Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 32
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
July 2014
Print publication year:
2014
Online ISBN:
9781139057684

Book description

This book explores noun phrase (NP) complexity in English, showing that it is best accounted for both by a linear and a hierarchical parameter: its length and its type of postmodifier(s). The study is methodologically unique in that it combines univariate and multivariate analyses in an investigation of four different syntactic variables. Drawing on more than three billion words of British and American data, Eva Berlage shows that the length and the structure of the NPs, along with language-external factors such as the regional variety of English, work as powerful determinants of the variation. On a theoretical level, the book reveals that the structural complexity of NPs cannot be sufficiently captured by (phrasal) node counts but that we need to incorporate the degree to which NPs are sentential. The book is designed for researchers and students interested in syntax, language variation, sociolinguistics, structural complexity and the history of English.

Reviews

‘Noun phrase complexity, syntactic weight, and related notions take center stage in the empirical literature on grammatical variation. Berlage's systematic and comprehensive study is required reading for all those who are in the business of measuring and interpreting these things.’

Benedikt Szmrecsanyi - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

References

Primary sources (electronic corpora)

ANC

American National Corpus. 1st release. ANC Consortium. 2003.

CallHome

spoken part of the ANC. Linguistic Data Consortium.

Charlotte Narrative

spoken part of the ANC. Project MORE.

Switchboard

spoken part of the ANC. Linguistic Data Consortium.

BNC

The British National Corpus. Version 1.0. BNC Consortium/Oxford University Computing Services. 1995.

spokcont

spoken context-governed section of the BNC.

spokdem

spoken demographic section of the BNC.

Brown

Brown University Corpus. ICAME. 1991.

The Changing Times

History in the Making on CD-Rom. 1998. News Multimedia.

COCA

The Corpus of Contemporary American English. 1990–2012. Compiled by Mark Davies. Available online: www.americancorpus.org.

CSPAE

Corpus of Spoken Professional American English. Compiled by Michael Barlow. Distributed by Athelstan.

DFP92–95

The Detroit Free Press on CD-Rom. 1992–1995. Knight-Ridder Information Inc.

DM93–00

The Daily Mail & The Mail on Sunday on CD-Rom. 1993–2000. Chadwyck-Healey/ProQuest.

DT91–00/02/04

The Daily Telegraph & The Sunday Telegraph on CD-Rom. 1991–2000/2002/2004. Chadwyck-Healey/ProQuest.

ETC

Early Twentieth Century Corpus – a selection of British and American writings by authors born between 1870 and 1894. Source: Project Gutenberg. Compiled in the Research Project ‘Determinants of Grammatical Variation in English’, University of Paderborn. Details are available upon request.

FLOB

Freiburg-LOB Corpus of British English. ICAME. 1991.

Frown

Freiburg-Brown Corpus of American English. ICAME. 1992.

G90–05

The Guardian (including The Observer. 1994–2000) on CD-Rom. 1990–2005. Chadwyck-Healey/ProQuest.

Historical American Newspapers

provided by ProQuest for a trial period of 30 days, comprising the New York Times (1895–1985), the Washington Post (1895–1985), the Wall Street Journal (1895–1985), the Chicago Daily Tribune (1895–1945), the Los Angeles Times (1895–1985), the Christian Science Monitor (1895–1945).

I93/94/02–05

The Independent & The Independent on Sunday on CD-Rom. 1993–1994; 2002–2005. ProQuest.

LAT92–99

The Los Angeles Times on CD-Rom. 1992–1995. Knight-Ridder Inc.; 1996–1999, courtesy of the Los Angeles Times.

LNC

Late Nineteenth Century Corpus – a selection of British and American writings by authors born between 1830 and 1869. Source: Project Gutenberg. Compiled in the Research Project ‘Determinants of Grammatical Variation in English’, University of Paderborn. Details are available upon request.

LOB

Lancaster/Oslo-Bergen Corpus. ICAME. 1991.

MNC

Mid-Nineteenth Century Corpus – a selection of British and American writings by authors born between 1803 and 1829. Source: Project Gutenberg. Compiled in the Research Project ‘Determinants of Grammatical Variation in English’, University of Paderborn. Details are available upon request.

NYT01

The New York Times on CD-Rom. 2001. ProQuest.

OED

The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd edn) on CD-Rom. 1995 (Version 1.13).

