2009). HDAC2 negatively regulates memory formation and synaptic plasticity. Nature, 459, 55–60.
Guerrero-Preston, R., Goldman, L. R., Brebi-Mieville, P., et al. (2010). Global DNA hypomethylation is associated with in utero exposure to cotinine and perfluorinated alkyl compounds. Epigenetics, 5, 539–546.
Gunn, T. R. & Gluckman, P. D. (1989). The endocrine control of the onset of thermogenesis at birth. Baillière's Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 3, 869–886.
Gwinner, E. (1996). Circadian and circannual programmes in avian migration. Journal of Experimental Biology, 199, 39–48.
Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behaviour. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 1–16.
Hardy, A. (1965). The Living Stream, London: Collins.
Harper, L. V. (2005). Epigenetic inheritance and the intergenerational transfer of experience. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 340–360.
Heijmans, B. T., Tobi, E. W., Stein, A. D., Putter, H., et al. (2008). Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 105, 17046–17049.
Helanterä, H. & Uller, T. (2010). The price equation and extended inheritance. Philosophy & Theory in Biology, 2, e101.
Helgason, A., Palsson, S., Guobjartsson, D., Kristjansson, P. & Stefansson, K. (2008). An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples. Science, 319, 813–816.
Hensch, T. K. (2004). Critical period regulation. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 549–579.
Heyes, C. & Huber, L. (2000). The Evolution of Cognition, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hinde, R. A. (1959). Behaviour and speciation in birds and lower vertebrates. Biological Reviews, 34, 85–128.
Hinton, G. E. & Nowlan, S. J. (1987). How learning can guide evolution. Complex Systems, 1, 495–502.
Hölldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O. (1990). The Ants, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Holmes, F. L. (1963). Claude Bernard and the milieu intérieur. Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 16, 369–376.
Horn, G. & McCabe, B. J. (1984). Predispositions and preferences: effects on imprinting of lesions to the chick brain. Animal Behaviour, 32, 288–292.
Horn, G., Rose, S. P. R. & Bateson, P. P. G. (1973). Experience and plasticity in the central nervous system. Science, 181, 506–514.
Huang, S. (2009). Reprogramming cell fates: reconciling rarity with robustness. BioEssays, 31, 546–560.
Humphrey, N. K. (1976). The social function of intellect. In Growing Points in Ethology, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Hinde, R. A.. New York: Cambridge University Press, 303–317.
Jablonka, E. & Lamb, M. J. (1995). Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution: The Lamarckian Dimension, New York: Oxford University Press.
Jablonka, E. & Lamb, M. J. (2005). Evolution in Four Dimensions, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Jablonka, E., Oborny, B., Molnar, I., Kisdi, E., Hofbauer, J. & Czaran, T. (1995). The adaptive advantage of phenotypic memory in changing environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 350, 133–141.
Jablonka, E. & Raz, G. (2009). Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: prevalence, mechanisms, and implications for the study of heredity and evolution. Quarterly Review of Biology, 84, 131–176.
Jacob, F. & Monod, J. (1961). On the regulation of gene activity. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology, 26, 193–211.
Jahoor, F., Badaloo, A., Reid, M. & Forrester, T. (2006). Unique metabolic characteristics of the major syndromes of severe childhood malnutrition. In The Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica 1956–2006: The House that John Built, ed. Forrester, T., Picou, D. & Walker, S.. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers, 23–60.
Jenuwein, T. & Allis, C. D. (2001). Translating the histone code. Science, 293, 1074–1080.
Johannsen, W. (1909). Elemente der Exakten Erblichkeitslehre, Jena, Germany: Gustav Fischer.
Johnson, L. J. & Tricker, P. J. (2010). Epigenomic plasticity within populations: its evolutionary significance and potential. Heredity, 105, 113–121.
Jolly, A. (1966). Lemur social behavior and primate intelligence. Science, 153, 501–506.
Jones, A. P. & Friedman, M. I. (1982). Obesity and adipocyte abnormalities in offspring of rats undernourished during pregnancy. Science, 215, 1518–1519.
Jones, J. H. (2009). The force of selection on the human life cycle. Evolution and Human Behavior, 30, 305–314.
Jones, P. A. (1999). The DNA methylation paradox. Trends in Genetics, 15, 34–37.
Jones, P. A., Rideout, W. M., Shen, J. C., Spruck, C. H. & Tsai, Y. C. (1992). Methylation, mutation and cancer. Bioessays, 14, 33–36.
Kalbe, M., Eizaguirre, C., Dankert, I., et al. (2009). Lifetime reproductive success is maximized with optimal major histocompatibility complex diversity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B – Biological Sciences, 276, 925–934.
Kandel, E. R. & Schwartz, J. H. (1982). Molecular biology of learning: modulation of transmitter release. Science, 218, 433–443.
