Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 9
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
December 2009
Print publication year:
2007
Online ISBN:
9780511618871

Book description

The pharmaceutical industry worldwide is a rapidly burgeoning industry contributing to growth of gross domestic product and employment. Technological change in this field has been very rapid, with many new products being introduced. For this reason in part, health care budgets throughout the world have increased dramatically, eliciting growing pressures for cost containment. This book explores four important issues in pharmaceutical innovations: (1) the industry structure of pharmaceutical innovation; (2) incentives for correcting market failures in allocating resources for research and development; (3) competition and marketing; and (4) public evaluation of the benefits and costs of innovation. The lessons are applicable to countries all over the world, at all levels of economic development. By discussing existing evidence this book proposes incentive arrangements to accomplish social objectives.

Reviews

"The second section (chapters 4-7) provides the real meat of the book. The authors do an outstanding job of making a compelling case for formulating incentives for innovation based on societal needs." - JAMA

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

References
References
Abramocicz, M. 2003. “Perfecting Patient Prizes.” Vanderbilt Law Review 56(1):114–236.
Acemoglu, D., and Linn, J.. 2004. “Market Size in Innovation: Theory and Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 119(3):1049–1090.
Ackerberg, D. 2003. “Advertising, Learning, and Consumer Choice in Experience Good Market: A Structure Examination.” International Economic Review 44: 1007–1040.
Addis, A., and Magrini, N.. 2002. “New Approaches to Analysing Prescription Data and Transfer Pharmacoepidemiological and Evidence-Based Reports to Prescribers.” Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 11: 721–726.
Ades, A. 2003. “A Chain of Evidence with Mixed Comparisons: Models for Multi-parameter Syntheses and Consistency of Evidence.” Statistics in Medicine 22: 2995–3016.
Advanced Markets Working Group. 2005. Making Markets for Vaccines: A Practical Plan to Spark Innovation for Global Health. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development & Global Health Policy Research Network. Available at www.cgdev.org/section/initiatives/_active/vaccinedevelopment/chapters.
Aghion, Philippe, and Tirole, Jean. 1994. “The Management of Innovation.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 109: 1185–1209.
Aikin, Kathryn J. 2003. “The Impact of Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising on the Physician-Patient Relationship.” PowerPoint presentation. Available at www.fda.gov/cder/ddmac/aikin/sld001.htm.
Almond, D. 2003. “Is the 1918 Influenza Pandemic Over? Long-Term Effects of Utero Influenza Exposure in the Post-1940 U.S. Population.” Available at www.nber.org/∼almond. Last accessed January 21, 2005.
American Psychiatric Association. 2003. Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Patients with Major Depression. Available at www.psych.org/psych_pract/treatg/pg/Depression2e.book.cfm. Last accessed July 18, 2004.
Anand, G. 2004. “How Drug's Rebirth as Treatment for Cancer Fueled Price Rises; Once-Demonized Thalidomide Boosts Celgene's Sales; Patients See Costs Soar; Avoiding AIDS Activists.” Wall Street Journal, November 15, 2004.
Anderson, G.F., and Hussey, P.S.. 2001. “Comparing Health System Performance in OECD Countries.” Health Affairs 20(5):219–232.
Anderson, G.F., Reinhardt, U.E., Hussey, P.S., and Petrosyan, Varduhi. 2003. “It's the Prices, Stupid: Why the United States Is So Different from Other Countries.” Health Affairs 22(3):89–105.
Angell, Marcia. 2004. The Truth about the Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What to Do about It. New York: Random House.
Anis, A.H., and Gagnon, Y.. 2000. “Using Economic Evaluations to Make Formulary Coverage Decisions: So Much for Guidelines.” PharmacoEconomics 18: 55–62.
Anon, N.D. 2005. “The History of the Pasteur Institute.” Paris: Pasteur Institute. Available at www.pasteur.fr/english.html.
Anton, J.J., and Yao, D.A.. 1987. “Second Sourcing and the Experience Curve: Price Competition in Defense Procurement.” Rand Journal of Economics 18(1):57–76.
Anton, J.J., and Yao, D.A.. 1989. “Split Awards, Procurement, and Innovation.” Rand Journal of Economics 20(4):538–552.
Arnould, R., and L. DeBrock 2002. “An Overview of the Market for Vaccines in the United States.” Unpublished. Available from the Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC.
Arrow, Kenneth J. 1963. “Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care.” American Economic Review 53(5):941–973.
Avorn, Jerry. 2003. “Advertising and Prescription Drugs: Promotion, Education, and the Public Health.” Health Affairs – Web Exclusive W3: 104–108.
Avorn, Jerry. 2004. Powerful Medicines: The Benefits, Risks, and Costs of Prescription Drugs. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Azoulay, Pierre. 2004. “Capturing Knowledge within and across Firm Boundaries: Evidence from Clinical Development.” American Economic Review 94 (5):1591–1612.
Babazono, Akira, and Hillman, Alan L.. 1994. “A Comparison of International Health Outcomes and Health Care Spending.” International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 10(3):376–381.
Bagwell, Kyle, ed. 2001. The Economics of Advertising. International Library of Critical Writings in Economics, vol. 136. Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Bain & Company. 2005. “The Pharma Innovation Divide: The High Cost of Europe's ‘Free Ride.’” Available at www.bain.com/bainweb/Consulting_Expertise/hot_topics/detail.asp?id=22. Last accessed October 28, 2005.
Baines, Darrin L, Tally, Keith H., and Whynes, David K.. 1997. Prescribing Budgets and Fundholding in General Practice. London: Office of Health Economics.
Batchlor, Elaine, and Laouri, Marianne. 2003. “Pharmaceutical Promotion, Advertising, and Consumers.” Health Affairs – Web Exclusive W3: 109–115.
Bear Stearns. 2002. “Attack of the Clones: 18 Years past Waxman-Hatch.” October 2. New York: Bear Stearns.
Becker, Elizabeth. 2003. “U.S. Is Battling for Higher Drug Prices Overseas.” New York Times, November 28.
Becker, Gary S., Phillipson, Thomas J., and Soares, Rodrigo R.. 2005. “The Quantity and Quality of Life and the Evolution of World Inequality.” American Economic Review 95(1):277–291.
Benkler, Y. 2004. “Commons Based Strategies and the Problems of Patents.” Science 305: 1110–1111.
Berndt, Ernst R. 2001. “The U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry: Why Major Growth in Times of Cost Containment?Health Affairs 20(2):100–114.
Berndt, E.R. 2002. “Pharmaceuticals in U.S. Health Care: Determinants of Quality and Price.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 16(4):45–66.
Berndt, Ernst R. 2005. “To Inform or Persuade? Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs.” New England Journal of Medicine 352(4):325–328.
Berndt, Ernst R., Bhattacharjya, Ashoke, Mishol, David, Arcelus, Almudena, and Lasky, Thomas. 2002. “An Analysis of the Diffusion of New Antidepressants: Variety, Quality, and Marketing Efforts.” Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics 5(1):3–17.
Berndt, Ernst R., Iain M. Cockburn, and Karen A. Grepin. 2005. “Biopharmaceutical R&D: Is the Productivity Decline Overstated?” Working paper, Conference on Health Reform in Europe and the U.S., Tufts Center, Talloues, France, July 2005.
Berndt, E., R. Glennerster, M.R. Kremer, J. Lee, R. Levine, G. Weizsacker, and H. Williams. 2005. “Advanced Markets for a Malaria Vaccine: Estimating Costs and Effectiveness.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 11288.
Berndt, E.R., and Hurwitz, J.A.. 2005. “Vaccine Advance Purchase Agreements for Low-Income Countries: Practical Issues.” Health Affairs 24(3):653–665.
Berndt, Ernst R., Margaret K. Kyle, and Davina C. Ling. 2003. “The Long Shadow of Patent Expiration: Generic Entry and Rx to OTC Switches.” Chapter 8 in Scanner Data and Price Indexes, NBER Series on the Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 61, ed. by Feenstra, Robert C. and Shapiro, Matthew D., 229–267. Chicago: University of Chicago Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research.
Beutels, P., Edmunds, W.J., Antoñanzas, F., Wit, G.A., Evans, D., Feilden, R., Fendrick, A.M., et al. 2002. “Economic Evaluation of Vaccination Programmes: A Consensus Statement Focusing on Viral Hepatitis.” PharmacoEconomics 20: 1–7.
Birch, S., and Gafni, A.. 2002. “On Being NICE in the UK: Guidelines for Technology Appraisal for the NHS in England and Wales.” Health Economics 11: 185–191.
Black, Douglas J., Smith, Cyril, and Townsend, Peter. 1982. Inequalities in Health: The Black Report. New York: Penguin Books.
Bloom, B.D.J. Wiertz, and Pauly, M.. 1986. “Cost and Price of Comparable Branded and Generic Pharmaceuticals.” Journal of the American Medical Association 256(18):2523–2530.
Boardman, Anthony, Freedman, Ruth, and Eckel, Catherine. 1986. “The Price of Government Ownership: A Study of the Domtar Takeover.” Journal of Public Economics 31(3):269–286.
Boardman, Anthony E., and Vining, Aidan R.. 1989. “Ownership and Performance in Competitive Environments: A Comparison of the Performance of Private, Mixed, and State-Owned Enterprises.” Journal of Law and Economics 32(1):1–33.
Boswell, C. 2003. “InnoCentive and Web-Based Collaborative Innovation.” Chemical Market Reporter, April 14.
Bradford, D.F., and D.N. Shaviro. 2000. “The Economics of Vouchers,” in Vouchers and the Provision of Public Services, ed. by Steuerle, C.E., Ooms, Doorn, Peterson, George, and Reischauer, Robert D., 606–607. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Branstetter, Lee G., Raymond Fisman, and C. Fritz Foley. 2003. “Do Stronger Intellectual Property Rights Increase International Technology Transfer? Empirical Evidence from U.S. Firm-Level Panel Data.” Unpublished paper, Columbia University Business School.