T90–04

The Times & The Sunday Times on CD-Rom. 1990–2004. Chadwyck-Healey/ProQuest.

WT90–92

The Washington Times (including Insight on the News) on CD-Rom. 1990–1992. Wayzata Technology.

Secondary sources

Aissen, Judith. 2003. ‘Differential object marking: Iconicity vs economy.’ Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 21: 435–83.
Algeo, John. 1988. ‘British and American grammatical differences.’ International Journal of Lexicography 1: 1–31.
Algeo, John. 2006. British or American English? A Handbook of Word and Grammar Patterns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Altenberg, Bengt. 1982. The Genitive v. the of-Construction: A Study of Syntactic Variation in 17th Century English. Malmö: CWK Gleerup.
Anttila, Arto. 2008. ‘Phonological constraints on constituent ordering.’ In: Charles B. Chang and Hannah Haynie (eds.), Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL 26). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. 51–9.
Anttila, Arto, Matthew Adams, and Michael Speriosu. 2010. ‘The role of prosody in the English dative alternation.’ Language and Cognitive Processes 25: 946–81.
Ariel, Mira. 1988. ‘Referring and accessibility.’ Journal of Linguistics 24: 65–87.
Arnold, Jennifer, Thomas Wasow, Anthony Losongco, and Ryan Ginstrom. 2000. ‘Heaviness vs. newness: The effects of structural complexity and discourse status on constituent ordering.’ Language 76: 28–55.
Aston, Guy, and Lou Burnard. 1998. The BNC Handbook: Exploring the British National Corpus with SARA. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Behaghel, Otto. 1909. ‘Beziehungen zwischen Umfang und Reihenfolge von Satzgliedern.’ Indogermanische Forschungen 25: 110–42.
Behaghel, Otto. 1932. Deutsche Syntax: Eine geschichtliche Darstellung. IV. Wortstellung, Periodenbau. Heidelberg: Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung.
Benor, Sarah Bunin, and Roger Levy. 2006. ‘The chicken or the egg? A probabilistic analysis of English binomials.’ Language 82: 233–78.
Berg, Thomas. 1988. Die Abbildung des Sprachproduktionsprozesses in einem Aktivationsflußmodell: Untersuchungen an deutschen und englischen Versprechern. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
Berg, Thomas. 1998. Linguistic Structure and Change: An Explanation from Language Processing. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Berg, Thomas. 2013. Anglistische Sprachwissenschaft. Munich: Fink.
Berlage, Eva. 2009. ‘Prepositions and postpositions.’ In: Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter (eds.), One Language, Two Grammars? Differences between British and American English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 130–48.
Berlage, Eva. 2010. ‘The lexicalisation of predicative complements in English.’ Transactions of the Philological Society 108: 53–67.
Berlage, Eva. 2012. ‘At the interface of grammaticalisation and lexicalisation: The case of take prisoner.’ English Language and Linguistics 16: 35–55.
Berlage, Eva. Forthcoming. ‘Opposite developments in composite predicate constructions: The case of take advantage of and make use of.’ In: Marianne Hundt (ed.), The Syntax of Late Modern English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Biber, Douglas. 2003. ‘Compressed noun phrase structures in newspaper discourse: The competing demands of popularization vs. economy.’ In: Jean Aitchison and Diana M. Lewis (eds.), New Media Language. London: Routledge. 169–81.
Biber, Douglas, and Bethany Gray. 2011. ‘Grammatical change in the noun phrase: The influence of written language use.’ English Language and Linguistics 15: 223–50.
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London/New York: Longman.
Biber, Douglas, Jack Grieve, and Gina Iberri-Shea. 2009. ‘Noun phrase modification.’ In: Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter (eds.), One Language, Two Grammars? Differences between British and American English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 182–93.
Bock, J. Kathryn. 1986. ‘Meaning, sound, and syntax: Lexical priming in sentence production.’ Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 12: 575–86.
Bock, J. Kathryn, and David E. Irwin. 1980. ‘Syntactic effects of information availability in sentence production.’ Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 19: 467–84.
Börjars, Kersti, David Denison, Grzegorz Krajewski, and Alan K. Scott. 2013. ‘Expression of possession in English: The significance of the right edge.’ In: Kersti Börjars, David Denison, and Alan K. Scott (eds.), Morphosyntactic Categories and the Expression of Possession. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 123–48.