Kartavtseva, I. V. & Pavlenko, M. V. (2000). Chromosome variation in the striped field mouse Apodemus agrarius (Rodentia, Muridae). Russian Journal of Genetics, 36, 162–174.
Keller, E.F. (2000). Century of the Gene, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Keller, E.F. (2010). The Mirage of a Space between Nature and Nurture, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Kidwell, M. G. & Lisch, D. R. (2001). Perspective: Transposable elements, parasitic DNA, and genome evolution. Evolution, 55, 1–24.
King, M. (1993). Species Evolution: The Role of Chromosome Change, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Kirschner, M. W. & Gerhart, J. C. (2005). The plausibility of life: resolving Darwin's dilemma, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Klopfer, P. & Klopfer, M. (1977). Compensatory responses of goat mothers to their impaired young. Animal Behaviour, 25, 286–291.
Köhler, W. (1925). The Mentality of Apes, London and New York: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.
Koyama, F. C., Chakrabarti, D. & Garcia, C. R. S. (2009). Molecular machinery of signal transduction and cell cycle regulation in Plasmodium. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 165, 1–7.
Koziol, M. J. & Rinn, J. L. (2010). RNA traffic control of chromatin complexes. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, 20, 142–148.
Kruuk, L. E. B., Clutton-Brock, T. H., Rose, K. E. & Guinness, F. E. (1999). Early determinants of lifetime reproductive success differ between the sexes in red deer. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 266, 1655–1661.
Kucharski, R., Maleszka, J., Foret, S. & Maleszka, R. (2008). Nutritional control of reproductive status in honeybees via DNA methylation. Science, 319, 1827–1830.
Kurth, R. & Bannert, N. (eds) (2010). Retroviruses: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Pathogenesis, Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press.
Kuzawa, C. W. (2005). Fetal origins of developmental plasticity: are fetal cues reliable predictors of future nutritional environments?American Journal of Human Biology, 17, 5–21.
Lachmann, M. & Jablonka, E. (1996). The inheritance of phenotypes: an adaptation to fluctuating environments. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 181, 1–9.
Laforsch, C., Beccara, L. & Tollrian, R. (2006). Inducible defenses: the relevance of chemical alarm cues in Daphnia. Limnology and Oceanography, 51, 1466–1472.
Laland, K. N. & Galef, B. G. (eds) (2009). The Question of Animal Culture, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Laland, K. N., Odling-Smee, J. & Myles, S. (2010). How culture shaped the human genome: bringing genetics and the human sciences together. Nature Reviews Genetics, 11, 137–148.
Lee, T. M. & Zucker, I. (1988). Vole infant development is influenced perinatally by maternal photoperiodic history. American Journal of Physiology, 255, R831–R38.
Lehrman, D. S. (1970). Semantic and conceptual issues in the nature–nurture problem. In Development and Evolution of Behavior, ed. Aronson, L. R., Tobach, E., Lehrman, D. S. & Rosenblatt, J. S.. San Francisco: Freeman, 17–52.
Lelievre-Pegorier, M., Vilar, J., Ferrier, M.-L., et al. (1998). Mild vitamin A deficiency leads to inborn nephron deficit in the rat. Kidney International, 54, 1455–1462.
Lerner, R. (1984). On The Nature of Human Plasticity, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Leroi, A. M. (2003). Mutants: On the Form, Varieties and Errors of the Human Body, London: HarperCollins.
Levine, S. (1957). Infantile experience and resistance to physiological stress. Science, 126, 405.
Levine, S. (1969). An endocrine theory of infantile stimulation. In Stimulation in Early Infancy, ed. Ambrose, A.. London: Academic Press, 45–63.
Lewontin, R. C. (1978). Adaptation. Scientific American, 239, 212–231.
Lewontin, R. C. (1983). Gene, organism and environment. In Evolution from Molecules to Men, ed. Bendall, D. S.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 273–285.
Li, E. & Bird, A. (2007). DNA methylation in mammals. In Epigenetics, ed. Allis, C. D., Jenuwein, T. & Reinberg, D.. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 341–356.
Li, X., Cassidy, J. J., Reinke, C. A., Fischboeck, S. & Carthew, R. W. (2009). A microRNA imparts robustness against environmental fluctuation during development. Cell, 137, 273–282.
Lillycrop, K. A., Slater-Jefferies, J. L., Hanson, M. A., Godfrey, K. M., Jackson, A. A. & Burdge, G. C. (2007). Induction of altered epigenetic regulation of the hepatic glucocorticoid receptor in the offspring of rats fed a protein-restricted diet during pregnancy suggests that reduced DNA methyltransferase-1 expression is involved in impaired DNA methylation and changes in histone modifications. British Journal of Nutrition, 97, 1064–1073.
Linquist, S., Machery, E., Griffiths, P. E. & Stotz, K. (2011). Exploring the folkbiological conception of human nature. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 366, 444–453.