Breyer, S. 1982. Regulation and Its Reform. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Brito, D.L., Sheshinski, E., and Intriligator, M.D.. 1991. “Externalities and Compulsory Vaccinations.” Journal of Public Economics 45: 69–90.
Caffrey, Andrew. 2002. “Why Generics Can Cost States More Money.” Wall Street Journal, February 13.
Calfee, John E. 2002. “Public Policy Issues in Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs.” Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 21(2):174–193.
Calfee, John E. 2003. “What Do We Know about Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs?Health Affairs – Web Exclusive W3: 116–119.
Calfee, John E. 2004. “Paying for the Pills: How Much Does It Really Cost to Put a New Drug on the Market?Nature 429: 807.
Calfee, John E., Winston, Clifford, and Stempski, Randolph. 2002. “Direct-to-Consumer Advertising and the Demand for Cholesterol-Reducing Drugs.” Journal of Law and Economics 14(2):673–690.
Carlton, Dennis W., and Jeffrey, M. Perloff. 1994. Modern Industrial Organization. 2nd ed. New York: HarperCollins College Division.
Caro, J., Klittich, W., McGuire, A., and Ford, I.. 1997. “The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study: Economic Benefit Analysis of Primary Prevention with Pravastatin.” British Medical Journal 315: 1577–1582.
Caves, R.E., Whinston, M.D., and Hurwitz, M.. 1991. “Patent Expiration, Entry, and Competition in the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity Microeconomics (1991):1–66.
Center for Global Development Advanced Market Commitment Working Group. 2005. “Making Markets for Vaccines: Ideas to Action.” Available at www.cgdev.org/Publications/vaccine/_files/MakingMarkets-complete.pdf. Last accessed April 28, 2005.
Claxton, K., Ginnelly, L., Sculpher, M., Philips, Z., and Palmer, S.. 2004. “A Pilot Study on the Use of Decision Theory and Value of Information Analysis as Past of the National Health Service Technology Assessment Programme. Health Technology Assessment 8(31) (whole issue).
Clissold, D.B. 1995. “Prescription for The Orphan Drug-Act: The Impact of the FDA's 1992 Regulations and the Latest Congressional Proposals for Reform.” Food and Drug Law Journal 50(1):125–147.
Cochrane, A.L., Leger, A.S.St., and Moore, F.. 1978. “Health Service ‘Input’ and Mortality ‘Output’ in Developed Countries.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 32(3):200–205.
Cockburn, Iain M. 2004. “The Changing Structure of the Pharmaceutical Industry.” Health Affairs 23: 10–22.
Cockburn, Iain, and Henderson, Rebecca. 1994. “Racing to Invest? The Economics of Competition in Ethical Drug Discovery.” Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 33: 481–519.
Cockburn, Iain, and Henderson, Rebecca. 1996. Scale, Scope, and Spillovers: The Determinants of Research Productivity in Drug Discovery. Rand Journal of Economics 27: 32–60.
Cockburn, Iain M., and Henderson, Rebecca M.. 1998. “Absorptive Capacity, Co-Authoring Behavior, and the Organization of Research in Drug Discovery.” Journal of Industrial Economics 46: 157–182.
Cockburn, Iain, and Rebecca Henderson. 1999. “The Economics of Drug Discovery,” in Ralph Landau et al., eds., Pharmaceutical Innovation, 308–330. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Press.
Cockburn, Iain, and Henderson, Rebecca. 2001. “Scale and Scope in Drug Development: Unpacking the Advantages of Size in Pharmaceutical Research.” Journal of Health Economics 20(6):1033–1057.
Cockburn, Iain M., Rebecca Henderson, and Scott Stern. 1999. “The Diffusion of Science Driven Drug Discovery, Organizational Change in Pharmaceutical Research.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 7359.
Cohen, J. 2002. “US Vaccine Supply Falls Seriously Short.” Science 295(5562):1998–2001.
Cohen, J. 2004. “Vaccine Policy: Immunizing Kids against Flu May Prevent Deaths among the Elderly.” Science 306(5699):1123.
Cohen, W.M., and Merrill, S.A.. 2003. Patents in the Knowledge-Based Economy: Committee on Intellectual Property Rights in the Knowledge-Based Economy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, National Research Council (U.S.).
Cohen, Wesley M., Richard R. Nelson, and John P. Walsh. 2002. “Protecting Their Intellectual Assets: Appropriability Conditions and Why U.S. Manufacturing Firms Patent (Or Not).” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 7552.
Comanor, William S. 1964. “Research and Competitive Product Differentiation in the Pharmaceutical Industry in the United States.” Economica 31: 372–384.
Comanor, William S. 1965. “Research and Technical Change in the Pharmaceutical Industry.” Review of Economics and Statistics 47(2):182–190.
Conroy, Robert, Robert Harris, and Thomas Massaro. 1992. “Assessment of Risk and Capital Costs in the Pharmaceutical Industry.” Unpublished paper, University of Virginia, Darden School, June 30.
Corrigan, J. M., Greiner, A., and Erickson, S. M., eds. 2002. Fostering Rapid Advances in Health Care: Learning from System Demonstrations. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Covert, N. 2000. “Cutting Edge: A History of Fort Detrick.” Frederick, MD: Self-published. Available at www.detrick.army.mil/detrick/cutting_edge/index.cfm?chapter 12.
Crawford, Gregory S., and Shum, Matthew. 2005. “Uncertainty and Learning in Pharmaceutical Demand.” Econometrica 73(4):4.
Cremieux, Pierre-Yves, Meilleur, Marie-Claude, Ouellette, Pierre, Petit, Patrick, Zelder, Martin, and Potvin, Ken. 2005. “Public and Private Pharmaceutical Spending as Determinants of Health Outcomes in Canada.” Health Economics 14: 107–116.
Cremieux, Pierre-Yves, Pierre Ouellette, Marie-Clause Meilleur, Stephanie Leong, Paul Greenberg, and Howard Birnbaum. 2001. “Pharmaceutical Spending and Health Outcomes in the United States,” in Investing in Health: The Social and Economic Benefits of Health Care Innovation,” ed. by Farquhar, Irina, Summers, Kent, and Sorkin, Alan, 59–76. Oxford: Elsevier Science.
Cremieux, Pierre-Yves, Ouellette, Pierre, and Pilon, Caroline. 1999. “Health Care Spending as Determinants of Health Outcomes.” Health Economics 8: 627–639.
Currie, J., and Madrian, Brigitte C.. 1999. “Health, Health Insurance and the Labor Market,” in Handbook of Labor Economics, ed. by Orley Ashenfelter and David Card, 3309–3415. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
Cutler, David M. 2004. Your Money or Your Life: Strong Medicine for America's Health Care System. New York: Oxford University Press.
Cutler, David M., Deaton, Angus S., and Lleras-Muney, Adriana. 2006. “The Determinants of Mortality.” Journal of Economic Perspective 20(3):97–120.
Cutler, David M., and Kadiyala, Srikanth. 2003. “The Return to Biomedical Research: Treatment and Behavioral Effects,” in Measuring the Gains from Medical Research: An Economic Approach, ed. by Kevin M. Murphy and Robert H. Topel, 110–162. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cutler, David M., and McClellan, Mark. 2001a. “Is Technological Change in Medicine Worth It?Health Affairs 20(5):11–29.
Cutler, D.M., and McClellan, M.. 2001b. “Productivity Change in Health Care.” American Economic Review 91(2):281–286.
Cutler, David, Mark McClellan, and Joseph Newhouse. 1997. “The Costs and Benefits of Intensive Treatment for Cardiovascular Disease.” Paper presented at AEI-Brookings Conference on Measuring the Prices of Medical Treatments, December 12.
Cutler, David, and Richardson, Elizabeth. 1997. “Measuring the Health of the U.S. Population.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: Microeconomics (1997):217–271.
Cutler, David M., and Zeckhauser, R.. 2000. “The Anatomy of Health Insurance,” in Handbook of Health Economics, ed. by Antony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse, 563–643. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Danzon, Patricia M. 2000. “Pharmaceutical Benefit Management: An Alternative Approach.” Health Affairs 19(1):24–25.
Danzon, Patricia M. 2001. “Reference Pricing: Theory and Evidence,” in Reference Pricing and Pharmaceutical Policy, ed. by López-Casasnova, G. and Jönsson, B., 86–126.
Danzon, P. 2002. Pharmaceutical Price Regulation: National Policies versus Global Interests. Washington, DC: AEI Press.
Danzon, Patricia M., and Chao, Li-Wei. 2000. “Does Regulation Drive Out Competition in Pharmaceutical Markets?Journal of Law and Economics 42(2):311–357.
Danzon, Patricia M., and Furukawa, Michael. 2003. “Prices and Availability of Pharmaceuticals: Evidence from Nine Countries.” Health Affairs – Web Exclusive W3: 521–536.
Danzon, Patricia M., Nicholson, Sean, and Pereira, Nuno Sousa. 2005. “Productivity in Pharmaceutical-Biotechnology R&D: The Role of Experience and Alliances.” Journal of Health Economics 24: 317–339.
Danzon, P. M., Pereira, N.S., and Tejwani, S.S.. 2005. “Vaccine Supply: A Cross-National Perspective.” Health Affairs 24(3):706–717.
Danzon, Patricia M., Wang, Y. Richard, and Wang, Liang. 2005. “The Impact of Price Regulation on the Launch Delay of New Drugs: Evidence from 25 Markets in the 1990s.” Health Economics 14: 269–292.
Davidson, G., L.A. Blewett, K.T. Call, and SHADA Center. 2004. “Public Program Crowd-out of Private Coverage: What Are the Issues?” Research Synthesis Report No. 5. Available at www.rwjf.org/publications/synthesis/reports_and_briefs/issue5.html.
Davis, M.M., Ndiaye, S.M., Freed, G.L., Kim, C.S., and Clark, S.J.. 2003. “Influence of Insurance Status and Vaccine Cost on Physicians' Administration of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine.” Pediatrics 112(3):521–526.