Bresnan, Joan, and Marilyn Ford. 2010. ‘Predicting syntax: Processing dative constructions in American and Australian varieties of English.’ Language 86: 168–213.
Bresnan, Joan, Anna Cueni, Tatiana Nikitina, and Harald Baayen. 2007. ‘Predicting the dative alternation.’ In: Gerlof Bouma, Irene Krämer, and Joost Zwarts (eds.), Cognitive Foundations of Interpretation. Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy of Science. 69–94.
Brugmann, Karl. 1909. Das Wesen der lautlichen Dissimilationen. (Abhandlungen der philologisch-historischen Klasse der königlich-sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften; Vol. 27, No. 5.) Leipzig: Teubner. 142–78.
Butler, Christopher. 1985. Statistics in Linguistics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Cassidy, Frederic G. 1985. Dictionary of American Regional English. Vol. I. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Chen, Guohua. 2000. ‘The grammaticalization of concessive markers in Early Modern English.’ In: Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach, and Dieter Stein (eds.), Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: Benjamins. 85–110.
Chen, Ping. 1986. ‘Discourse and particle movement in English.’ Studies in Language 10: 79–95.
Chesterman, Andrew. 1993. ‘Articles and no articles.’ In: Andreas Jucker (ed.), The Noun Phrase in English: Its Structure and Variability. Heidelberg: Winter. 13–24.
Chomsky, Noam. 1964. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. The Hague/Paris: Mouton.
Chomsky, Noam. 1975. The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory. New York/London: Plenum Press.
Chomsky, Noam. 1995. The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Christophersen, Paul, and Arthur O. Sandved. 1969. An Advanced English Grammar. London: Macmillan.
Clark, Herbert, and Eve V. Clark. 1977. Psychology and Language: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Clark, Herbert H., and Thomas Wasow. 1998. ‘Repeating words in spontaneous speech.’ Cognitive Psychology 37: 201–42.
Dehé, Nicole. 2002. Particle Verbs in English: Syntax, Information Structure and Intonation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.
Diessel, Holger. 2008. ‘Iconicity of sequence: A corpus-based analysis of the positioning of temporal adverbial clauses in English.’ Cognitive Linguistics 19: 465–90.
Dixon, Robert M. W. 1991. A New Approach to English Grammar, on Semantic Principles. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Dressler, Wolfgang U. 1977. ‘Phono-morphological dissimilation.’ In: Wolfgang U. Dressler and Oskar E. Pfeiffer (eds.), Phonologica 1976. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft. 41–8.
Duffley, Patrick J. 1992. The English Infinitive. London/New York: Longman.
Ehret, Katharina, Christoph Wolk, and Benedikt Szmrecsanyi. Forthcoming. ‘Quirky quadratures: On rhythm and weight as constraints on genitive variation in an unconventional dataset.’ English Language and Linguistics 18. Special issue on the genitive variation in English.
Ek, Jan Ate van. 1966. Four Complementary Structures of Predication in Contemporary British English: An Inventory. Groningen: Wolten.
Erades, P. A. 1975. Points of Modern English Syntax: Contributions to English Studies. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.
Erdmann, Peter. 1988. ‘On the principle of “weight” in English.’ In: Caroline Duncan-Rose and Theo Vennemann (eds.), On Language: Rhetorica Phonologica Syntactica: A Festschrift for Robert P. Stockwell from his Friends and Colleagues. London: Routledge. 325–39.
Fairclough, Norman. 1992. Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Fanego, Teresa. 1996. ‘The development of gerunds as objects of subject-control verbs in English (1400–1760).’ Diachronica 13: 29–62.
Fanego, Teresa. 1997. ‘On patterns of complementation with verbs of effort.’ English Studies 78: 60–7.
Faris, Paul. 1962. ‘As far as halfbacks, we’re all right.’ American Speech 37: 236–8.
Feist, Jim. 2012. Premodifiers in English: Their Structure and Significance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ferreira, Fernanda. 1991. ‘Effects of length and syntactic complexity on initiation times for prepared utterances.’ Journal of Memory and Language 30: 210–33.
Foster, Brian. 1968. The Changing English Language. London: Macmillan.