Liu, D., Diorio, J., Tannenbaum, B., et al. (1997). Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science, 277, 1659–1662.
Liu, S., Yeh, C.-T., Ji, T., et al. (2009). Mu transposon insertion sites and meiotic recombination events co-localize with epigenetic marks for open chromatin across the maize genome. PLoS Genetics, 5, e1000733.
Liu, Y. L., Jia, W. G., Gu, Q. & Cynader, M. (1994). Involvement of muscarinic actetyl-choline receptors in regulation of kitten visual-cortex plasticity. Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research, 79, 63–71.
Lloyd, G. E. R. (2007). Cognitive Variations: Reflections on the Unity and Diversity of the Human Mind, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lloyd Morgan, C. (1896). Habit and Instinct, London: Arnold.
Lorenz, K. (1935). Der kumpan in der umwelt des vogels. Journal für Ornithologie, 83, 137–213, 289–413.
Lorenz, K. (1965). Evolution and Modification of Behavior, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lorincz, M. C., Dickerson, D. R., Schmitt, M. & Groudine, M. (2004). Intragenic DNA methylation alters chromatin structure and elongation efficiency in mammalian cells. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 11, 1068–1075.
Lucas, A. & Sampson, H. A. (2006). Infant nutrition and primary prevention: Current and future perspectives. In Primary Prevention by Nutrition Intervention in Infancy and Childhood, ed. Lucas, A. & Sampson, H. A.. Basel: Karger, 1–13.
Maher, B. (2008). Personal genomes: the case of the missing heritability. Nature, 456, 18–21.
Male, D., Brostoff, J., Roth, D. B. & Roitt, I. (2006). Immunology, Edinburgh: Elsevier.
Maleszka, R. (2008). Epigenetic integration of environmental and genomic signals in honey bees: the critical interplay of nutritional, brain and reproductive networks. Epigenetics, 3, 188–192.
Mameli, M. (2005). The inheritance of features. Biology & Philosophy, 20, 365–399.
Mameli, M. & Bateson, P. (2006). Innateness and the sciences. Biology & Philosophy, 21, 155–188.
Mameli, M. & Bateson, P. (2011). An evaluation of the concept of innateness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 366, 436–443.
Mancini, D., Singh, S., Ainsworth, P. & Rodenhiser, D. (1997). Constitutively methylated CpG dinucleotides as mutation hot spots in the retinoblastoma gene (RB1). American Journal of Human Genetics, 61, 80–87.
Marler, P. (2004). Innateness and the instinct to learn. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 76, 189–200.
Marler, P. & Peters, S. (1977). Selective vocal learning in a sparrow. Science, 198, 519–521.
Marler, P. & Slabbekoorn, H. (2004). Nature's Music: The Science of Birdsong, London: Elsevier Academic.
Marshall, D. J. & Uller, T. (2007). When is a maternal effect adaptive?Oikos, 116, 1957–1963.
Martin, P., & Bateson, P. (2007). Measuring Behaviour, 3rd edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Martin, P. & Caro, T. M. (1985). On the functions of play and its role in behavioral development. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 15, 59–103.
Mateo, J. M. (2007). Ecological and hormonal correlates of antipredator behavior in adult Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 62, 37–49.
Mathis, A., Ferrari, M. C. O., Windel, N., Messier, F. O. & Chivers, D. P. (2008). Learning by embryos and the ghost of predation future. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 275, 2603–2607.
Mattick, J. S. (2010). RNA as the substrate for epigenome–environment interactions. Bioessays, 32, 548–552.
Matzke, M. A., Mette, M. F. & Matzke, A. J. M. (2000). Transgene silencing by the host genome defense: implications for the evolution of epigenetic control mechanisms in plants and vertebrates. Plant Molecular Biology, 43, 401–415.
Maynard Smith, J. (1982). Evolution and the Theory of Games, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Maynard Smith, J. & Szathmáry, E. (1995). The Major Transitions in Evolution, New York: Oxford University Press.
Mayo, A. E., Setty, Y., Shavit, S., Zaslaver, A. & Alon, U. (2006). Plasticity of the cis-regulatory input function of a gene. PLoS Biology, 4, 555–561.
Mayr, E. (1963). Animal Species and Evolution, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
McGrath, B. (2007). Muscle memory: the next generation of bionic prostheses. New Yorker, 30 July 2007, 40–45.
Meaney, M. J. (2001). Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 1161–1192.
Meaney, M. J. (2010). Epigenetics and the biological definition of gene × environment interactions. Child Development, 81, 41–79.
Miles, J. L., Landon, J., Davison, M., Krageloh, C. U., Thompson, N. M., Triggs, C. M. & Breier, B. H. (2009). Prenatally undernourished rats show increased preference for wheel running v. lever pressing for food in a choice task. British Journal of Nutrition, 101, 902–908.