Davis, M.M., Zimmerman, J.L., Wheeler, J.R.C., and Freed, G.L.. 2002. “Childhood Vaccine Purchase Costs in the Public Sector: Past Trends, Future Expectations.” American Journal of Public Health 92(12):1982–1987.
DeLaat, E.A.A. 1997. “Patents or Prizes: Monopolistic R&D and Asymmetric Information.” International Journal of Industrial Organization 15(3):369–390.
Depression Guideline Panel, . 1993. Depression in Primary Care: Treatment of Major Depression. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.
Dickson, Michael, and Gagnon, Jean Paul. 2004. “Key Factors in the Rising Cost of New Drug Discovery and Development.” Nature Reviews 3: 417–428.
DiMasi, J.A., Hansen, R.W., and Grabowski, H.G.. 2003. “The Price of Innovation: New Estimates of Drug Development Costs.” Journal of Health Economics 22(2):151–185.
DiMasi, J.A., Hansen, R.W., Grabowski, H.G., and Lasagna, L.. 1991. “Cost of Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry.” Journal of Health Economics 10(2):107–142.
Dion, M.R., and Pavetti, L.. 2000. Access to and Participation in Medicaid and the Food Stamp Program: A Review of the Recent Literature. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research.
Donaldson, C., Currie, G., and Mitton, C.. 2002. “Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Health Care: Contraindications.” British Medical Journal 325: 891–894.
Donohue, Julie M. 2003. “The Evolving Roles of Consumers and Consumer Protection: The History of Prescription Drug Advertising.” Milbank Quarterly 84(4):659–694.
Donohue, Julie M., and Berndt, Ernst R.. 2004. “Effect of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising on Medication Choice: The Case of Antidepressants.” Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 23(2):115–127.
Donohue, Julie M., Berndt, Ernst R., Rosenthal, Meredith, Epstein, Arnold M., and Frank, Richard G.. 2004. “Effects of Pharmaceutical Promotion on Adherence to Guideline Treatment of Depression.” Medical Care 42(2):1176–1185.
Dorfman, Robert, and Steiner, Peter O.. 1954. “Optimal Advertising and Optimal Quality.” American Economic Review 44(5):826–836.
Dornbusch, Rudiger, and Fischer, Stanley. 1994. Macroeconomics. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: HarperCollins College Division.
Drummond, M.F., and Pang, F.. 2001. “Transferability of Economic Evaluation Results.” in Economic Evaluation in Health Care: Merging Theory with Practice, ed. by M.F. Drummond and A. McGuire, 256–327. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Drummond, M.F., and Sculpher, M.J.. 2005. “Common Methodological Flaws in Economic Evaluations.” Medical Care 43(4):5–14.
Drummond, M.F., Sculpher, M.J., Torrance, G.W., O'Brien, B.J., and Stoddart, G.L.. 2005. Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
D'Souza, Juliet, and Megginson, William L.. 1999. “The Financial and Operating Performance of Privatized Firms during the 1990s.” Journal of Finance 54(4):1397–1438.
Dubois, Robert W. 2003. “Pharmaceutical Promotion: Don't Throw the Baby Out with the Bathwater.” Health Affairs – Web Exclusive W3: 96–103.
Dubois, Robert W., Chawla, Anita J., Neslusan, Cheryl A., et al. 2000. “Explaining Drug Spending Trends: Does Perception Match Reality?Health Affairs 19: 231–239.
Duggan, Mark. 2005. “Do New Prescription Drugs Pay for Themselves? The Case of Second-Generation Antipsychotics.” Journal of Health Economics 24: 1–31.
Ehrlich, Isaac, Gallais-Hamonno, Georges, Liu, Zhiqiang, and Lutter, Randall. 1994. “Productivity Growth and Firm Ownership: An Analytical and Empirical Investigation.” Journal of Political Economy 102(5):1006–1038.
Ellison, G.S., and F. Ellison. 2000. “Strategic Entry Deterrence and the Behavior of Pharmaceutical Incumbents Prior to Patent Expiration.” Working paper, MIT, Cambridge, MA.
Ellison, Sara Fisher, and Wallace P. Mullin. 1997. “Gradual Incorporation of Information into Stock Prices: Empirical Strategies.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 6218.
Emmons, Willis A., and Ashok Nimgade. 1991. “Burroughs Wellcome and AZT.” Harvard Business School Case No. 9-792-004, Cambridge, MA.
Enserink, M. 2004. “Influenza: Crisis Underscores Fragility of Vaccine Production System.” Science 306(5695):385.
EPIC Investigators, . 1994. “Use of Monoclonal Antibody Directed against the Platelet Glycoprotein lib/111a Receptor in High-Risk Coronary Angioplasty.” New England Journal of Medicine 330: 956–961.
Fama, E.F. 1980. “Agency Problems and the Theory of the Firm.” Journal of Political Economy 88(2):288–307.
Fama, E.F., Fisher, L., Jensen, M., and Roll, R.. 1969. “The Adjustment of Stock Prices to New Information.” International Economic Review 10(1):1–21.
Farber, Henry S., and Brazerman, Max H.. 1986. “The General Basis of Arbitrator Behavior: An Empirical Analysis of Conventional and Final-Offer Arbitration.” Econometrica 54: 819–844.
Farlow, A. 2004. “Analysis of the Problems of R&D Finance for Vaccines and an Appraisal of Advance Purchase Commitments.” Preprint. Oxford: University of Oxford. Available at www.economics.ox.ac.uk/members/andrew.farlow/VaccineRD.pdf#search='farlow%20and%20analysis%20of%20the%20problems.
Farlow, Andrew, Donald W. Light, Richard T. Mahoney, and Roy Widdus. 2005. “Concerns Regarding the ‘Making Markets for Vaccines’ Submission to the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health.” Available at www.who.int/intellectualproperty/en/. Last accessed May 10, 2005.
Farquhar, Irina, Summers, Kent, and Sorkin, Alan, eds. 2001. Benefits of Health Care Innovation. Oxford: Elsevier Science.
Federal Trade Commission, . 2002. Generic Competition Prior to Patent Expiration: An FTC Study. Washington, DC: Federal Trade Commission.
FinFacts. Global/World Income per Capita/Head 2005. 2005. Available at www.finfacts.com/biz10/globalworldincomepercapita.htm. Last accessed October 20, 2005.
Finkel, M., and Buron, L.. 2001. Study on Section 8 Voucher Success Rates. Cambridge, MA: Diane Publishing.
Finkelstein, A. 2004. “Static and Dynamic Effects of Health Policy: Evidence from the Vaccine Industry.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 119(2):527–564.
Forbes, Steve. 2005. “Rich Freeloader Countries – France, German, Canada – Rob America on Health Care.” USA Next. Available at www.usanext.org/full_story.cfm?areticle_id=16&category_id=3. Last accessed October 30, 2005.
Fortune Magazine. 2005. The 2005 Fortune 500: Most Profitable Industries: Return on Revenues. Available at www.fortune.com/fortune/subs/fortune500/topperformers/industrysnapshot/0,23619,prof_pct_rev,00.html.
Frank, John W., and J. Fraser Mustard. 1998. “The Determinants of Health from a Historical Perspective.” The Founders' Network. Available at www.founders.net/fn/papers.nsf.
Frank, R.G., Dewa, C., Holt, E., et al. 1995. “The Demand for Childhood Immunizations: Results from the Baltimore Immunization Study.” Inquiry 32(2):164–173.
Frank, R.G., and Salkever, D.S.. 1992. “Pricing, Patent Loss and the Market for Pharmaceuticals.” Southern Economic Journal 59: 165–179.
Frank, R.G., and Salkever, D.S.. 1997. “Generic Entry and Pricing of Pharmaceuticals.” Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 6(1):75–90.
Frech, H.E. III, and Miller, Richard D., Jr. 1999. The Productivity of Health Care and Pharmaceuticals: An International Comparison. Washington, DC: AEI Press.
Freed, G.L., Clark, S.J., Pathman, D.E., Schectman, R., and Serling, J.. 1999. “Impact of North Carolina's Universal Vaccine Purchase Program by Children's Insurance Status.” Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 153(7):748–754.
Freed, G., and A. Cowan. 2002. “State-Level Perspectives on Vaccine Purchase Financing.” Unpublished. Available from the Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC.
Freed, G.L., Davis, M.M., Andreae, M.C., Bass, S., and Weinblatt, H.. 2002. “Reimbursement for Prevnar: A Modern-Day Version of Hercules and the Hydra.” Pediatrics 110(2):399–400.
Fuchs, Victor R., and Zeckhauser, Richard. 1987. “Valuing Health: A ‘Priceless’ Commodity.” American Economic Review 77(2):263–268.
Gafni, A., and Birch, S.. 1993. “Guidelines for the Adoption of New Technologies: A Prescription for Uncontrolled Growth in Expenditures and How to Avoid the Problem.” Canadian Medical Association Journal 148(6):913–917.
Gahart, Martin T., Duhamel, Louise M., Dievler, Anne, and Price, Roseanne. 2003. “Examining the FRDA's Oversight of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising.” Health Affairs – Web Exclusive W3: 120–123.
Gallini, N., and Scotchmer, S.. 2002. “Intellectual Property: When Is It the Best Incentive Mechanism?” in Innovation Policy and the Economy, ed. by A. Jaffe, J. Lerner, and S. Stern, 2:51–78. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Gambardella, Alfonso. 1995. Science and Innovation: The U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry during the 1980s. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
George, B., Harris, A., and Mitchell, A.. 2001. “Cost-Effectiveness Analysis and the Consistency of Decision-Making: Evidence from Pharmaceutical Reimbursement in Australia (1991 to 1996).” PharmacoEconomics 19(11):1103–1109.