Garson, David G. 2008. ‘Logistic Regression: Statnotes, from North Carolina State University, Public Administration Program.’ Available at http://faculty.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/PA765/logistic.htm. Last accessed: 15 August 2013.
Givón, Talmy. 1980. ‘The binding hierarchy and the typology of complements.’ Studies in Language 4: 333–77.
Givón, Talmy. 1985. ‘Iconicity, isomorphism and non-arbitrary coding in syntax.’ In: John Haiman (ed.), Iconicity in Syntax: Proceedings of a Symposium on Iconicity in Syntax. Stanford, June 24–6, 1983. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 187–219.
Givón, Talmy. 1990. Syntax: A Functional-Typological Introduction. Vol. II. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.
Givón, Talmy. 2009. The Genesis of Syntactic Complexity: Diachrony, Ontogeny, Neuro-Cognition, Evolution. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.
Grafmiller, Jason, and Stephanie Shih. 2011. ‘New approaches to end weight.’ Presentation given at Variation and Typology:New Trends in Syntactic Research 26. Helsinki.
Gries, Stefan Th. 2002. ‘The influence of processing on syntactic variation: Particle placement in English.’ In: Nicole Dehé, Ray Jackendoff, Andrew McIntyre, and Silke Urban (eds.), Verb Particle Explorations. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 269–88.
Gries, Stefan Th. 2003a. ‘Grammatical variation in English: A question of “structure vs. function”?’ In: Günter Rohdenburg and Britta Mondorf (eds.), Determinants of Grammatical Variation in English. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 155–73.
Gries, Stefan Th. 2003b. Multifactorial Analysis in Corpus Linguistics: A Study of Particle Placement. London/New York: Continuum Press.
Gundel, Jeanette K. 1988. ‘Universals of topic-comment structure.’ In: Michael Hammond, Edith A. Moravcsik, and Jessica R. Wirth (eds.), Studies in Syntactic Typology. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 209–39.
Gundel, Jeanette K., Nancy Hedberg, and Ron Zacharski. 1993. ‘Cognitive status and the form for referring expressions in discourse.’ Language 69: 274–307.
Haiman, John. 1983. ‘Iconic and economic motivation.’ Language 59: 781–819.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1967. ‘Notes on transitivity and theme in English: Part 2.’ Journal of Linguistics 3: 199–244.
Hawkins, John. 1990. ‘A parsing theory of word order universals.’ Linguistic Inquiry 21: 223–61.
Hawkins, John. 1994. A Performance Theory of Order and Constituency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hawkins, John. 2000. ‘The relative order of prepositional phrases in English: Going beyond manner-place-time.’ Language Variation and Change 11: 231–66.
Hawkins, John. 2001. ‘Why are categories adjacent?Journal of Linguistics 37: 1–34.
Hawkins, John. 2003. ‘Why are zero-marked phrases close to their heads?’ In: Günter Rohdenburg and Britta Mondorf (eds.), Determinants of Grammatical Variation in English. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 175–204.
Hawkins, John. 2004. Efficiency and Complexity in Grammars. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. 2004. ‘Lexicalization and grammaticalization: Opposite or orthogonal?’ In: Walter Bisang, Nikolaus P. Himmelmann, and Björn Wiemer (eds.), What Makes Grammaticalization? A Look from its Fringes and its Components. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 21–42.
Hoffmann, Sebastian. 2004. ‘Using the OED quotations database as a corpus – a linguistic appraisal.’ ICAME Journal 28: 17–30.
Hopper, Paul J., and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. 2003. Grammaticalization. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hosmer, David W., and Stanley Lemeshow. 2000. Applied Logistic Regression. 2nd edn. New York/Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Huddleston, Rodney, Geoffrey K. Pullum et al. 2002. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hundt, Marianne. 2009. ‘Colonial lag, colonial innovation, or simply language change?’ In: Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter (eds.), One Language, Two Grammars? Differences between British and American English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 13–37.
Hundt, Marianne, and Christian Mair. 1999. ‘“Agile” and “uptight” genres: The corpus-based approach to language change in progress.’ International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 4: 221–42.