Milinski, M. (1999). Glasses for children: are they curing the wrong symptoms for the wrong reason? In Evolution in Health and Disease, ed. Stearns, S. C.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 121.
Miller, C. A., Gavin, C. F., White, J. A., et al. (2010). Cortical DNA methylation maintains remote memory. Nature Neuroscience, 13, 664–666.
Minelli, A. & Fusco, G. (2010). Developmental plasticity and the evolution of animal complex life cycles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 365, 631–640.
Misawa, K., Kamatani, N. & Kikuno, R. F. (2008). The universal trend of amino acid gain–loss is caused by CpG hypermutability. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 67, 334–342.
Misawa, K. & Kikuno, R. F. (2009). Evaluation of the effect of CpG hypermutability on human codon substitution. Gene, 431, 18–22.
Mohd-Sarip, A. & Verrijzer, C. P. (2004). A higher order of silence. Science, 306, 1484–1485.
Monaghan, P. (2008). Early growth conditions, phenotypic development and environmental change. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 363, 1635–1645.
Mondal, T., Rasmussen, M., Pandey, G. K., Isaksson, A. & Kanduri, C. (2010). Characterization of the RNA content of chromatin. Genome Research, 20, 899–907.
Moore, B R. (2004). The evolution of learning. Biological Reviews, 79, 301–335.
Moran, N. A. (1992). The evolutionary maintenance of alternative phenotypes. American Naturalist, 139, 971–989.
Moss, L. (2002). What Genes Can't Do, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Mrosovsky, N. (1990). Rheostasis: The Physiology of Change, New York: Oxford University Press.
Murgatroyd, C., Patchev, A. V., Wu, Y., et al. (2009). Dynamic DNA methylation programs persistent adverse effects of early-life stress. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 1559–1566.
Nadeau, J. H. (2009). Transgenerational genetic effects on phenotypic variation and disease risk. Human Molecular Genetics, 18, R202–R210.
Nelson, V. R., Spiezio, S. H. & Nadeau, J. H. (2010). Transgenerational genetic effects of the paternal Y chromosome on daughters' phenotypes. Epigenomics, 2, 513–521.
Nettle, D., Coall, D. A. & Dickins, T. E. (2010). Birthweight and paternal involvement predict early reproduction in British women: evidence from the National Child Development Study. American Journal of Human Biology, 22, 172–179.
Neuberger, M. S. (2008). Antibody diversification by somatic mutation: from Burnet onwards. Immunology & Cell Biology, 86, 124–132.
Newman, S. A. (2007). William Bateson's physicalist ideas. In From Embryology to Evo-Devo: A History of Evolutionary Development, ed. Laubichler, M. & Maienschein, J.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
Nijhout, H. F. (2002). The nature of robustness in development. Bioessays, 24, 553–563.
Nishimura, K. (2006). Inducible plasticity: optimal waiting time for the development of an inducible phenotype. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 8, 553–559.
Oberlander, T. F., Weinberg, J., Papsdorf, M., Grunau, R., Misri, S. & Devlin, A. M. (2008). Prenatal exposure to maternal depression, neonatal methylation of human glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) and infant cortisol stress responses. Epigenetics, 3, 97–106.
Odling-Smee, F. J., Laland, K. N. & Feldman, M. W. (2003). Niche Construction: The Neglected Process of Evolution, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Osborn, H. F. (1896). A mode of evolution requiring neither natural selection nor the inheritance of acquired characters. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 15, 141–142, 148.
Oyama, S. (2000). The Ontogeny of Information: Developmental Systems and Evolution, 2nd edition, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Oyama, S., Griffiths, P. E. & Gray, R. D. (2001). Cycles of Contingency: Developmental Systems and Evolution, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Paenke, I., Kawecki, T. J. & Sendhoff, B. (2009). The influence of learning on evolution: a mathematical framework. Artificial Life, 15, 227–245.
Painter, R. C., Roseboom, T. J. & Bleker, O. P. (2005). Prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine and disease in later life: an overview. Reproductive Toxicology, 20, 345–352.
Paley, W. (1802). Natural Theology: Or, Evidences of The Existence and Attributes of The Deity, Collected From The Appearances of Nature, London: Faulder.
Paz-Yaacov, N., Levanon, E. Y., Nevo, E., et al. (2010). Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing shapes transcriptome diversity in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 107, 12174–12179.
Peleg, S., Sananbenesi, F., Zovoilis, A., et al. (2010). Altered histone acetylation is associated with age-dependent memory impairment in mice. Science, 328, 753–756.
Pellegrini, A. D. (2009). The Role of Play in Human Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pepperberg, I. M. (2008). Alex and Me: How a Scientist and a Parrot Discovered a Hidden World of Animal Intelligence – and Formed a Deep Bond in The Process, New York: Collins.
Perera, F., Tang, W.-Y., Herbstman, J., et al. (2009). Relation of DNA methylation of 5′-CpG island of ACSL3 to transplacental exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and childhood asthma. PLoS One, 4, e4488.