Georges, P., Ann, A. Margaret, Jeffrey, P.D., Michael, D.D., et al. 2003. “Strengthening the Supply of Routinely Recommended Vaccines in the United States: Recommendations from the National Vaccine Advisory Committee.” Journal of the American Medical Association 290(23):3122–3128.
Giaccotto, Carmelo, Santerre, Rexford E., and Vernon, John A.. 2005. “Drug Prices and Research and Development Investment Behavior in the Pharmaceutical Industry.” Journal of Law and Economics 48(1):195–214.
Giffin, R., Stratton, K., and Chalk, R.. 2004. “Childhood Vaccine Finance and Safety Issues.” Health Affairs 23(5):98–111.
Glassman, James K. 2005. “Free Riding Isn't Free.” Available at www.techcentralstation.com/022304F.html. Last accessed October 28, 2005.
Glied, Sherry. 2003. “Health Care Costs: On the Rise Again.” Journal of Economic Perspective 17(2):125–148.
Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, . 2001. Economics of TB Drug Development. New York: Global Alliance for TB Drug Development. Available at http://66.216.124.114/pdf/Economics%20Report%20Full%20(final).pdf.
Global Health Policy Research Network. 2004. “Making Markets for Vaccines.” Pull Mechanisms Working Group. Available at www.cgdev.org/globalhealth/proj_pull.cfm.
Gold, M., Siegel, J.E., Russell, L.B., and Weinstein, M.C., eds. 1996. Cost Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Goodman, J.C., and Musgrave, G.L.. 1987. Freedom of Choice in Health Insurance. Dallas: National Center for Policy Analysis.
Goolsbee, Austan. 1988. “Does Government R&D Policy Mainly Benefit Scientists and Engineers?American Economic Review 88(2):298–302.
Grabowski, Henry. 2004. “Are the Economics of Pharmaceutical R&D Changing? Productivity, Patents and Political Pressures.” PharmacoEconomics 22(Suppl. 2):15–24.
Grabowski, Henry. 2005. “Encouraging the Development of New Vaccines.” Health Affairs 24(3):697–700.
Grabowski, Henry, Cockburn, Iain, and Long, Genia. 2006. “The Market for Follow-On Biologics: How Will It Evolve.” Health Affairs 25(5):1291–1301.
Grabowski, Henry, and Kyle, Margaret. 2006. “Generic Competition and Market Exclusivity Periods in Pharmaceuticals.” Managerial and Decision Economics, forthcoming.
Grabowski, Henry, and Mullins, C. Daniel. 1997. “Pharmacy Benefit Management Cost-Effectiveness Analysis and Drug Formulary Decisions.” Social Science and Medicine 45(4):535–544.
Grabowski, Henry, and Vernon, John. 1986. “Longer Patents for Lower Imitation Barriers: The 1984 Drug Act.” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 76(2):195–198.
Grabowski, Henry, and Vernon, John M.. 1990. “A New Look at the Return and Risks to Pharmaceutical R&D.” Management Science 36: 804–821.
Grabowski, Henry, and Vernon, John. 1992. “Brand Loyalty Entry and Price Competition in Pharmaceuticals after the 1984 Act.” Journal of Law and Economics 35(2):331–350.
Grabowski, Henry, and Vernon, John M.. 1994. “Returns on New Drug Introductions in the 1980s.” Journal of Health Economics 13: 383–406.
Grabowski, Henry, and Vernon, John. 1996. “Longer Patents for Increased Generic Competition: The Waxman-Hatch Act after One Decade.” PharmacoEconomics 10 (Suppl. 2):110–123.
Grabowski, Henry, and Vernon, John. 2000. “Effective Patent Life in Pharmaceuticals.” International Journal of Technology Management 19(1–2):98–120.
Grabowski, Henry, Vernon, John M., and Thomas, Lacy Glenn. 1978. “Estimating the Effects of Regulation on Innovation: An International Comparative Analysis of the Pharmaceutical Industry.” Journal of Law and Economics 21(1):133–163.
Grabowski, Henry, and Wang, Richard. 2006. “The Quantity and Quality of Worldwide New Drug Introductions: 1982–2003.” Health Affairs 25(2):452–460.
Greene, Jeremy A. 2004. “Attention to ‘Details’: Etiquette and the Pharmaceutical Salesman in Postwar America.” Social Studies in Science 34(2):271–292.
Gruber, J. 1994. “The Incidence of Mandated Maternity Benefits.” American Economic Review 84(3):622–642.
Gruber, J., ed. 2000. “Health Insurance and the Labor Market,” in Handbook of Health Economics, ed. by Antony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse, 645–706. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
Guedj, Ilan, and David Scharfstein. 2004. “Organizational Scope and Investment: Evidence from the Drug Development Strategies of Biopharmaceutical Firms.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper.
Gupta, Nandini. 2002. “Partial Privatization and Firm Performance.” Unpublished working paper, Columbia University. August. Available at www-1.gsb.columbia.edu/divisions/management/seminar/papers/gupta.pdf.
Hall, Bronwyn, H. 1993, “R&D Tax Policy during the Eighties: Success or Failure?” in Tax Policy and the Economy 7, ed. by James Poterba, 1–35. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hall, Bronwyn H., and Reenen, John. 2000. “How Effective Are Fiscal Incentives for R&D? A New Review of the Evidence.” Research Policy 29: 449–469.
Hall, Robert E., and Jones, Charles I.. 1999. “Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output per Worker than Others?Quarterly Journal of Economics 114(1):83–116.
Hansen, Ronald W. 1979. “The Pharmaceutical Development Process: Estimates of Development Costs and Times and the Effects of Proposed Regulatory Changes,” in Issues in Pharmaceutical Economics, ed. Robert I. Chien, 151–187. Boston: Lexington Books.
Hart, Oliver D., Shleifer, Andrei, and Vishny, Robert W.. 1997. “The Proper Scope of Government: Theory and an Application to Prisons.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112(4):1126–1161.
Hassett, Kevin, and R. Glenn Hubbard. 1996. “Tax Policy and Investment.” Unpublished paper, Federal Reserve Board of Governors and Columbia University Business School.
Heffler, Stephen, Smith, Sheila, Keehan, Sean, Borger, Christine, Clemens, M. Kent, and Truffer, Christopher. 2005. “U.S. Health Spending for 2004–2014.” Health Affairs – Web Exclusive W5: 74–85.
Henderson, Rebecca, and Cockburn, Iain. 1996. “Scale, Scope and Spillovers: The Determinants of Research Productivity in Drug Discovery.” RAND Journal of Economics 27(1):32–59.
Hill, S.R., Mitchell, A.S., and Henry, D.A.. 2000. “Problems with the Interpretation of Pharmacoeconomic Analyses: A Review of Submissions to the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.” Journal of the American Medical Association 283: 2116–2121.
Hinman, A. 2004. “Institute of Medicine Report on Financing Vaccines in the 21st Century: National Vaccine Advisory Committee/National Vaccine Program Office Response.” Available at www.hhs.gov/nvpo/nvac/NVAC-IOM100604.htm.
Hinman, A. 2005. “Addressing the Vaccine Financing Conundrum.” Health Affairs 24(3):701–704.
Hoek, Janet, Gendall, Philip, and Calfee, John. 2004. “Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Medicines in the United States and New Zealand: An Analysis of Regulatory Approaches and Consumer Responses.” International Journal of Advertising 23: 197–227.
Hollis, A. 2005a. “An Efficient Reward System for Pharmaceutical Innovation.” Preprint. Available at http://econ.ucalgary.ca/fac-files/ah/drugprizes.pdf#search='hollis%20and%20an%20efficient%20reward%20system.
Hollis, A. 2005b. “An Optional Reward System for Neglected Disease Drugs.” Mimeo, University of Calgary.
Hollon, Matthew F. 1999. “Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drugs: Creating Consumer Demand.” Journal of the American Medical Association 281(4):382–384.
Holmstrom, Bengt, and Tirole, Jean. 1993. “Market Liquidity and Performance Monitoring.” Journal of Political Economy 101: 678–709.
Hotz, J., Ahituv, A., and Philipson, T.. 1996. “The Responsiveness of the Demand for Condoms to the Local Prevalence of AIDS.” Journal of Human Resources 21(4):869–897.
Hsieh, Chee-Ruey, and Frank A. Sloan. 2006. “Adoption of Pharmaceutical Innovation and the Growth of Drug Expenditure: The Taiwanese Experience.” Working Paper, Duke University.
Hsu, J.C., and E.S. Schwartz. 2003. “A Model of R&D Valuation and the Design of Research Incentives.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 10041.
Hubbard, R.G., Skinner, J., and Zeldes, S.P.. 1995. “Precautionary Saving and Social Insurance.” Journal of Political Economy 103: 360–399.
Hudson, John. 2000. “Generic Take-Up in the Pharmaceutical Market Following Patent Expiry: A Multi-Country Study.” International Review of Law and Economics 20: 205–221.
Hume, C., and Schmitt, W.. 2001. “Pharma's Prescription.” Chemical Week, April 11, 21.
Hurwitz, Mark A., and Caves, Richard E.. 1988. “Persuasion or Information? Promotion and the Shares of Brand Name and Generic Pharmaceuticals.” Journal of Law and Economics 31, no. 5: 299–320.
Huskamp, H.A., Rosenthal, M.B., Frank, R.G., and Newhouse, J.P.. 2000. “The Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit: How Will the Game Be Played?Health Affairs 19(2):8–23.
Iglehart, John K., ed. 2004. “Variations Revisited: A Supplement to Health Affairs.” Health Affairs – Web Exclusive 23: 3–4.
Iizuka, Toshi. 2004. “What Explains the Use of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs?Journal of Industrial Economics 52(3):349–379.
Iizuka, Toshi, and Ginger Z. Jin. 2003. “The Effects of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising in the Prescription Drug Markets.” Unpublished working paper, Vanderbilt University, Owen Graduate School of Management, September 29.
Iizuka, Toshi, and Jin, Ginger Z.. 2005a. “The Effect of Prescription Drug Advertising on Doctor Visits.” Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, forthcoming.