Hundt, Marianne, David Denison, and Gerold Schneider. 2012. ‘Relative complexity in scientific discourse.’ English Language and Linguistics 16: 209–40.
Jäger, Gerhard, and Anette Rosenbach. 2006. ‘The winner takes it all – almost: Cumulativity in grammatical variation.’ Linguistics 44: 937–71.
Jespersen, Otto. 1961 [1949]. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VII: Syntax. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard.
Jucker, Andreas H. 1993. ‘The genitive versus the of-construction in newspaper language.’ In: Andreas Jucker (ed.), The Noun Phrase in English: Its Structure and Variability. Heidelberg: Winter. 121–36.
Keizer, Evelien. 2007. The English Noun Phrase: The Nature of Linguistic Categorization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kennedy, Graeme. 1998. An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics. London/New York: Longman.
Kimball, John P. 1973. ‘Seven principles of surface structure parsing in natural language.’ Cognition 2: 15–47.
Kjellmer, Göran. 1985. ‘Help to/help Ø revisited.’ English Studies 66: 156–61.
König, Ekkehard, and Bernd Kortmann. 1991. ‘On the reanalysis of verbs as prepositions.’ In: Gisa Rauh (ed.), Approaches to Prepositions. Tübingen: Narr. 109–25.
Kortmann, Bernd. 1997. Adverbial Subordination: A Typology and History of Adverbial Subordinators Based on European Languages. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Kortmann, Bernd, and Ekkehard König. 1992. ‘Categorial reanalysis: The case of deverbal prepositions.’ Linguistics 30: 671–97.
Kreyer, Rolf. 2006. Inversion in Modern Written English: Syntactic Complexity, Information Status and the Creative Writer. Tübingen: Narr.
Krug, Manfred. 2003. ‘Frequency as a determinant in grammatical variation and change.’ In: Günter Rohdenburg and Britta Mondorf (eds.), Determinants of Grammatical Variation in English. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 7–67.
Labov, William. 1972. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Labov, William. 1990. ‘The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change.’ Language Variation and Change 2: 205–54.
Langacker, Ronald W. 1991. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Vol. II. Descriptive Application. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Leech, Geoffrey Lu Li. 1995. ‘Indeterminacy between noun phrases and adjective phrases as complements of the English verb.’ In: Bas Aarts and Charles F. Meyer (eds.), The Verb in Contemporary English: Theory and Description. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 183–202.
Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. 2009. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lehmann, Christian. 1985. ‘Grammaticalization: Synchronic variation and diachronic change.’ Lingua e Stile 20: 303–18.
Lind, Age. 1983. ‘The variant forms Help to/help Ø.’ English Studies 64: 263–73.
Lindquist, Hans. 2007. ‘Viewpoint -wise: The spread and development of a new type of adverb in American and British English.’ Journal of English Linguistics 35: 132–56.
Lohmann, Arne. 2010. ‘Book review of Britta Mondorf. 2009. More Support for More-Support: The Role of Processing Constraints on the Choice between Synthetic and Analytic Comparative Forms.’ Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 6: 301–11.
Lohmann, Arne. 2011. ‘Help vs help to: A multifactorial, mixed-effects account of infinitive marker omission.’ English Language and Linguistics 15: 499–521.
Lohmann, Arne, and Tayo Takada. 2012. ‘The effect of length on linear order in English and Japanese NP conjuncts. A corpus-based study.’ Presentation given at the LSA in Portland, Oregon.
Lohse, Barbara, John A. Hawkins, and Thomas Wasow. 2004. ‘Domain minimization in English verb-particle constructions.’ Language 80: 238–61.
MacKay, Donald G. 1987. The Organization of Perception and Action: A Theory for Language and other Cognitive Skills. New York: Springer.
Mair, Christian. 1995. ‘Changing patterns of complementation, and concomitant grammaticalisation, of the verb help in present-day British English.’ In: Bas Aarts and Charles F. Meyer (eds.), The Verb in Contemporary English: Theory and Description. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 258–72.
Mair, Christian. 1998. ‘Corpora and the study of the major varieties of English: Issues and results.’ In: Hans Lindquist, Steffan Klintborg, Magnus Levin, and Maria Estling (eds.), The Major Varieties of English: Papers from MAVEN 97, Växjö, 20–22 November 1997. Växjö: Växjö University. 139–57.