Perry, M. W., Boettiger, A. N., Bothma, J. P., & Levine, M. (2010). Shadow enhancers foster robustness of Drosophila gastrulation. Current Biology, 20, 1562–1567.
Pfeifer, G. P. (2006). Mutagenesis at methylated CpG sequences. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 301, 259–281.
Pfennig, D. W. & McGee, M. (2010). Resource polyphenism increases species richness: a test of the hypothesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 365, 577–591.
Pfennig, D. W., Wund, M. A., Snell-Rood, E. C., Cruickshank, T., Schlichting, C. D. & Moczek, A. P. (2010). Phenotypic plasticity's impacts on diversification and speciation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 25, 459–467.
Piaget, J. (1979). Behaviour and Evolution, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Pigliucci, M. (2001). Phenotypic Plasticity: Beyond Nature and Nurture, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Pigliucci, M. (2010). Genotype–phenotype mapping and the end of the ‘genes as blueprint’ metaphor. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 365, 557–566.
Pigliucci, M. & Müller, G. B. (eds) (2010). Evolution: The Extended Synthesis, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Pigliucci, M. & Murren, C. J. (2003). Genetic assimilation and a possible evolutionary paradox: can macroevolution sometimes be so fast as to pass us by?Evolution, 57, 1455–1464.
Plagemann, A., Harder, T., Brunn, M., et al. (2009). Hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin promoter methylation becomes altered by early overfeeding: an epigenetic model of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Journal of Physiology, 587, 4963–4976.
Polosina, Y. Y. & Cupples, C. G. (2010). MutL: conducting the cell's response to mismatched and misaligned DNA. Bioessays, 32, 51–59.
Price, T. D., Qvarnström, A. & Irwin, D. E. (2003). The role of phenotypic plasticity in driving genetic evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 270, 1433–1440.
Rampon, C., Tang, Y.-P., Goodhouse, J., Shimizu, E., Kyin, M. & Tsien, J. Z. (2000). Enrichment induces structural changes and recovery from nonspatial memory deficits in CA1 NMDAR1-knockout mice. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 238–244.
Rassoulzadegan, M., Grandjean, V., Gounon, P., Vincent, S., Gillot, I. & Cuzin, F. (2006). RNA-mediated non-Mendelian inheritance of an epigenetic change in the mouse. Nature, 441, 469–474.
Rauschecker, J. P. & Marler, P. (eds) (1987). Imprinting and Cortical Plasticity: Comparative Aspects of Sensitive Periods, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Reader, S. M. & Laland, K. N. (2002). Social intelligence, innovation, and enhanced brain size in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 99, 4436–41.
Remy, J. J. & Hobert, O. (2005). An interneuronal chemoreceptor required for olfactory imprinting in C. elegans. Science, 309, 787–790.
Ridley, M. (2003). Nature via Nurture: Genes, Experience, and What Makes Us Human, New York: HarperCollins.
Roberts, T. F., Tschida, K. A., Klein, M. E. & Mooney, R. (2010). Rapid spine stabilization and synaptic enhancement at the onset of behavioural learning. Nature, 463, 948–952.
Robinson, B.W. & Dukas, R. (1999). The influence of phenotypic modification on evolution: the Baldwin effect and modern perspectives. Oikos, 85, 582–589.
Rosen, J. M. & Jordan, C. T. (2009). The increasing complexity of the cancer stem cell paradigm. Science, 324, 1670–1673.
Rosenfield, R. L., Cooke, D. W. & Radovick, S. (2008). Puberty and its disorders in the female. In Pediatric Endocrinology, 3rd edition, ed. Sperling, M.. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 530–609.
Rowell, C. H. F. (1971). The variable coloration of the Acridoid grasshoppers. Advances in Insect Physiology, 8, 145–198.
Rutherford, S. L. & Lindquist, S. (1998). Hsp90 as a capacitor for morphological evolution. Nature, 396, 336–342.
Sameroff, A. (2010). A unified theory of development: a dialectic integration of nature and nurture. Child Development, 81, 6–22.
Scarr, S. & McCartney, K. (1983). How people make their own environments: a theory of genotype → environment effects. Child Development, 54, 424–435.
Schlichting, C. D. & Pigliucci, M. (1998). Phenotypic Evolution: A Reaction Norm Perspective, Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Schmalhausen, I. I. (1949). Factors of Evolution, Philadelphia, PA: Blakiston.
Schorderet, D. F. & Gartler, S. M. (1992). Analysis of CpG suppression in methylated and nonmethylated species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 89, 957–961.
Schwarz, R. H. & Yaffe, S. J. (Eds.) (1980). Drug and Chemical Risks to the Fetus and Newborn, New York: Alan Liss.
Segerstrom, S. C. (2007). Stress, energy, and immunity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 326–330.