Iizuka, Toshi, and Ginger Z. Jin. 2005b. “Direct to Consumer Advertising and Prescription Choice.” Working paper, Vanderbilt University, Owen Graduate School of Management.
IMS, . 2004. Global Pharmaceutical Review. October. London.
IMS Intelligence. 2005. Chart 1. PowerPoint Presentation Supplied via e-mail by Raymond Hill of IMS, May 21.
Institute of Medicine, . 2000. Calling the Shots: Immunization Finance Policies and Practices. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Institute of Medicine, . 2003. Hidden Costs, Value Lost: Uninsurance in America. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2003.
Institute of Medicine, . 2004. Financing Vaccines in the 21st Century: Assuring Access and Availability. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Institute of Medicine, , Corrigan, J., Greiner, A., and Erickson, S.M.. 2002. Fostering Rapid Advances in Health Care: Learning from System Demonstrations. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Ives, D., Lave, J., Traven, N., and Kuller, L.. 1994. “Impact of Medicare Reimbursement on Influenza Vaccination Rates in the Elderly.” Preventive Medicine 23: 134–141.
Jensen, Elizabeth J. 1987. “Research Expenditures and the Discovery of New Drugs.” Journal of Industrial Economics 36: 83–95.
Jensen, G.A., and Morrisey, M.A.. 1999. “Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance and Mandated Benefit Laws.” Milbank Quarterly 77(4):425–459.
Jewkes, John, Sawyers, David, and Stillerman, Richard. 1958. The Sources of Invention. London: Macmillan.
Jones, Charles. 1998. Introduction to Economic Growth. New York: W.W. Norton.
Joskow, P.L. 1989. “Regulatory Failure, Regulatory Reform, and Structural-Change in the Electrical-Power Industry.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (1998):125–208.
Juhl, R.P. 2000. “Prescription to Over-the-Counter Switch: A Regulatory Perspective.” Clinical Therapeutics 20(Supp. C):111–117.
Kahn, A. 1971. The Economics of Regulation: Principles and Institutions. New York: Wiley.
Kaiser Family Foundation. 2001. Prescription Drug Trends: A Chartbook UpdateWashington, DC.
Kaiser Family Foundation. 2002. Employer Health Benefits: 2002 Annual Survey. Washington, DC.
Kaiser Family Foundation. 2005. Prescription Drug Coverage for Medicare Beneficiaries: A Summary of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003. Available at www.kff.org/medicare/6112.cfm. Last accessed November 5, 2005.
Kanavos, Panos, and Reinhardt, Uwe E.. 2003. “Reference Pricing For Drugs: Is It Compatible with U.S. Health Care?Health Affairs 22(3):16–30.
Kettler, Hannah E. 1999. “Updating the Cost of a New Chemical Entity.” London: Office of Health Economics.
Keynes, John Maynard. 1936. The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. London: Macmillan.
Kim, Jong-Il, and Lau, Lawrence J.. 1994. “The Sources of Economic Growth of the East Asian Newly Industrialized Countries.” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 8: 235–271.
Kitch, E.W. 1977. “The Nature and Function of the Patent System.” Journal of Law and Economics 10: 265–290.
Klein, Daniel B. 2005. “Policy Medicine versus Policy Quackery: Economists against the FDA.” Knowledge, Technology, and Policy 31(1):92–101.
Klick, J., and Sara Markowitz. 2003. “Are Mental Health Insurance Mandates Effective? Evidence from Suicides.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 9994.
Kobelt, G., Jönsson, L., Young, A., and Eberhardt, K.. 2003. “The Cost-Effectiveness of Infliximab (Remicade) in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Sweden and the United Kingdom Based on the ATTRACT Study.” Rheumatology 42: 326–335.
Kravitz, Richard I., Epstein, Ronald M., Feldman, Mitchell D., Franz, Carol E., Azari, Rahman, Wilkes, Michael S., Hinton, Ladson, and Franks, Peter. 2005. “Influence of Patients' Requests for Direct-to-Consumer Advertised Antidepressants: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of the American Medical Association 293(16):1995–2002.
Kreling, D.H., T. Collins, H. Lipton, and K.C. Hertz. 1996. “Assessing the Impact of Pharmacy Benefit Managers.” HCFA Contract Report, HCFA 95-023/PW, September 30.
Kremer, M. 1998. “Patent Buyouts: A Mechanism for Encouraging Innovation.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 113(4):1137–1167.
Kremer, M. 2000a. “Creating Markets for New Vaccines Part I: Rationale.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 7716.
Kremer, M. 2000b. “Creating Markets for New Vaccines Part II: Design Issues.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 7717.
Kremer, M., and Glennerster, R.. 2004. Strong Medicine: Creating Incentives for Pharmaceutical Research on Neglected Diseases. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Kremer, M., and C.M. Snyder. 2003. “Why Are Drugs More Profitable than Vaccines?” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 9833.
Kronick, R., and Gilmer, T.. 2002. “Insuring Low-Income Adults: Does Public Coverage Crowd Out Private?Health Affairs 21(1):225–239.
Laffont, J.-J., and Tirole, J.. 1993. A Theory of Incentives in Procurement and Regulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Landau, Ralph, et al. 1999. Pharmaceutical Innovation: Revolutionizing Human Health. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Press.
Lanjouw, J. 2004. “Outline of Foreign Filing License Approach.” Washington, DC: Center for Global Development & Global Health Policy Research Network. Available at www.cgdev.org/docs/FFLOutline.pdf.
Lanjouw, J.O., and M. MacLeod. 2005. “Statistical Trends in Pharmaceutical Research for Poor Countries.” Available at www.who.int/intellectualproperty/studies. Last accessed May 10, 2005.
Learner, Josh, and Merges, Robert P.. 1998. “The Control of Technology Alliances: An Empirical Analysis of the Biotechnology Industry.” Journal of Industrial Economics 46: 125–156.
Learner, Josh, and Alexander Tsai. 2000. “Do Equity Financing Cycles Matter? Evidence from Biotechnology Alliances.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper W7464.
Leffler, Keith B. 1981. “Promotion or Information? The Economics of Prescription Drug Advertising.” Journal of Law and Economics 24(2):45–74.
Levin, Richard C., Klevorick, Alvin K., Nelson, Richard R., and Winter, Sidney G.. 1987. “Appropriating the Returns from Industrial Research and Development.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 3: 783–820.
Lichtenberg, Frank R. 1984. “The Relationship between Federal Contract R&D and Company R&D.” American Economic Review 74(2):73–78.
Lichtenberg, Frank R. 1986. “Energy Prices and Induced Innovation.” Research Policy 15: 67–75.
Lichtenberg, Frank R. 1987. “Changing Market Opportunities and the Structure of R&D Investment: The Case of Energy.” Energy Economics 9(3):154–158.
Lichtenberg, Frank R. 1988. “The Private R&D Investment Response to Federal Design and Technical Competitions.” American Economic Review 78(3):550–559.
Lichtenberg, Frank R. 1996. “The Effect of Pharmaceutical Utilization and Innovation on Hospitalization and Mortality.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 5418.
Lichtenberg, Frank R. 2001a. “The Allocation of Publicly Funded Biomedical Research,” in Medical Care Output and Productivity, Studies in Income and Wealth vol. 62, ed. by Ernst Berndt and David Cutler, 565–589. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lichtenberg, Frank R. 2001b. “The Effect of New Drugs on Mortality from Rare Diseases and HIV.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 8677.
Lichtenberg, Frank R. 2003a. “Pharmaceutical Innovation, Mortality Reduction, and Economic Growth.” in Measuring the Gains from Medical Research: An Economic Approach, ed. by Kevin M. Murphy and Robert H. Topel, 74–109. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lichtenberg, Frank R. 2003b. “The Effect of New Drugs on HIV Mortality in the U.S., 1987–1998.” Economics and Human Biology 1: 259–266.
Lichtenberg, Frank R. 2003c. “The Benefits to Society of New Drugs: A Survey of the Econometric Evidence.” Proceedings of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas (September):43–59.
Lichtenberg, Frank R. 2004a. “Public Policy and Innovation in the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry,” in Public Policy and the Economics of Entrepreneurship, ed. by Douglas Holtz-Eakin and Harvey S. Rosen, 83–113. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Lichtenberg, Frank R. 2004b. “Sources of U.S. Longevity Increase, 1960–2001.” Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 44(3):369–389.
Lichtenberg, Frank R. 2005a. “Pharmaceutical Innovation and the Burden of Disease in Developed and Developing Countries.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 30(6):663–690.
Lichtenberg, Frank R. 2005b. “The Impact of New Drug Launches on Longevity: Evidence from Longitudinal Disease-level Data from 52 Countries, 1982–2001.” International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics 5(1):47–73.
Lichtenberg, Frank R., and Suchin Virabhak. 2002. “Pharmaceutical Embodied Technical Progress, Longevity, and Quality of Life: Drugs as “Equipment for Your Health.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 9351.
Lichtenberg, F., and J. Waldfogel. 2003. “Does Misery Love Company? Evidence from Pharmaceutical Markets before and after the Orphan Drug Act.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 9750.
Light, Donald W., and Warburton, Rebecca N.. 2005. “Extraordinary Claims Require Extraordinary Evidence.” Journal of Health Economics 24(5):1030–1033.
Ling, Davina C., Berndt, Ernst R., and Kyle, Margaret K.. 2002. “Deregulating Direct-to-Consumer Marketing of Prescription Drugs: Effects on Prescription and Over-the-Counter Product Sales.” Journal of Law and Economics 14: 691–723.
Livernois, J.R. 1988. “Estimates of Marginal Discovery Costs for Oil and Gas.” Canadian Journal of Economics 21(2):379–393.
López-Casasnovas, G., and Jönsson, B., eds. 2001. Reference Pricing and Pharmaceutical Policy. Barcelona: Springer Verlag Ibéria.