Mair, Christian. 2002. ‘Three changing patterns of verb complementation in Late Modern English: A real-time study based on matching text corpora.’ English Language and Linguistics 6: 105–31.
Mair, Christian. 2003. ‘Gerundial complements after begin and start: Grammatical and sociolinguistic factors, and how they work against each other.’ In: Günter Rohdenburg and Britta Mondorf (eds.), Determinants of Grammatical Variation in English. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 329–45.
Mair, Christian. 2006. Twentieth-Century English: History, Variation and Standardization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Malkiel, Yakov. 1959. ‘Studies in irreversible binomials.’ Lingua 8: 113–60.
McDonald, Janet L., Kathryn Bock, and Michael H. Kelly. 1993. ‘Word and world order: Semantic, phonological, and metrical determinants of serial position.’ Cognitive Psychology 25: 188–230.
McEnery, Anthony, and Zhonghua Xiao. 2005. ‘HELP or HELP to: What do corpora have to say?English Studies 86: 161–87.
McEnery, Tony, and Andrew Wilson. 2001. Corpus Linguistics: An Introduction. 2nd edn. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 11th edn. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 2003.
Meyerhoff, Miriam. 2006. Introducing Sociolinguistics. London: Routledge.
Miller, George, and Noam Chomsky. 1963. ‘Finitary models of language users.’ In: R. Duncan Luce, Robert R. Bush, and Eugene Galanter (eds.), Handbook of Mathematical Psychology. Vol. II. New York: Wiley. 419–91.
Mondorf, Britta. 2003. ‘Support for more-support.’ In: Günter Rohdenburg and Britta Mondorf (eds.), Determinants of Grammatical Variation in English. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 251–304.
Mondorf, Britta. 2007. ‘Recalcitrant problems of comparative alternation and new insights emerging from internet data.’ In: Marianne Hundt, Nadja Nesselhauf, and Carolin Biewer (eds.), Corpus Linguistics and the Web. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 211–32.
Mondorf, Britta. 2009a. ‘Synthetic and analytic comparatives.’ In: Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter (eds.), One Language, Two Grammars? Differences between British and American English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 86–107.
Mondorf, Britta. 2009b. More Support for More-Support: The Role of Processing Constraints on the Choice between Synthetic and Analytic Comparative Forms. Amsterdam/New York: Benjamins.
Morris, William, and Mary Morris. 1985. Harper Dictionary of Contemporary Usage. 2nd edn. New York: Harper and Row.
OED online. 3rd edn. Oxford University Press. Available at www.oed.com.
Olofsson, Arne. 1990. ‘A participle caught in the act: On the prepositional use of following.’ Studia Neophilologica 62: 23–35.
Payne, John, and Eva Berlage. In preparation. ‘The effect of semantic relations on genitive variation.’
Payne, John, Rodney Huddleston, and Geoffrey Pullum. 2007. ‘Fusion of functions: The syntax of once, twice and thrice.’ Journal of Linguistics 43: 565–603.
Pinker, Steven, and David Birdsong. 1979. ‘Speakers’ sensitivity to rules of frozen word order.’ Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 18: 497–508.
Plag, Ingo. 1998. ‘Morphological haplology in a constraint-based morpho-phonology.’ In: Wolfgang Kehrein and Richard Wiese (eds.), Phonology and Morphology of the Germanic Languages. Tübingen: Niemeyer. 199–215.
Plag, Ingo, Maria Braun, Sabine Lappe, and Mareile Schramm. 2007. Introduction to English Linguistics. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Popik, Barry. 2004. ‘Digital historical newspapers: A review of the powerful new research tools.’ Journal of English Linguistics 32: 114–23.
Prince, Ellen. 1992. ‘The ZPG letter: Subjects, definiteness and information status.’ In: William C. Mann and Sandra A. Thompson (eds.), Discourse Description: Diverse Linguistic Analyses of a Fund-Raising Text. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 295–325.
Pullum, Geoffrey, and Arnold M. Zwicky. 1988. ‘The syntax-phonology interface.’ In: Frederick J. Newmeyer (ed.), Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey. Vol. I. Linguistic Theory: Foundations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 255–80.
Quirk, Randolph, and Jan Rusiecki. 1982. ‘Grammatical data by elicitation.’ In: John Anderson (ed.), Language, Form and Linguistic Variation: Papers Dedicated to Angus McIntosh. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins. 379–94.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. 1972. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London/New York: Longman.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London/New York: Longman.