Sgrò, C. M., Wegener, B. & Hoffmann, A. A. (2010). A naturally occurring variant of Hsp90 that is associated with decanalization. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 277, 2049–2057.
Shenk, D. (2010). The Genius in All of Us, New York: Doubleday.
Sheriff, M. J., Krebs, C. J. & Boonstra, R. (2009). The sensitive hare: sublethal effects of predator stress on reproduction in snowshoe hares. Journal of Animal Ecology, 78, 1249–1258.
Sheriff, M. J., Krebs, C. J. & Boonstra, R. (2010). The ghosts of predators past: population cycles and the role of maternal programming under fluctuating predation risk. Ecology, 91, 2982–2994.
Sherratt, T. N. (2002). The coevolution of warning signals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 269, 741–746.
Shettleworth, S. J. (2010). Cognition, Evolution and Behavior, 2nd edition, New York: Oxford University Press.
Simpson, G. G. (1953). The Major Features of Evolution, New York: Columbia University Press.
Slatkin, M. (1974). Hedging one's evolutionary bets. Nature, 250, 704–705.
Slijper, E. J. (1942). Biologic-anatomical investigations on the bipedal gait and upright posture in mammals, with special reference to a little goat, born without forelegs. I and II. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Wetenschappen, 45, 288–295, 407–415.
Sloboda, D. M., Hart, R., Doherty, D. A., Pennell, C. E. & Hickey, M. (2007). Age at menarche: influences of prenatal and postnatal growth. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 92, 46–50.
Sloboda, D. M., Howie, G. J., Pleasants, A., Gluckman, P. D. & Vickers, M. H. (2009). Pre- and postnatal nutritional histories influence reproductive maturation and ovarian function in the rat. PLoS One, 4, e6744.
Slotkin, R. K. & Martienssen, R. (2007). Transposable elements and the epigenetic regulation of the genome. Nature Reviews Genetics, 8, 272–285.
Smyth, M. J., Dunn, G. P. & Schreiber, R. D. (2006). Cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting: the roles of immunity in suppressing tumor development and shaping tumor immunogenicity. Advances in Immunology, 90, 1–50.
Sokolov, E. N. (1963). Perception and the Conditioned Reflex, Oxford: Pergamon.
Sol, D., Duncan, R. P., Blackburn, T. M., Cassey, P. & Lefebvre, L. (2005). Big brains, enhanced cognition, and response of birds to novel environments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102, 5460–5465.
Sollars, V., Lu, X., Xiao, L., Wang, X., Garfinkel, M. D. & Ruden, D. M. (2003). Evidence for an epigenetic mechanism by which Hsp90 acts as a capacitor for morphological evolution. Nature Genetics, 33, 70–74.
Spalding, D. A. (1873). Instinct: with original observations on young animals. Macmillan's Magazine, 27, 282–293 (Reprinted in 1954 in the British Journal of Animal Behaviour, 2, 1–11).
Spemann, H. (1938). Embryonic Development and Induction, New Haven, NJ: Yale University Press.
Spencer, H. G., Hanson, M. A. & Gluckman, P. D. (2006). Response to Wells: phenotypic responses to early environmental cues can be adaptive in adults. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 21, 425–426.
Standing, L. (1973). Learning 10,000 pictures. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25, 207–22.
Stockard, C. R. (1921). Developmental rate and structural expression: an experimental study of twins, ‘double monsters’ and single deformities, and the interaction among embryonic organs during their origin and development. American Journal of Anatomy, 28, 115–275.
Stocum, D. L. (2006). Regenerative Biology and Medicine, New York: Elsevier.
Stouder, C. & Paoloni-Giacobino, A. (2010). Transgenerational effects of the endocrine disruptor vinclozolin on the methylation pattern of imprinted genes in the mouse sperm. Reproduction, 139, 373–379.
Suemori, H. & Noguchi, S. (2000). Hox C cluster genes are dispensable for overall body plan of mouse embryonic development. Developmental Biology, 220, 333–342.
Sultan, S. E., Barton, K. & Wilczek, A. M. (2009). Contrasting patterns of transgenerational plasticity in ecologically distinct congeners. Ecology, 90, 1831–1839.
Sultan, S. E. & Spencer, H. G. (2002). Metapopulation structure favors plasticity over local adaptation. American Naturalist, 160, 271–283.
Suzuki, R. & Arita, T. (2007). The dynamic changes in roles of learning through the Baldwin effect. Artificial Life, 13, 31–43.
Suzuki, Y. & Nijhout, H. F. (2006). Evolution of a polyphenism by genetic accommodation. Science, 311, 650–652.
Suzuki, Y. & Nijhout, H. F. (2008). Genetic basis of adaptive evolution of a polyphenism by genetic accommodation. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 21, 57–66.
Tahiliani, M., Koh, K. P., Shen, Y. H., et al. (2009). Conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mammalian DNA by MLL partner TET1. Science, 324, 930–935.