López-Casasnovas, G., and Puig-Junoy, J.. 2001. “Review of the Literature on Reference Pricing,” in Reference Pricing and Pharmaceutical Policy, ed. G. López-Casasnovas and B. Jönsson, 1–41. Barcelona: Springer Verlag Ibéria.
Lo Sasso, A.T., and Buchmueller, T.C.. 2004. “The Effect of the State Children's Health Insurance Program on Health Insurance Coverage.” Journal of Health Economics 23(5):1059–1082.
Luman, E.T., Barker, L.E., Shaw, K.M., et al. 2005. “Timeliness of Childhood Vaccinations in the United States: Days Undervaccinated and Number of Vaccines Delayed.” Journal of the American Medical Association 293(10):1204–1211.
Lurie, N., Manning, W.G., Peterson, C., et al. 1987. “Preventive Care: Do We Practice What We Preach?American Journal of Public Health 77: 801–804.
Mackenbach, J.P. 1991. “Health Care Expenditure and Mortality from Amenable Conditions in the European Community.” Health Policy 19: 245–255.
Manca, A., Lambert, P., Hahn, S., Sculpher, M.J., and Rice, N.. 2004. “Exploring the Generalisability by Location of Multilevel Trial-Based CEA Results: The Case of Bayesian Hierarchical Linear Modeling,” in 5th European Conference of Health Economics, 542. London: Open Mind Journals.
Mansfield, Edwin. 1977. The Production and Application of New Industrial Technology. New York: W.W. Norton.
Mansfield, Edwin. 1986. “Patents and Innovation: An Empirical Study.” Management Science 32(2):173–181.
Masson, A., and R. Steiner. 1985. “Generic Substitution and Prescription Drug Prices: Economic Effects of State Drug Product Selection Laws.” Staff Report of the Bureau of Economics, FTC, Washington, DC, October.
Maurer, S. 2005. “The Right Tool(s): Designing Cost-Effective Strategies for Neglected Disease Research.” Geneva: WHO Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation, and Public Health. Available at www.who.int/intellectualproperty/studies/research_development/en/.
Maurer, S., Rai, A., and Sali, A.. 2004. “Finding Cures For Tropical Diseases: Is Open Source an Answer?PLOS: Medicine 1: 183–186. Available at http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0010056.
Maurer, S., and Scotchmer, S.. 2004. “Procuring Knowledge,” in Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Growth, ed. by G. Libecap, 15:1–31. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
McCarran, E. 1991. “Rx to OTC Switches: Promises and Pitfalls.” Medical Marketing and Media13–26.
McGuire, T.G. 2003. “Setting Prices for New Vaccines (in Advance).” International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics 3(3):207–224.
Megginson, William L., and Netter, Jeffry M.. 2001. “From State to Market: A Survey of Empirical Studies on Privatization.” Journal of Economic Literature 39(2):321–389.
Meltzer, M.I., Cox, N.J., and Fukuda, K.. 1999. “The Economic Impact of Pandemic Influenza in the United States: Priorities for Intervention.” Emerging Infectious Disease 5(5):659–671.
, Menzin J, Oster, G., Davies, L., Drummond, M.F., Greiner, W., Lucioni, C., Merot, J.L., Rossi, F., Schulenberg, V.D., and Souetre, E.. 1996. “A Multinational Economic Evaluation of rhDNase in the Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis.” International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 12(1):52–61.
Merrill, S.A., Levin, R.C., and Myers, M.B.. 2004. A Patent System for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Millenson, Michael L. 2004. “Getting Doctors to Say Yes to Drugs: The Cost and Quality Impact of Drug Company Marketing to Physicians.” Chicago: Blue Cross Blue Shield Association. Available at www.bcbs.com/coststudies/reports/Drug_Co_Marketing_Report.pdf. Last accessed November 20, 2005.
Miller, Richard D., Jr., and Frech, H. E. III. 2004. Health Care Matters: Pharmaceuticals, Obesity, and the Quality of Life. Washington, DC: AEI Press.
Mitchell, V.S., Philipose, N.M., and Sanford, J.P., eds. 1993. The Children's Vaccine Initiative: Achieving the Vision. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Morgan, Steven G. 2002. “Quantifying Components of Drug Expenditure Inflation: The British Columbia Seniors' Drug Benefit Plan.” Health Services Research 37: 1243–1266.
Mueller, D. 1986. The Persistence of Profits. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Murphy, Kevin, and Topel, Robert H.. 2003a. “The Economic Value of Medical Research,” in Measuring the Gains from Medical Research: An Economic Approach, ed. by Kevin M. Murphy and Robert H. Topel, 41–73. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Murphy, Kevin M., and Topel, Robert H.. 2003b. Measuring the Gains from Medical Research: An Economic Approach. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Murphy, Kevin M., and Robert H. Topel. 2005. “The Value of Health and Longevity.” University of Chicago Working Paper.
Myers, Stewart. 1999. “Measuring Pharmaceutical Risk and the Cost of Capital,” in Risk and Return in the Pharmaceutical Industry, ed. by Jon Sussex and Nick Marchant, 59–76. London: Office of Health Economics.
Nace, N., Larson, C., Lester, T., and Kosinski, J.. 1999. “Perceived Barriers to Childhood Immunization: A Physician and Parent Survey in a Southeastern Urban/Rural Community.” Tennessee Medicine 92(7):265–268.
National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. 2004. Survey of Pharmacy Law for 2003–2004. Park Ridge, IL: NABC.
National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). 2000. “Guidance on the Use of Zanamivir (Relenza) in the Treatment of Influenza.” Technology Appraisal Guidance No. 15. London: NICE.
National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). 2004. Guide to the Methods of Technology Appraisal. London: NICE.
National Science Council (Taiwan). 2004. Indicators of Science and Technology. Taipei: NSC.
National Science Foundation. 2006. “National Expenditures for R&D, from Funding Sectors to Performing Sectors.” Available at www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/nsf03313/tables/tab1b.xls.
Nelson, Philip K. 1970. “Information and Consumer Behavior.” Journal of Political Economy 78(2):311–329.
Nelson, Philip K. 1974. “Advertising as Information.” Journal of Political Economy 82(4):729–754.
Neslin, Scott A. 2001. ROI Analysis of Pharmaceutical Promotion (RAPPP). Unpublished study, Hanover, NH, Amos Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College. Available at www.rxpromoroi.org/rapp.
Neumann, P.J. 2004. “Why Don't Americans Use Cost-Effectiveness Analysis?American Journal of Managed Care 10: 308–312.
Newhouse, Joseph P. 2004. “How Much Should Medicare Pay for Drugs?Health Affairs 23(1):89–102.
New Zealand Ministry of Health. 2000a. “Direct to Consumer Advertising of Prescription Medicines under Review.” Media release, December 1. Available at www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf. Last accessed April 30, 2005.
New Zealand Ministry of Health. 2000b. “Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Medicines in New Zealand: A Discussion Paper.” November. Available as dtcaDiscussionDoc.pdf at www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf. Last accessed April 30, 2005.
Nexoe, J., Kragstrup, J., and Ronne, T.. 1997. “Impact of Postal Invitations and User Fee on Influenza Vaccination Rates among the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial in General Practice.” Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 15(2):109–112.
Nicholson, S., Patricia M. Danzon, and Geoffrey McCullough. 2002. “Biotech-Pharmaceutical Alliances as a Signal of Asset and Firm Quality.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 9007.
Nordhaus, William D. 2003. “The Health of Nations: The Contribution of Improved Health to Living Standards,” in Measuring the Gains from Medical Research: An Economic Approach,” ed. by Kevin M. Murphy and Robert H. Topel, 9–40. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Oeppen, J., and Vaupel, J.W.. 2002. “Demography: Broken Limits to Life Expectancy.” Science 296(5570):1029–1031.
Offit, P.A. 2005. “Why Are Pharmaceutical Companies Gradually Abandoning Vaccines?Health Affairs 24(3):622–30.
Ohmit, S.E., Furumotodawson, A., Monto, A.S., and Fasano, N.. 1995. “Influenza Vaccine Use among an Elderly Population in a Community Intervention.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 11(4):271–276.
Or, Zeynep. 2003. “Determinants of Health Outcomes in Industrialised Countries: A Pooled, Cross-Country, Time-Series Analysis.” OECD Economic Studies No. 30, 2000/I. Available at www.oecd.org.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 2004. “Table 1. Life Expectancy in Years,” in OECD Health Data 2004, 3rd ed. Available at www.oecd.org.
Outterson, Kevin. 2004. “The U.S.-Australian Free Trade Agreement's Unfortunate Attack and Good Healthcare Policy.” Comments Submitted to the U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means, June 22, 2004. Available at www.ita.doc.gov/td/chemicals/phRMA/Outterson%20Response1.pdf. Last accessed October 20, 2005.
Padden, Michael, and Jenkins, Thomas. 2004. “Hatch-Waxman Changes.” National Law Journal, February 23, p. 13.
Palda, Kristian. 1969. Economic Analysis for Marketing Decisions. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Palmer, S., Sculpher, M., Philips, M. Robinson, Ginnelly, L., and Gary, D.. 2005. “Management of Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: How Cost-Effective Are Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Antagonists in the UK National Health Service?International Journal of Cardiology 100(2):229–240.
Pauly, M.V. 1998. Health Benefits at Work: An Economic and Political Analysis of Employment-Based Health Insurance. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Pauly, M.V. 2005. “Improving Vaccine Supply And Development: Who Needs What?Health Affairs 24(3):680–689.
Pauly, M.V., Danzon, P., Feldstein, P., and Hoff, J.. 1991. “A Plan for ‘Responsible National Health Insurance.’Health Affairs 10(1):5–25.
Pharmaceutical R&D Policy Project. 2005. “The New Landscape of Neglected Disease Drug Development.” London: London School of Economics. Available at www.lse.ac.uk/collections/pressAndInformationOffice/PDF/Neglected_Diseases_05.pdf.
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America. 2000. Pharmaceutical Industry Profile. Washington, DC: Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturing Association.