Reppen, Randi. 2004. ‘The American National Corpus: Overall goals and the first release.’ Journal of English Linguistics 32: 105–13.
Rickford, John R., Thomas Wasow, Norma Mendoza-Denton, and Juli Espinoza. 1995. ‘Syntactic variation and change in progress: Loss of the verbal coda in topic-restricting as far as constructions.’ Language 71: 102–31.
Rissanen, Matti. 2002. ‘Despite or notwithstanding? On the development of concessive prepositions in English.’ In: Andreas Fischer, Gunnel Tottie, and Hans Martin Lehmann (eds.), Text Types and Corpora: Studies in Honour of Udo Fries. Tübingen: Narr. 191–203.
Rohdenburg, Günter. 1995. ‘Betrachtungen zum Auf- und Abstieg einiger präpositionaler Konstruktionen im Englischen.’ North-Western European Language Evolution 26: 67–124.
Rohdenburg, Günter. 1996. ‘Cognitive complexity and increased grammatical explicitness in English.’ Cognitive Linguistics 7: 149–82.
Rohdenburg, Günter. 1998. ‘Clarifying structural relationships in cases of increased complexity in English.’ In: Rainer Schulze (ed.), Making Meaningful Choices in English: On Dimensions, Perspectives, Methodology and Evidence. Tübingen: Narr. 189–205.
Rohdenburg, Günter. 1999. ‘Clausal complementation and cognitive complexity in English.’ In: Fritz-Wilhelm Neumann and Sabine Schülting (eds.), Anglistentag 1998 Erfurt: Proceedings. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag. 101–11.
Rohdenburg, Günter. 2000. ‘The complexity principle as a factor determining grammatical variation and change in English.’ In: Ingo Plag and Klaus P. Schneider (eds.), Language Use, Language Acquisition and Language History: (Mostly) Empirical Studies in Honour of Rüdiger Zimmermann. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag. 25–44.
Rohdenburg, Günter. 2002. ‘Processing complexity and the variable use of prepositions in English.’ In: Hubert Cuyckens and Günter Radden (eds.), Perspectives on Prepositions. Tübingen: Niemeyer. 79–100.
Rohdenburg, Günter. 2003a. ‘Cognitive complexity and horror aequi as factors determining the use of interrogative clause linkers in English.’ In: Günter Rohdenburg and Britta Mondorf (eds.), Determinants of Grammatical Variation in English. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 205–49.
Rohdenburg, Günter. 2003b. ‘Aspects of grammatical iconicity in English.’ In: Wolfgang Müller and Olga Fischer (eds.), From Sign to Signing: Iconicity in Language and Literature. Vol. III. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins. 263–85.
Rohdenburg, Günter. 2006a. ‘The role of functional constraints in the evolution of the English complementation system.’ In: Christiane Dalton Puffer, Dieter Kastovsky, Nikolaus Ritt, and Herbert Schendl (eds.), Syntax, Style and Grammatical Norms: English from 1500–2000. Bern: Lang. 143–66.
Rohdenburg, Günter. 2006b. ‘Processing complexity and competing sentential variants in present-day English.’ In: Wilfried Kürschner and Reinhard Rapp (eds.), Linguistik International: Festschrift für Heinrich Weber. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers. 51–67.
Rohdenburg, Günter. 2007. ‘Determinants of grammatical variation in English and the formation/confirmation of linguistic hypotheses by means of internet data.’ In: Marianne Hundt, Nadja Nesselhauf, and Carolin Biewer (eds.), Corpus Linguistics and the Web. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 191–209.
Rohdenburg, Günter. 2013. ‘Using the OED quotations database as a diachronic corpus.’ In: Manfred Krug and Julia Schlüter (eds.), Research Methods in Language Variation and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 136–57.
Rohdenburg, Günter. In preparation. ‘Reflections on reflexives in Modern English.’
Rohdenburg, Günter, and Julia Schlüter. 2000. ‘Determinanten grammatischer Variation im Früh- und Spätneuenglischen.’ Sprachwissenschaft 25: 443–96.
Rohdenburg, Günter, and Julia Schlüter (eds.), 2009. One Language, Two Grammars? Differences between British and American English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rosenbach, Anette. 2002. Genitive Variation in English: Conceptual Factors in Synchronic and Diachronic Studies. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Rosenbach, Anette. 2005. ‘Animacy versus weight as determinants of grammatical variation in English.’ Language 81: 613–44.