Tautz, J. (2008). The Buzz about Bees: Biology of a Superorganism, Berlin: Springer.
Tebbich, S., Sterelny, K. & Teschke, I. (2010). The tale of the finch: adaptive radiation and behavioural flexibility. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 365, 1099–1109.
Tebbich, S., Taborsky, M., Fessl, B. & Blomquist, D. (2001). Do woodpecker finches acquire tool-use by social learning?Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 268, 2189–2193.
ten Cate, C. (1986). Does behavior contingent stimulus movement enhance filial imprinting in Japanese quail?Developmental Psychobiology, 19, 607–614.
,The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium (2005). Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome. Nature, 437, 69–87.
Thelen, E. (1989). Self-organization in developmental processes: Can systems approaches work? In Systems and Development: The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology. Vol. 22, ed. Gunnar, M. R. & Thelen, E.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 77–117.
Thoman, E. B. & Levine, S. (1970). Hormonal and behavioral changes in the rat mother as a function of early experience treatments of the offspring. Physiology & Behavior, 5, 1417–21.
Thompson, J. D. (1991). Phenotypic plasticity as a component of evolutionary change. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 6, 246–249.
Thorndike, E. L. (1898). Animal intelligence. Psychological Review, Supplement 2, 1–109.
Thorpe, W. H. (1956). Learning and Instinct in Animals, London: Methuen.
Tieri, P., Castellani, G., Remondini, D., Valensin, S., Loroni, J., Salvioli, S. & Franceschi, C. (2007). Capturing degeneracy in the immune system. In In Silico Immunology, ed. Flower, D. D. R. and Timmis, J.. New York: Springer, 109–118.
Tinbergen, N. (1963). On aims and methods of ethnology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 20, 410–433.
Trivers, R. L. (1974). Parent–offspring conflict. American Zoologist, 14, 249–264.
True, H. L. & Lindquist, S. L. (2000). A yeast prion provides a mechanism for genetic variation and phenotypic diversity. Nature, 407, 477–483.
Trut, L., Oskina, I. & Kharlamova, A. (2009). Animal evolution during domestication: the domesticated fox as a model. Bioessays, 31, 349–360.
Vajo, Z., Francomano, C. A. & Wilkin, D. J. (2000). The molecular and genetic basis of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 disorders: the achondroplasia family of skeletal dysplasias, Muenke craniosynostosis, and Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans. Endocrine Reviews, 21, 23–39.
Vallortigara, G., Regolin, L. & Marconato, F. (2005). Visually inexperienced chicks exhibit spontaneous preference for biological motion patterns. PLoS Biology, 3, 1–5.
Venditti, C., Meade, A. & Pagel, M. (2010). Phylogenies reveal new interpretation of speciation and the Red Queen. Nature, 463, 349–352.
Vickers, M. H., Breier, B. H., Cutfield, W. S., Hofman, P. L. & Gluckman, P. D. (2000). Fetal origins of hyperphagia, obesity, and hypertension and postnatal amplification by hypercaloric nutrition. American Journal of Physiology, 279, E83–E87.
Vickers, M. H., Breier, B. H., McCarthy, D. & Gluckman, P. D. (2003). Sedentary behavior during postnatal life is determined by the prenatal environment and exacerbated by postnatal hypercaloric nutrition. American Journal of Physiology, 285, R271–R273.
Vickers, M. H., Gluckman, P. D., Coveny, A. H., et al. (2005). Neonatal leptin treatment reverses developmental programming. Endocrinology, 146, 4211–4216.
Bertalanffy, L. (1974). Perspectives on General System Theory, New York: Brazillier.
Moltke, H. J. & Olbing, H. (1989). Die Ausbildungs – und Berufssituation contergangeschadigter junger Erwachsener. Rehabilitation, 28, 78–82.
Waddington, C. H. (1953). Genetic assimilation of an acquired character. Evolution, 7, 118–126.
Waddington, C. H. (1957). The Strategy of the Genes, London: Allen & Unwin.
Waddington, C. H. (1959). Evolutionary systems: animal and human. Nature, 183, 1634–1638.
Wagner, A. (2008). Gene duplications, robustness and evolutionary innovations. Bioessays, 30, 367–373.
Wagner, A. R. (1981). SOP: a model of automatic memory processing in animal behavior. In Information Processing in Animal Behavior, ed. Spear, W. E. & Miller, R. R.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 5–47.
Wagner, G. P. & Altenberg, L. (1996). Complex adaptations and the evolution of evolvability. Evolution, 50, 967–976.
Wagner, G. P., Pavlicev, M. & Cheverud, J. M. (2007). The road to modularity. Nature Reviews Genetics, 8, 921–931.
Wagner, K. D., Wagner, N., Ghanbarian, H., et al. (2008). RNA induction and inheritance of epigenetic cardiac hypertrophy in the mouse. Developmental Cell, 14, 962–969.