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America. 2005. PhRMA Guiding Principles: Direct to Consumer Advertisements about Prescription Medicines. Washington, DC, August 2005. Available at www.phrma.org.
Philipson, T. 2000. “Economic Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases,” in Handbook of Health Economics, ed. by A.J. Culyer and J.P. Newhouse, 1B: 1761–1769. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
Pines, Wayne L. 1999. “A History and Perspective on Direct-to-Consumer Promotion.” Food and Drug Law Journal 54: 489–518.
Pleis, J., and Gentleman, J.. 2002. “Using the National Health Interview Survey: Time Trends in Influenza Vaccinations among Targeted Adults.” Effective Clinical Practices 5(3 Suppl.):E3.
Plotkin, S.A. 2005. “Why Certain Vaccines Have Been Delayed or Not Developed at All.” Health Affairs 24(3):631–634.
Pogge, T. 2005. “Human Rights and Global Health: A Research Program.” Metaphilosophy 36(1/2):182–209.
Poikoilainen, K., and Eskola, J.. 1988. “Health Services Resources and Their Relation to Mortality from Causes Amenable to Health Care Intervention: A Cross-national Study.” International Journal of Epidemiology 17(1):86–89.
Pomerantz, Jay M., Finkelstein, Stan N., Berndt, Ernst R., Poret, Amy W., Walker, Leon E., Alber, Robert C., Kadiyam, Vidya, Das, Mitali, Boss, David T., and Ebert, Thomas H.. 2004. “Prescriber Intent, Off-Label Usage, and Early Discontinuation of Antidepressants.” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65(3):395–404.
Popp, David. 2001. “Induced Innovation and Energy Prices.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 8284.
Poulson, David, and Sarah Kellogg. “Private Labs' Ability to Deliver Vaccines Questioned.” Available at www.newhouse.com/archive/story1c110501.html.
Rappuoli, Rino, Miller, Henry I., and Falkow, Stanley. 2002. “The Intangible Value of Vaccination.” Science 297(5583):937–938.
Rawlins, M.D., and Culyer, A.J.. 2004. “National Institute for Clinical Excellence and Its Value Judgments.” British Medical Journal 329: 224–227.
Reichert, T.A., Sugaya, N., Fedson, D.S., et al. 2001. “The Japanese Experience with Vaccinating Schoolchildren against Influenza.” New England Journal of Medicine 344(12):889–896.
Reiffen, David, and Ward, Michael R.. 2005. “Generic Drug Industry Dynamics.” Review of Economics and Statistics 87(1):37–49.
Reiffen, David, and Ward, Michael. 2006. “Branded Generics as a Strategy to Limit Cannibalization of Pharmaceutical Markets.” Managerial and Decision Economics, forthcoming.
Reinhardt, Uwe E. 1996. “Rationing in Health Care: What It Is, What It Is Not, and Why We Cannot Avoid It,” in Strategic Choices for a Changing Health System, ed. by Stuart H. Altman and E. Uwe, 63–100. Chicago: Health Administration Press.
Reinhardt, Uwe E. 1997. “Making Economic Evaluations More Respectable.” Social Science and Medicine 45(4):555–562.
Reinhardt, Uwe E. 2001. “Can Efficiency in Health Care Be Left to the Market?Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 26(5):967–992.
Reinhardt, Uwe E. 2004. “An Information Infrastructure for the Pharmaceutical Market.” Health Affairs 23(1):107–112.
Rice, Thomas H. 2002. The Economics of Health Reconsidered. Chicago: Health Administration Press.
Ridley, R.G. 2004. “Product Development Public-Private Partnerships for Diseases of Poverty,” in Combating Diseases Associated with Poverty, ed. by R. Widdus and K. White. Geneva: Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships for Health.
Riordan, M.H., and Sappington, D.E.M.. 1989. “Second Sourcing.” Rand Journal of Economics 20(1):41–58.
ROC Department of Health. 2005. Health and Vital Statistical. Taipei: Department of Health.
Rodewald, L., Maes, E., Stevenson, J., et al. 1999. “Immunization Performance Measurement in a Changing Immunization Environment.” Pediatrics 103(4):889–897.
Rogerson, W.P. 1989. “Profit Regulation of Defense Contractors and Prizes for Innovation.” Journal of Political Economy 97(6):1284–1305.
Rogerson, W.P. 1994. “Economic Incentives and the Defense Procurement Process.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 8(4):65–90.
Romer, Paul. 1990. “Endogenous Technological Change.” Journal of Political Economy 98: 71–102.
Rosenthal, Meredith B., Berndt, Ernst R., Donohue, Julie M., Epstein, Arnold M., and Frank, Richard G.. 2003. “Demand Effects of Recent Changes in Prescription Drug Promotion,” chapter 1 in Frontiers in Health Policy Research, vol. 6, ed. Alan M. Garber, 1–26. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research.
Rosenthal, Meredith B., Berndt, Ernst R., Donohue, Julie M., Frank, Richard G., and Epstein, Arnold M.. 2002. “Promotion of Prescription Drugs to Consumers.” New England Journal of Medicine 346(7):498–505.
Rosso, R. 2001. “Trends in Food Stamp Program Participation Rates: 1994 to 1999.” Alexandria, VA: United States Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service.
Rubin, Robert, Hawk, Ann, and Cascade, Elisa. 1998. “PBMs: A Purchaser's Perspective,” in PBMs: Reshaping the Pharmaceutical Distribution Network, ed. by Sheila Shulman, Elaine Healy, and Louis Lasagna, 30. Binghamton, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press.
Saha, Atanu, Grabowski, Henry, Birnbaum, Howard, Greenberg, Paul, and Bizan, Oded. 2006. “Generic Competition in the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry.” International Journal of the Economics of Business 13(1):15–38.
Salkever, D., and Frank, R.. 1996. “Economic Issues in Vaccine Purchase Agreements,” in Supplying Vaccine: An Economic Analysis of Critical Issues, ed. by M. Pauly, C.A. Robinson, S. Sepe, M. Sing, and M.K. Willian. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
Satterthwaite, P. 1997. “A Randomised Intervention Study to Examine the Effect on Immunisation Coverage of Making Influenza Vaccine Available at No Cost.” New Zealand Medical Journal 110(1038):58–60.
Saunders, Barrie. 2003. “Direct to Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs in New Zealand: Professors' Protest to Government Placed under the Microscope.” Wellington, New Zealand: Saunders Unsworth. Available at www.sul.co.nz.
Scharfstein, D. 1988. “The Disciplinary Role of Takeovers.” Review of Economic Studies 55(2):185–199.
Scherer, F.M. 2000. “The Pharmaceutical Industry,” in Handbook of Health Economics, vol. 1, ed. by A.J. Culyer and J.P. Newhouse, 297–336. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
Scherer, F.M. 2001. “The Link between Gross Profitability and Pharmaceutical R&D Spending.” Health Affairs 20: 216–220.
Scherer, F.M., and Ross, D.R.. 1990. Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance. 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
Schmalensee, R. 1979. The Control of National Monopolies. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, Lexington Books.
Schmookler, Jacob. 1966. Invention and Economic Growth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Schwartzman, David, and Cognato, Antonio. 1996. “Has Pharmaceutical Research Become More Scientific?Review of Industrial Organization 11: 841–851.
Schweitzer, Stuart. 1997. Pharmaceuticals, Economics, and Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Scotchmer, S. 2004. Innovation and Incentives. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Scott Morton, F.M. 1999. “Entry Decisions in the Generic Pharmaceutical Industry.” RAND Journal of Economics 30(3):421–440.
Scott Morton, F.M. 2000. “Barriers to Entry Brand Advertising, and Generic Entry in the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry.” International Journal of Industrial Organization 18(7):1085–1104.
Scriabiane, Alexander. 1999. “The Role of Biotechnology in Drug Development,” in Pharmaceutical Innovation: Revolutionizing Human Health, ed. by Ralph Landau, Basil Achilladelis, and Alexander Scriabine. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation Press.
Sculpher, M.J., Pang, F.S., Manca, A., Drummond, M.F., Golder, S., Urdahl, H., Davies, L.M., and Eastwood, A.. 2004. Generalisability in Economic Evaluation Studies in Health Care: A Review and Case Studies. Health Technology Assessment 8(49) (whole issue).
Shavell, S., and Ypersele, T.. 2001. “Rewards versus Intellectual Property Rights.” Journal of Law and Economics 44(2):525–547.
Shaw, James W., Horrace, William C., and Vogel, Ronald J.. 2005. “The Determinants of Life Expectancy: An Analysis of the OECD Health Data.” Southern Economic Journal 71(4):768–783.
Shleifer, Andrei. 1998. “State versus Private Ownership.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(4):133–150.
Shleifer, A., and Vishny, R.. 1994. “Politicians and Firms.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 109: 995–1025.
Siegel, Jonathan B. 2004. “Financial Aspects of 180-Day Generic Exclusivity.” Presentation to the Food and Drug Law Institute Conference on Two Decades of Hatch-Waxman, December 1–2, Washington, DC.
Sinclair, G., Klepper, S., and Cohen, W.. 2000. “What's Experience Got to Do with It? Sources of Cost Reduction in a Large Specialty Chemicals Producer.” Management Science 46(1):25–28.
Skinner, J., and Wennberg, J.E.. 2000. “How Much Is Enough? Efficiency and Medicare Spending in the Last Six Months of Life,” in The Changing Hospital Industry: Comparing Not-for-Profit and For-Profit Institutions, ed. by David Cutler, 169–193. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sloan, Frank A., and Conover, Chris J.. 1998. “Effects of State Reforms on Health Insurance Coverage of Adults.” Inquiry 35: 280–293.
Sloan, Frank A., and Grabowski, Henry G.. 1997. “Introduction and Overview.” Social Science and Medicine 54(4):505–510.