Rosenbach, Anette. 2007. ‘Exploring constructions on the web: A case study.’ In: Marianne Hundt, Nadja Nesselhauf, and Carolin Biewer (eds.), Corpus Linguistics and the Web. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 167–90.
Ross, John Robert. 1972. ‘Doubl-ing.’ Linguistic Inquiry 3: 61–86.
Ross, John Robert. 2004 [1973]. ‘Nouniness’. In: Bas Aarts, David Denison, Evelien Keizer, and Gergana Popova (eds.), Fuzzy Grammar: A Reader. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 351–422.
Rudanko, Juhani. 2000. Corpora and Complementation: Tracing Sentential Complementation Patterns of Nouns, Adjectives and Verbs over the Last Three Centuries. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Schlüter, Julia. 2003. ‘Phonological determinants of grammatical variation in English: Chomsky’s worst possible case.’ In: Günter Rohdenburg and Britta Mondorf (eds.), Determinants of Grammatical Variation in English. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 69–118.
Schlüter, Julia. 2005. Rhythmic Grammar: The Influence of Rhythm on Grammatical Variation and Change in English. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Stallings, Lynne M., and Maryellen C. MacDonald. 1998. ‘Phrasal ordering constraints in sentence production: Phrase length and verb disposition in Heavy-NP Shift.’ Journal of Memory and Language 39: 392–417.
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt. 2004. ‘On operationalizing syntactic complexity.’ In: Gérard Purnelle, Cédrick Fairon, and Anne Dister (eds.), Le Poids des mots: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Textual Data Statistical Analysis. Louvain-la-Neuve, March 10–12, 2004. Vol. II. Louvain-la-Neuve: Presses universitaires de Louvain. 1032–9.
Tang, Sze-Wing. 2000. ‘Identity avoidance and constraint interaction: The case of Cantonese.’ Linguistics 38: 33–61.
Vosberg, Uwe. 2003a. ‘The role of extractions and horror aequi in the evolution of -ing complements in Modern English.’ In: Günter Rohdenburg and Britta Mondorf (eds.), Determinants of Grammatical Variation in English. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 305–27.
Vosberg, Uwe. 2003b. ‘Cognitive complexity and the establishment of -ing constructions with retrospective verbs in Modern English.’ In: Charles Jones, Marina Dossena, and Maurizio Gotti (eds.), Insights into Late Modern English. Bern: Lang. 197–220.
Vosberg, Uwe. 2003c. ‘Zur Ablösung von Infinitiven durch -ing-Formen als Verbkomplemente im Modernen Englischen.’ In: Lew Zybatow (ed.), Mehrsprachigkeit – Sprachkompetenz – Translation: Akten des 35. Linguistischen Kolloquiums in Innsbruck 2000. Frankfurt a. M./New York: Lang. 517–26.
Vosberg, Uwe. 2006. Die Große Komplementverschiebung: Außersemantische Einflüsse auf die Entwicklung satzwertiger Ergänzungen im Neuenglischen. Tübingen: Narr.
Wasow, Thomas. 1997. ‘Remarks on grammatical weight.’ Language Variation and Change 9: 81–105.
Wasow, Thomas. 2002. Postverbal Behavior. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Wasow, Thomas, and Jennifer Arnold. 2003. ‘Post-verbal constituent ordering in English.’ In: Günter Rohdenburg and Britta Mondorf (eds.), Determinants of Grammatical Variation in English. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 119–54.
Wasow, Thomas, and Jennifer Arnold. 2005. ‘Intuitions in linguistic argumentation.’ Lingua 115: 1481–96.
Westin, Ingrid. 2002. Language Change in Newspaper Editorials. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Wood, Frederick T. 1962. Current English Usage: A Concise Dictionary. London: Macmillan.
Wolk, Christoph, Joan Bresnan, Anette Rosenbach, and Benedikt Szmrecsanyi. 2013. ‘Dative and genitive variability in Late Modern English: Exploring cross-constructional variation and change.’ Diachronica 30: 382–419.
Yamashita, Hiroko, and Franklin Chang. 2001. ‘“Long before short” preference in the production of a head-final language.’ Cognition 81: B45–B55.
Yip, Moira. 1988. ‘The obligatory contour principle and phonological rules: A loss of identity.’ Linguistic Inquiry 19: 65–100.
Zipf, George Kingsley. 1949. Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology. New York: Hafner Publishing Company.
Zwicky, Arnold. 1969. ‘Phonological constraints in syntactic descriptions.’ Papers in Linguistics 1: 411–63.
Zwicky, Arnold, and Geoffrey Pullum. 1986. ‘The principle of phonology-free syntax: Introductory remarks.’ Working Papers in Linguisics 32: 63–91.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.