Wake, G. C., Pleasants, A. B., Beedle, A. S. & Gluckman, P. D. (2010). A model for phenotype change in a stochastic framework. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 7, 721–730.
Walker, R., Gurven, M., Hill, K., et al. (2006). Growth rates and life histories in twenty-two small-scale societies. American Journal of Human Biology, 18, 295–311.
Wallace, B. (1986). Can embryologists contribute to an understanding of evolutionary mechanisms? In Integrating Scientific Disciplines, ed. Bechtel, W.. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff,
Wallace, M. R., Andersen, L. B., Saulino, A. M., Gregory, P. E., Glover, T. W. & Collins, F. S. (1991). A de novo Alu insertion results in neurofibromatosis type 1. Nature, 353, 864–866.
Walser, J.-C. & Furano, A. V. (2010). The mutational spectrum of non-CpG DNA varies with CpG content. Genome Research.
Walser, J.-C., Ponger, L. C. & Furano, A. V. (2008). CpG dinucleotides and the mutation rate of non-CpG DNA. Genome Research, 18, 1403–1414.
Walton, A. J. & Hammond, J. (1938). The maternal effects on growth and conformation in Shire horses–Shetland pony crosses. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 125, 311–335.
Wang, H.-Y., Tang, H., Shen, C. K. J. & Wu, C.-I. (2003). Rapidly evolving genes in human. I. The glycophorins and their possible role in evading malaria parasites. Molecular Biology & Evolution, 20, 1795–1804.
Waterland, R. A. & Jirtle, R. L. (2003). Transposable elements: targets for early nutritional effects on epigenetic gene regulation. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 23, 5293–5300.
Weaver, I. C. G., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., et al. (2004). Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 847–854.
Weaver, I. C. G., Champagne, F. A., Brown, S. E., et al. (2005). Reversal of maternal programming of stress responses in adult offspring through methyl supplementation: altering epigenetic marking later in life. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 11045–11054.
Weaver, I. C. G., D'Alessio, A. C., Brown, S. E., et al. (2007). The transcription factor nerve growth factor-inducible protein A mediates epigenetic programming: altering epigenetic marks by immediate-early genes. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 1756–1768.
Weismann, A. (1885). Die Kontinuität des Keimplasmas als Grundlage einer Theorie der Vererbung, Jena, Germany: Gustav Fischer.
Wells, J. C. K. (2006). Is early development in humans a predictive adaptive response anticipating the adult environment?Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 21, 424–425.
Wells, M. J. (1967). Sensitization and the evolution of associative learning. In Symposium on Neurobiology of Invertebrates, ed. Salanki, J.. New York: Plenum, 391–411.
West-Eberhard, M. J. (2003). Developmental Plasticity and Evolution, New York: Oxford University Press.
West-Eberhard, M. J. (2005a). Developmental plasticity and the origin of species differences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 102, 6543–6549.
West-Eberhard, M. J. (2005b). Phenotypic accommodation: adaptive innovation due to developmental plasticity. Journal of Experimental Zoology, Part B, Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 304B, 610–618.
Whimbey, A. E. & Denenberg, V. H. (1967). Experimental programming of life histories: factor structure underlying experimentally created individual differences. Behaviour, 29, 296–314.
Wilson, E. O. (1971). Social Insects. Science, 172, 406.
Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wilson, E. O. (1976). Author's reply to multiple review of Wilson's Sociobiology. Animal Behaviour, 24, 716–718.
Wolterek, R. (1909). Weitere experimentelle untersüchungen über Artveränderung, speziell über das wesen quantitativer Artunterschiede bei Daphniden. Verhandlungen de Deutschen Zooligischen Gesellschaft, 19, 110–172.
Wong, C. C. Y., Caspi, A., Williams, B., et al. (2010). A longitudinal study of epigenetic variation in twins. Epigenetics, 5, 1–11.
,World Bank (2009). World Development Report 2009, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Wright, C. L., Schwarz, J. S., Dean, S. L. & McCarthy, M. M. (2010). Cellular mechanisms of estradiol-mediated sexual differentiation of the brain. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 21, 553–561.
Wyles, J. S., Kunkel, J. G. & Wilson, A. C. (1983). Birds, behavior, and anatomical evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 80, 4394–4397.
Yazbek, S. N., Nadeau, J. H. & Buchner, D. A. (2010). Ancestral paternal genotype controls body weight and food intake for multiple generations. Human Molecular Genetics.
Yntema, C. L. & Mrosovsky, N. (1982). Critical periods and pivotal temperatures for sexual differentiation in loggerhead sea turtles. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60, 1012–1016.
Zuckerkandl, E. & Cavalli, G. (2007). Combinatorial epigenetics, ‘junk DNA’, and the evolution of complex organisms. Gene, 390, 232–242.
