2 - Attacking Scotland: Edward I and the 1290s

Summary

TEACHING BRITISH TO THE ROMANS

Reclining on the dais with his nobles and knights after a great feast at Pentecost, the king is visited by a delegation from Rome, twelve men bearing olive branches in token of a peaceful mission. They deliver a letter which, read aloud, causes outrage in the court. Lucius Hiberius, who is variously, according to the source in which this story is read, procurator, senator, or emperor of Rome, denounces Arthur's conquest of Gaul and his failure to pay tribute to Rome, owed since the conquest of Britain by Julius Caesar. Lucius demands Arthur's presence in Rome, bearing the tribute. Like any good sovereign, Arthur immediately calls a council with his magnates in order to decide on a course of action. Cador, duke of Cornwall, speaks first, cautioning against the vice of idleness and welcoming the arrival of the letter with its promise of warlike action. Arthur then argues that the conquest of Britain by Caesar was unlawful and that no tribute is owed. The king of Scotland responds in support. It is agreed that Arthur will summon all his vassals and lead an invasion of Rome. Rome shall pay tribute to Britain, rather than the other way around.

This story ultimately goes back to the early twelfth–century version by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his Historia Regum Britannie, but it was retold through the centuries by all of Geoffrey's imitators. Each time, of course, it receives a new inflection.