Sloan, Frank A., Whetten-Goldstein, K., and Wilson, A.. 1997. “Hospital Pharmacy Decisions, Cost Containment, and the Use of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.” Social Science and Medicine 54(4):525–536.
Smith, J.S. 1990. Patenting the Sun. New York: Morrow.
Song, F., Altman, D.G., Glenny, A.M., and Deeks, J.. 2003. “Validity of Indirect Comparison for Estimating Efficacy of Competing Interventions: Empirical Evidence from Published Meta-Analyses.” British Medical Journal 326: 472–478.
Sorenson, Alan T. 2000. “Equilibrium Price Dispersion in Retail Markets for Prescription Drugs.” Journal of Political Economy 108(4):833–850.
Spence, M. 1984. “Cost Reduction, Competition, and Industry Performance.” Econometrica 52: 101–121.
Spulber, D. 1989. Regulation and Markets.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Stapleton, S. 2004. “Project BioShield.” American Medical News 47(31):19.
Canada, Statistics. 1974. Life Tables, Canada and Provinces, 1970–1972. Ottawa: Minister of Industry.
Canada, Statistics. 2002. Life Tables, Canada, Provinces and Territories, 1995–1997. Ottawa: Minister of Industry.
Stein, J.C. 1988. “Takeover Threats and Managerial Myopia.” Journal of Political Economy 96(1):61–80.
Stern, Scott, Michael E. Porter, and Jeffrey L. Furman. 2000. “The Determinants of National Innovative Capacity.” National Bureau of Economics Research Working Paper 7876.
Stinnett, A.A., et al. 1996. “The Cost Effectiveness of Dietary and Pharmacologic Therapy for Cholesterol Reduction in Adults,” in Cost Effectiveness in Health and Medicine, ed. by M. Gold, J.E. Siegel, L.B. Russell, and M.C. Weinstein, 349–391. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stratton, K.R., Durch, J.S., and Lawrence, R.S.. 2000. Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decision-Making. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press.
Summers, L.H. 1989. “What Can Economics Contribute to Social Policy?American Economic Review 79(2):177–183.
Tan, Litjen, and the American Medical Association, . 2006. “Strengthening the Supply of Routinely Recommended Vaccines in the United States: A Perspective from the American Medical Association.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 42(Suppl. 3): S121–S124.
Taylor, C.R. 1995. “Digging for Golden Carrots: An Analysis of Research Tournaments.” American Economic Review 85(4):872–890.
Temin, Peter. 1980. Taking Your Medicine: Drug Regulation in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Thomas, P. 2002. “The Economics of Vaccines.” Harvard Medical International (HMI) World, September/October.
Tobin, James. 1969. “A General Equilibrium Approach to Monetary Theory.” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 1(1):15–29.
Toop, Les, Dee Richards, Tony Dowell, Murray Tilyard, Tony Fraser, and Bruce Arrol. 2003. “Direct to Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs in New Zealand: For Health or for Profit?” Report to the Minister of Health Supporting the Case for a Ban on DTCA, February. Available at www.chmeds.ac.nz/report.pdf. Last accessed April 30, 2005.
Towse, A. 2004. “Developing the Idea of Transferable Intellectual Property Rights (TIPP) to Incentivize R&D in Drugs and Vaccines for Neglected Diseases.” Office of Health Economics, London, March 2, Appendix I, 22–24.
Towse, A., and H. Kettler. 2005. “Review of IP and Non-IP Incentives for R&D for Diseases of Poverty: What Type of Innovation Is Required and How Can We Incentivise the Private Sector to Deliver It?” Available at www.who.int/intellectualproperty/studies/health_innovation/en. Last accessed May 10, 2005.
Towse, A., Mestre-Fernandez, J., and Renowden, O.. 2004. “Estimates of the Medium Term Financial Resource Needs for Development of Pharmaceuticals to Combat ‘Neglected Diseases,’” in Combating Diseases Associated with Poverty, ed. by R. Widdus and K. White. Geneva: Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships for Health.
Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development. 2003. “Total Cost to Develop a New Prescription Drug, Including Cost of Post-Approval Research, Is $897 million.” Press release, May 13, 2003. Available at www.csdd.tufts.edu.
Turner, Margaret A. 2003. “Strengths and Weaknesses of the Housing Voucher Program.” Congressional Testimony prepared for the Committee on Financial Services, Subcommittee on Housing and Community Opportunity, U.S. House of Representatives, June 17, 2003. Available at www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=900635.
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1999. “An Ounce of Prevention … What Are the Returns?” 2nd ed. Available at www.cdc.gov/epo/prevent.htm.
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2002a. “Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination Levels among Persons Aged > 65 years, United States, 2001.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 51(45):1019–1024.
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2002b. “National, State, and Urban Area Vaccination Coverage Levels among Children Aged 19–35 Months: United States, 2001.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 3: 664–666.
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2003. “National, State, and Urban Area Vaccination Coverage Levels among Children Aged 19–35 Months: United States, 2002.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52(31):728–732.
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2004. “Influenza Viruses.” Available at www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/flu-viruses.htm. Last accessed March 2, 2005.
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2005a. “Influenza Pandemics.” Available at www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/pandemics.htm. Last accessed March 2, 2005.
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2005b. “Avian Influenza Infection in Humans.” Available at www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/avian-flu-humans.htm. Last accessed March 2, 2005.
U.S. Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services. 2003. “The Nation's Health Care Dollar: 2001.” Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives. 2003. Background Material and Data on the Programs within the Jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means. (Informally known as the “Green Book.”) WMCP 108–6. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Congressional Budget Office. 1998. “How Increased Competition Has Affected Prices and Returns in the Pharmaceutical Industry.” July, 38. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2002. “Payment by Results” Breakthrough Ends Years of Uncertainty for MS Patients: Agreement Follows Recommendation from NICE. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2004. “Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response Plan,” 1–54. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 1999. “Creating a Risk Management Framework: Report to the FDA Commissioner from the Task Force on Risk Management.” Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2005. “CDER NDAs Approved in Calendar Years 1990–2204 by Therapeutic Potential and Chemical Type.” Available at www.fda.gov/cder/rdmt/pstable.htm.
U.S. Senate. 1960–. Administered Prices in the Drug Industry. Hearings before the Sub-Committee on Antitrust and Monopoly, 86th Congress, 1959 and 1960, Part 18. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Senate, Republican Policy Committee. 2005. “Pharmaceutical Price Controls Abroad: An Unfair Trade Policy.” Available at www.kyl.senate.gov/legis_center/rpc_110603.pdf. Last accessed October 20, 2005.
Vernon, John M. 1981. “Concentration, Promotion, and Market Share Stability in the Pharmaceutical Industry.” Journal of Industrial Economics 19(3):246–266.
Vernon, J., and Grabowski, H.. 2000. “The Distribution of Sales Revenues from Pharmaceutical Innovation.” PharmoEconomics 18(1):21–32.
Vernon, John M., and Gusen, Peter. 1974. “Technical Change and Firm Size: Pharmaceutical Industry.” Review of Economics and Statistics 56: 294–302.
Viscusi, W. Kip. 1993. “The Value of Risks to Life and Health.” Journal of Economic Literature 31: 1912–1946.
Viscusi, W. Kip. 1995. “Discounting Health Effects for Medical Decisions,” in Valuing Health Care, ed. Frank Sloan, 125–147. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Viscusi, W. Kip, and Aldy, Joseph E.. 2003. “The Value of a Statistical Life: A Critical Review of Market Estimates throughout the World.” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 27(1):5–76.
Vistnes, G. 1994. “An Empirical Investigation of Procurement Contract Structures.” Rand Journal of Economics 25(2):215–241.
Walsh, J.P., Arora, A., and Cohen, W.M.. 2003. “Working through the Patent Problem.” Science 299(5609):1021.
Weissman, Joel S., Blumenthal, David, Silk, Alvin J., Newman, Michael, Zapert, Kinga, Leitman, Robert, and Feibelmann, Sandra. 2004. “Physicians Report on Patient Encounters Involving Direct-to-Consumer Advertising.” Health Affairs – Web Exclusive W4: 219–233.
WHO. 2004. World Health Report, Revised Global Burden of Disease 2002 Estimates. London: WHO.
WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. 2004. “Guidelines for ATC Classification and DDD Assignment.” Oslo: Norwegian Institute.
Widdus, Roy, and Katherine White. 2004. “Combating Diseases of Poverty: Financing Strategies for Product Development and the Potential Role of Private-Public Partnerships.” Geneva: Initiative on Private-Public Partnerships for Health.
Wilby, J., Kainth, A., Hawkins, N., Epstein, D., McDaid, C., et al. 2003. A Rapid and Systematic Review of the Clinical Effectiveness, Tolerability and Cost-Effectiveness of Newer Drugs for Epilepsy in Adults. Report to the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, forthcoming.
Willan, A.R., Pinto, E.M., O'Brien, B.J., et al. 2005. “Country Specific Cost Comparisons from Multinational Clinical Trials Using Empirical Bayesian Shrinkage Estimation: The Canadian ASSENT-3 Economic Analysis.” Health Economics 14(1):327–338.
Wittink, Richard R. 2002. “Analysis of ROI for Pharmaceutical Promotions,” September, video presentation, Association of Medical Publications. Available at www.vioworks.com/clients/amp.
Wosinska, Marta. 2002. “Just What the Patient Ordered? Direct-to-Consumer Advertising and the Demand for Pharmaceutical Products.” Harvard Business School, Marketing Research Paper Series, No. 02-04.
Wosinska, Marta. 2005. “Direct-to-Consumer Advertising and Drug Therapy Compliance.” Journal of Marketing Research 42(3):323–332.
Wright, Brian D. 1983. “The Economics of Invention Incentives: Patents, Prizes, and Research Contracts.” American Economic Review 73: 691–707.
Zucker, Lynne E., Darby, Michael R., and Brewer, Marilynn B.. 1998. “Intellectual Human Capital and the Birth of U.S. Biotechnology Enterprises.” American Economic Review 88(1):290–306.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.